Viec sir dung cac trdc nghiem tam ly trong qua trinh day hoc khong chi giiip sinh vien hieu ro han ve cac dac diem tam ly ciia ban than minh, ve vai tro cua cac trac nghiem tam ly doi v6
Trang 1Sa DUNG MOT SO TRAC NGHIEM T A M LY
NHU MOT PHUONG PHAP NANG CAO
HUNG THU HOC TAP CHO SINH VIEN
KHI HOC MON TAM LY HOC DAI CUONG
DAO THI DIEU LINH
Bp mon Tarn ly - Gido due Tru&ng Dai hoc Ngogi ngu - DHQGHN
I Ly DO LL/A CHON VAN DE NGHIEN CQU
Tarn ly hoc vua la mot mon khoa hoc co ban vua la mon khoa hoc nghiep vu, bao gom nghiep vu su pham, nghiep vu an ninh, nghiep vu
y hoc Dae biet, trong cac nha trildng sir pham, mon Tarn ly hoc khong chi giiip sinh vien sir pham birdc dau hieu co so tam ly cua cac nguyen tic, hinh thiic, phirong phap, phuang tien day hoc, giao due
ma con bxidc dau hinh thanh 6 ho he thong ky nang sir pham
Tuy nhien, voi mot so dac diem cua mon hoe nhu he thong khai niem, quy luat rS't triru tuong, kho hieu va cang kho van dung, dac biet khi hau het sinh vien deu Ian dau tien hoc mon tam ly, do vay, sinh
vien thucfng cam thay rat bo ngo ca ve mat ly thuyet \in thiic hanh
Cling nhu phuong phap hoc tap Nhiem vu ciia ngudi giao vien liic nay
la phai co phirang phap giang day ti'ch cue, thiet thuc, ly thii, giiip ngudi hoc co the hieu, nh6 va van dung tot cac khai niem, quy luat triru tuong nay
De CO the lam dugc di6u do, chiing ta phai phoi hop sii dung rat nhieu phuong phap nhu: phuong phap di6n giang neu van de, phuong phap su dung true quan, phuong phap sir dung sach va tai lieu tham khao, phuong phap sir dung va trich dan tuc ngii, ca dao Viet Nam Mat khac, trie nghiem tam ly la phuong phap c0 ban va dac trirng
Trang 2cua tam ly hoc Viec sir dung cac trdc nghiem tam ly trong qua trinh day hoc khong chi giiip sinh vien hieu ro han ve cac dac diem tam ly ciia ban than minh, ve vai tro cua cac trac nghiem tam ly doi v6i nganh khoa hoc tam ly noi chung, ma sau xa hon, cac trac nghiem nay con giiip sinh vien hieu sau hon ve cac khai niem, cac hien tuong tam
ly, gop phan nang cao hiing thu hoc tap mon hoc cho sinh vien
Vi nhirng ly do tren, toi da lua chon de tai: "SU dung mot so trac nghiem Tam ly nhu mot phuffng phap nang cao hiing thii hoc tap cho sinh vien khi hoc mon Tam ly hoc dai cuang"
II MOT SO VAN DE L? LUAN
1, Khai niem trac nghiem tam ly (Psychological Tests)
1.1 Djnh nghia
Hien nay co rat nhieu dinh nghia khac nhau ve Trdc nghiem tam
ly, tuy nhien dinh nghia cua tac gia F.S Freeman, nha tam ly hoc My,
la duoc chap nhan han ca Dinh nghia neu duac ban cha't va nhiing dac diem the hien trong mot trac nghiem tam ly
Theo Freeman, 'Trac nghiem tam ly Id mot cong cu da duac chudn hoa diing de do ludng khdch quan mot hay nhieu mat cua nhan each hodn ehinh, thong qua nhung mdu trd Idi duoi dang ngon ngit hoqe phi ngon ngu hay mot hinh thiic hanh vi ndo khac "
1.2 Nhung dac diem cua mot trac nghiem tam ly
Til dinh nghia ciia Freeman nhu tren, ta co the tha'y dugc ba dac
diem cua trac nghiem tam ly nhu sau:
+ Tinh khach quan: la su khong phu thuoc ciia ket qua trac nghiem vao ban than nghiem vien cung nhu moi quan he giira nghiem vien va nghiem the
+ Tinh tieu chudn hoa: la tinh chat dugc quy dinh chat che ve quy trinh, ve each thiic tien hanh trac nghiem, ve each cho diem, danh gia + Tinh doi chieu: la ket qua trac nghiem tren mot ca nhan, mot nhom bao gicf cung dugc doi chieu v6i nhiing chuan muc Nhung
chuan muc nay dugc can c\x tren nhung nhom chudn (mSu) dii Idn va
du dai dien cho mot quan the thuc
Trang 31.3 Cac tieu chuan cua mot trac nghiem khoa hoc
- Trdc nghiem phai co do tin cay cao (Reliability): do tin cay ciia
mot trde nghiem la kha nang trac nghiem do co the cho ta ket qua giong nhau qua nhieu Ian do khac nhau tren ciing mot nghiem the Quang each (thcfi gian) giira hai Ian do qua xa hoac qua gan deu
CO anh huong den do tin cay cua trdc nghiem, cau tra loi ciia nghiem the khong ehinh xac Neu quang each qua xa thi ket qua tra Idi cua nghiem the se khong giong nhau, vi ban than nghiem the dang co su bien doi v6 ca tam ly va sinh ly Neu khoang each giira hai Ian do qua gan nhau se lam cho nghiem the thuoc va nhdf cau tra loi, do vay nghiem the tra loi theo tri nho chii khong bgc 16 kha ciia minh
- Trie nghiem phai co do ung nghiem cao (Validity): do ling nghiem cua trSc nghiem la kha nang cho phep ehiing ta do dugc cai can do
Ngudi ta thudng diing he so tuong quan de do xem trie nghiem co
do ling nghiem khong Cu the do la moi tuong quan giua cac ket qua
do bang trac nghiem voi ket qua (ciing do ve van de do) do bang cac phuong phap khac, hay cac trSc nghiem khac da dugc thira nhan
- Trac nghiem do da dugc tieu chuain hoa: khi do tin cay va irng nghiem dugc dam bao, trie nghiem phai dugc tac gia cong bo thanh van ban (quy trinh tien hanh, do ling nghiem, do tin cay, ), khi do, trie nghiem moi dugc coi la mot trie nghiem chuan (Standard Test)
1.4 Phan loai cac trac nghiem tam ly
Co nhieu each phan loai khac nhau nhu: phan loai trie nghiem mot each khai quat theo tirng cap doi ngugc nhau; phan loai can cu theo phuong thuc thiet ke bai trie nghiem; can cii vao trie nghiem nhim do cai gi de phan loai va each thii tu la chia cac trie nghiem thanh hai nhom 16n
Trong cac each tren, each phan loai thu: tu la pho bien hon ca Theo each phan loai nay, trie nghiem tam ly dugc chia thanh hai nhom: trie nghiem ve tri tue va trie nghiem ve nhan each
- Nhom cac trie nghiem ve tri tue (Mental abilities Tests) gom hai tieu nhom:
+ Cac trie nghiem ve nhan thiie (Cognitive Intelligence Tests), dugc
Trang 4do bang chi so IQ, gom ba loai: trie nghiem do lucmg tri tue chung (General Intelligence Tests), trie nghiem nang luc chuyen mon (Aptitude Tests) va trie nghiem thanh tich hge tap (Achievement Tests)
+ Cac trie nghiem ve tri tue xiie cam (Emotional Intelligence Tests), dugc do bang chi so' EQ: day la loai trie nghiem m6i, dugc pho bien tir nam 1995 trof lai day Cac van de ly luan cua phuang phap nay vin dang dugc tranh luan
- Nhom cac trie nghiem ve nhan each (Personality Tests) g6m hai tieu nhom:
+ Trie nghiem tu danh gia ve nhan each, nhu: eae bang nghiem ke (Cheek Lists), bang hoi (Questionnaires); cac bang kiem ke (Inventories)
+ Cac trie nghiem phong ngoai (Projective Tests)
2 Hiirng thu va vai tro cua hurng thu
"Hung thu Id thai do dqe biet eiia cd nhan doi voi doi tuong ndo do, vUa CO y nghia doi vai euoe song, viJca co kha nang dem Iqi khodi cam cho cd nhan trong qua trinh hoqt dgng " (Tam ly hge dai cuang - Nguy6n
Quang Uan (chii bien) - Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ngi, tr.l73)
Muon tao hiing thii phai co hai dieu kien: thii nhat, cai gay ra hiing thii phai dugc ca nhan y thiic, hieu ro y nghia cua no doi v6i ddi
song rieng cua minh; thii hai, cai do phai gay ra a ca nhan mot cam
tinh dac biet Nhu vay, ve nguyen tic, hirng thii phai bao gom hai nhan to: nhan thiic va tinh cam
Hiing thii bieu hien 6 su tap trung chii y cao do, 6 su say me ha'p din boi ngi dung hoat dgng, va bieu hien o be rgng va chieu sau cua hiing thii
Hiing thii co vai tro rat quan trgng doi v6i cac hoat dgng noi chung va vofi hoat dgng hge tap noi rieng Hiing thu lam nay sinh khat vgng hanh dgng, lam tang hieu qua cua hoat dgng nhan thiic, tang siic lam viec Nh6 co hiing thii, qua trinh lao dgng va hge tap ciia chiing ta di6n ra nhe nhang han, say me, hao hiing han va dat hieu qua cao han Dac biet, cac thanh tuu tam ly hge (ca trong nude va nude ngoai) cung
deu khang dinh: hiing thii cua hge sinh duac phdt trien tily thuoc vao
Trang 5ngi dung vd phuang phdp day hge Vi vay, de nang cao hieu qua hge
tap cho hge sinh thi viec luon doi mdi phuang phap giang day, hay sir dung phoi hgp nhieu phuong phap khac nhau de tao hiing thii hge tap cho hoc sinh la dieu het siic can thiet
III MOT SO LLOJ y KHI SU DUNG CAC T R A C NGHIEM TAM LV TRONG DAY HOC MON TAM LV HOC DAI CUONG
De sir dung hieu qua cac trie nghiem tam ly de gop phan nang cao hiing thii cho sinh vien trong qua trinh day hge, can luu y mot so diem sau:
(1) Cac trie nghiem phai dat tieu chuan ciia mot trie nghiem khoa hge, cung nhu co day dii cac dac diem ciia mot trie nghiem nhu tinh khaeh quan, tinh tieu chuan hoa va tinh doi chieu
(2) Trie nghiem phai sat vdi cac van de, cac khai niem hay cac hien tugng tam ly trong bai hge, qua do giiip sinh vien hieu ro han ve eae van de nay
(3) Sir dung trie nghiem phai eo sir chgn Igc, tranh sir dung tran Ian vi cac trie nghiem co dac diem la thudng rat dai de khong lam anh hudng den tien trinh cua mon hge
Trong pham vi bai viet nay, chiing toi chi din chiing mot trie nghiem ve tinh each va khi chat cua tac gia H.J Eysenek khi day hoc phin III - Nhan each va su hinh thanh nhan each
IV SCr DUNG TRAC NGHIEM EYSENCK KHI DAY PHAN III - NHAN CACH
VA SU HINH THANH NHAN CACH
1 Gidi thieu chung ve Trac nghiem
Giao su Tam ly hge ngudi Anh H.J Eysenek bit dau cong trinh nghien eiiu ciia minh bang viec phan tich eae tai lieu nghien ciiu d 700 ngudi linh yeu than kinh Tii nghien eiiu nay va mot loat eae cong trinh nghien eiiu khac, dng va cac cong tac vien da khang dinh hai nhan to: tinh thin kinh (d6 bi kich thich) va tinh hudng ngoai - hudng ngi la hai thong so' can ban trong cau triie ciia nhan each
Trang 6D^ do hai nhan td' nay nhu la hai nhan to dai dien (tieu bieu) cua nhan each, Eysenek da dua ra mot bang cau hoi, ggi la "Bang kiem ke nhan each eiia Eysenek" (Eysenek Personality Inventory) Trie nghiem gom CO 57 cau hoi va yeu eiu chi tra Idi "cd" hoac "khong", trong do
cd 24 cau hoi ve nhan td I (tinh hudng ngoai - hudng ngi), 24 cau hoi
ve nhan to N (tinh than kinh - tinh on dinh earn xiie) va 9 cau hoi nham kiem tra do tin cay eiia cac cau tra Idi (nhan td L)
+ L>4: ngudi tra Idi khong hoan toan trung thuc va td phieu tra Idi khong CO gia tri
+ Tinh each: I>12 nghia la ngudi tra Idi cd tinh each hudng ngoai I<12, ngudi tra Idi cd tinh each hudng ngi
+ Khi chit: Xac dinh tdng diem I tren true "hudng ngoai - hudng ngi" Tinh tdng diem N, xac dinh vi tri ciia N tren true "on dinh - khong
on dinh"
Tim tga do cua hai diem tren de xac dinh loai khi chit
cau hoi cua trie nghiem se dugc trinh bay cu the trong phan phu luc
Khong
on dinh
24
Hudng ngi
/ U u t u
\ Binh than
Nong nay\
12 1
Hoat bat /
24 Hudng ngoai
6n
dinh
Trang 72 Vai tro cua trac nghiem EYSENCK trong phan III - "Nhan each
va sir hinh thanh nhan each"
Trong phan "Nhan each va su hinh thanh nhan each", trie nghiem nay cd the dugc sir dung sau khi giang phan 5 - "Nhung thuge tinh tam
ly ciia nhan each"
Sau khi dugc nghe nhirng kien thiic ly luan ve nhirng thuge tinh tam ly cua nhan each (dinh nghia, dac diem ), trie nghiem nay se giiip sinh vien:
Thu nhd't, hieu rd hon ve hai thuge tinh (khi chat va tinh each) eua
nhan each ciing nhu vi tri cua chung trong cau triic nhan each noi chung
Thii hai, sinh vien ed su lien he thuc te den ban than, kham pha hay hieu sau han vt cac dac diem tam ly cua minh
Thii ba, trie nghiem lam cho eae em hiing thii, say me han, thiic
day cac em tim toi, kham pha cac dac diem tam ly, nhan each ciia minh ciing nhu cac dac diem, thuoc tinh tam ly chung cua nhan each, tao hiing thii hge tap cho sinh vien
Trong hge ky I (nam hoc 2004 - 2005) vira qua, khi day tai hai khdi Idp (P5-P7 va N1-N4), toi da sir dung trie nghiem nay va nhan tha'y sinh vien da rat hiing thii vdi trie nghiem va cac hien tugng tam
ly dugc de cap den trong bai, cu the: khong khi hge tap rat sdi noi, sinh vien bay td su quan tam cua minh bing cac cau hoi, khong chi la cac cau hoi ve trie nghiem ma eon ve cac khai niem, dac diem, bieu hien cua nhirng hien tugng tam ly trong bai hge
3 Cach siir dung trac nghiem EYSENCK khi giang phan "Nhan each
va sir hinh thanh nhan each"
Trie nghiem nay dugc thuc hien trong thdi gian tdi da la 30 phiit (2 -3 cau/1 phiit), dd la chua ke thdi gian giai dap ket qua trie nghiem
Do vay, de khdng anh hudng den tien trinh mdn hge, chiing tdi da hudng din hoc sinh each thiic lam trie nghiem trudc va de cac em mang ve nha lam Sau dd, d budi hge tiep theo, sau khi giang phan 5
-"Nhirng thuge tinh tam ly ciia nhan each", chiing tdi se giai dap eae thdng tin ma sinh vien thu dugc khi lam trie nghiem So dd toa do ve
Trang 8tinh each va khi chat cung dugc ehiing tdi thiet ke san va sir dung may chidu d^ khdng mat thdi gian ve lai tren bang Cach thiic tien hanh nhu vay, mot mat vin dam bao thdi gian eiia mdn hge, mat khac sinh vien
cd ca hdi lam cac trie nghiem tam ly ve eae dac diem tam ly, nhan each ciia ban than minh, ddng thdi dd cung la mot vi du ra't cu the cho khai niem "tinh each" va "khi chat", giiip cac em hieu rd hon ve cac khai niem nay
V KET LUAN
Mac du chua cd dieu kien de dua ra nhirng sd lieu nghien ciiu cu the, nhung qua qua trinh giang day thuc te, tdi thay ring viec sir dung mot each hgp ly mot so trie nghiem tam ly se lam eho bai giang phong phii han, sinh vien hiing thii va hieu sau han cac khai niem va eae hien tugng tam ly, vdn rat truu tugng ciia mdn hge
Phu luc TRAC NGHIEM EYSENCK
1 Ban cd thudng xuyen bi Idi cudn vao nhiing cam tudng, nhung an tugng mdi me hoac di tim ngudn cam xiie manh me de giai budn
va lam cho minh phan chan len khdng?
2 Ban cd thudng xuyen cam thay can cd nhirng ngudi y hgp tam ddng
de ddng vien va an iii minh khdng?
3 Ban la ngudi vd tu, khdng ban tam den dieu gi phai khdng?
4 Ban cam thay rat kho khan khi phai tir bd nhiing y dinh cua minh hoac phai tra Idi ngudi khac chir "khdng" phai khdng?
5 Ban ed can nhic, suy tinh trude khi hanh ddng khdng?
6 Khi da hiia lam mot viec gi, ban cd ludn giir Idi hiia khdng? (bat ke Idi hiia dd thuan Igi vdi minh hay khdng?)
7 Ban thudng hay thay doi tam trang: liie vui, liic budn phai khdng?
8 Ban cd hay noi nang, hanh ddng mot each bdt phat, vdi vang khdng suy nghi khdng?
9 Cd khi nao ban tha'y minh la ngudi bat hanh ma khdng cd nguyen nhan ro rang khdng?
Trang 910 Ban c6 th^ xfi'p minh vko loai ngudi khdng bao gid phai liing tiing,
ip ling, mh ludn s5n s^ng ddi ddp vdi moi nhan x6t hoSc bSit chSfp
ta't ca d^ tranh cai d^n ciing hay khdng?
11 Ban cd cam tha'y rut re, ngugng ngilng khi mudn bit chuyfin vdi mdt ngudi khac gidi d6 m^n chua quen bid't hay khdng?
12 Thinh thoang ban cd ndi ndng, tiie gian phai khdng?
13 Ban cd hanh ddng mdt each bong bdt, ndng ndi hay khdng?
14 Ban cd hay an han vdi nhiJng Idi ndi hay viec lam ma dang le khdng nen ndi hay lam nhu vay khdng?
15 Ban thich dgc sach hon la trd chuyen vdi ngudi khac phai khdng?
16 Ban cd d6 phat y khdng?
17 Ban ed thich thudng xuyen cd mat trong nhom, hdi eiia minh khdng?
18 Ban hay cd nhiing y nghl ma ban mudn giau khdng cho ngudi khac biet phai khdng?
19 Cd diing ddi khi ban la ngudi nhiet tinh vdi mgi cong viec, nhung cung cd liic hoan toan chan chudng, ue oai phai khdng?
20 Ban cd thich tha ring cd it ban nhung ban than hay khdng?
21 Ban cd hay ma ude khdng?
22 Liic ngudi ta quat thao ban, thi ban cung quat lai phai khdng?
23 Ban ed thay minh day diit mdi khi ed sai lam khdng?
24 Tat ea mgi thdi quen ciia ban deu tdt va hgp vdi mong mudn cua ban phai khdng?
25 Ban cd kha nang lam ehii dugc tinh cam cua minh va hoan toan vui
ve trong eae budi hgp phai khdng?
26 Ban cd cho minh la ngudi nhay cam va d6 hung phan khdng?
27 Ngudi ta cd cho ban la ngudi hoat bat, vui ve khdng?
28 Sau khi lam xong mdt edng viec quan trgng nao dd, ban cd thudng cam tha'y minh cd the lam edng viec dd tdt han hay khdng?
29 Trong dam ddng, ban thudng im lang phai khdng?
30 Ddi khi ban ciing hay theu det chuyen phai khdng?
31 Ban thudng khdng ngu dugc vi cd nhieu y nghi Idn xdn trong dau phai khdng?
Trang 1032 Neu ban mudn biet mdt dieu gi thi ban tu tim liy trong sach bao chii khdng di hdi ngudi khac phai khdng?
33 Cd bao gid ban hdi hop khdng?
34 Ban cd thich nhiJng edng viec ddi hdi su chii y thudng xuyen khdng?
35 Ban cd hay run sg khdng?
36 Neu khdng bi kiem tra thi ban cd chiu mua ve tau hay xe khdng?
37 Ban cd thay khd chiu khi sdng trong mdt tap the ma mgi ngudi hay gidu cgt nhau khdng?
38 Ban cd hay buc tiic khdng?
39 Ban cd thich nhiJng edng viec phai lam gap khdng?
40 Ban ed hdi hop trude mdt su viec khdng hoac cd the xay ra khdng?
41 Ban di diing ung dung, thong tha phai khdng?
42 Cd khi nao ban den ehd hen hoac di lam, di hge mudn hay khdng?
43 Ban cd hay thay nhirng can ac mdng khdng?
44 Cd diing ban la ngudi thich ndi chuyen den miic khdng bao gid bd
Id CO hdi ndi chuyen ea vdi nhirng ngudi khdng quen biet khdng?
45 Cd ndi dau nao dd lam ban lo ling khdng?
46 Ban cd cam thay minh rat bat hanh neu nhu trong mdt thdi gian dai khdng dugc tiep xiic rgng rai vdi mgi ngudi khdng?
47 Ban cd the ggi minh la ngudi d6 xiic ddng, dt phan irng khdng?
48 Trong sd nhirng ngudi quen, cd ngudi ma ban khdng ua thich mdt each edng khai phai khdng?
49 Ban ed eho minh la ngudi hoan toan tu tin khdng?
50 Ban cd dd phat y khi mgi ngudi chi ra nhung Idi lam ciia minh trong edng tac hay nhirng thieu sot rieng tu cua minh hay khdng?
51 Ban cd cho ring khd cd duge niem vui thuc su trong budi lien hoan phai khdng?
52 Cam giac tha'p kem han ngudi khac cd lam cho ban khd chiu khdng?
53 Ban cd d6 dang lam cho nhdm ban be ciia minh dang budn chan trd nen sdi ndi, vui ve duge khdng?