Đánh giá chất lượng bản dịch Tiếng Việt tác phẩm “Chicken Soup for Mother and Daughter Soul” áp dụng mô hình của Julliane House= evaluating the vietnamese version of the book chicken soup for mother and daughter soul by jack candfield and mark victor has

Nevertheless, as mentioned above, translating a foreign text and making it acceptable by the target language readers is not easy due to the fact that each language has its own unique fea

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

-*** -

NGUYỄN THỊ BÍCH HẠNH

EVALUATING THE VIETNAMESE VERSION OF THE BOOK ‘CHICKEN SOUP FOR MOTHER AND DAUGHTER SOUL’ BY JACK CANDFIELD AND MARK VICTOR HASEN USING JULLIANE HOUSE’S MODEL

(Đánh giá chất lượng bản dịch Tiếng Việt tác phẩm “Chicken Soup for Mother and Daughter Soul” áp dụng mô hình của Julliane House)

M.A MINOR THESIS

Field: English Linguistics

Code: 60 22 15

Hanoi - 2013

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES

-*** -

NGUYỄN THỊ BÍCH HẠNH

EVALUATING THE VIETNAMESE VERSION OF THE BOOK ‘CHICKEN SOUP FOR MOTHER AND DAUGHTER SOUL’ BY JACK CANDFIELD AND MARK VICTOR HASEN USING JULLIANE HOUSE’S MODEL

(Đánh giá chất lượng bản dịch Tiếng Việt tác phẩm “Chicken Soup for Mother and Daughter Soul” áp dụng mô hình của Julliane House)

M.A MINOR THESIS

Field: English Linguistics

Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr LÊ HÙNG TIẾN

Hanoi - 2013

3 Scope and objectives of the study 3

CHAPTER 2 APPLICATION OF HOUSE’S MODEL FOR TRANSLATION

v

2.1 Analysis of the source texts 26

2 Implications for translating English literary works into Vietnamese 43

3 Suggestions for further research 44

APPENDIX VII Noun and noun phrases are translated into clauses XI

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Translation Process Page 6

Figure 2: A Scheme for Analyzing and Comparing Original and Translation Texts

Page 24

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A INTRODUCTION

In the trend of globalization and integration, people are more frequent to read books and documents written in a foreign language because that helps them to understand and be more familiar with the thoughts, traditions, principles and actions

of the people from the culture Therefore, translation is regarded as a significant key interlinking people from all cultures in the world In Vietnam, more and more foreign books and documents are translated into Vietnamese However, Vietnamese readers do not always have chance to approach translations of good quality and that

a translation is considered good still draws much discussion Each translation theorists has his or her own founded criteria for translation quality assessment Among distinguished scholars of this field is Julian House who is a German linguist, with her model for translation quality assessment

Many famous English books have been translated into Vietnamese „Chicken

Soup for Mother and Daughter Soul‟ by Mark Victor Hansen and Jack Canfield is

one of them Being translated into Vietnamese, the series of the book are popular to

a number of Vietnamese readers Nevertheless, as mentioned above, translating a foreign text and making it acceptable by the target language readers is not easy due

to the fact that each language has its own unique features and peculiarities and literary book translation calls for stringent and high quality standards Therefore, an assessment of the Vietnamese version of this book is thus desirable

The results of the study will be used as suggestions and references to analyze and evaluate the quality of other literary translated works Also, the research results will be used as guidelines for conducting further research in translation and in other related fields Besides, the study will also propose some suggestions concerning the translation of English literary works into Vietnamese

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The book series „Chicken Soup for the Soul‟ consists of almost 200 titles in

print and a study of the whole book series is therefore beyond the scope of this

paper So, the study will analyze volume 9 of the series which is entitled “Mother

and Daughter Soul” translated by Ngoc Diep and Vi Thao Nguyen

The study aims at finding answers to two questions:

1 How good is the translation according to House‟s model?

2 What are the remaining problems of the translation?

The paper aims at assessing the quality of the Vietnamese translation of the

book „Chicken Soup for Mother and Daughter Soul‟ by Mark Victor Hansen and

Jack Canfield To achieve that aim, a set of criteria for assessment is essential House‟s model is chosen to apply in this study because of comprehensive set of parameters for assessing functional and pragmatic equivalence of the translation text

Applying House‟s model, the researcher follows the chronological steps in translation quality assessment suggested by House Firstly, a source text (ST) is selected, and then a register analysis is done to get the source text profile based in the eight situational dimensions A statement of function of the ST will be made after that Next, a profile of the translation text will be come up with and compared with the ST‟s to find out mismatches before a statement of quality can be drawn about the target text (TT)

The study contains three chapters:

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Chapter 1 – Literature Review

In this first chapter, some related concepts of translation theory and typical models of translation quality assessment are introduced Also, the chapter discusses characteristics and challenges of literary translation

Chapter 2 – Application of House‟s model for translation quality assessment

In this chapter, House‟s model for translation quality assessment will first be presented and then applied to analyze and decide the ST profile as well as statement

of function with ideational and interpersonal meaning

Chapter 3 – Discussion of results and implications

In the third chapter, the researcher will apply Julliane House‟s model to analyze and compare the English ST and the Vietnamese translation one and then draw the statement of quality

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B DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I – LITERATURE REVIEW

To translate is understood as to express the meaning of speech or writing in a different language However, in translation studies, things are not that simple Theorists approached translation studies differently and they proposed various definitions of translation

Catford (1965:20) defined translation as “the replacement of textual material

in one language (source language – SL) by equivalent textual in another language (target language – TL)” (Catford, 1965) Also basing on the concept of equivalence, Nida and Taber (1982) suggested that “translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the SL message, first in terms

of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (Nida and Taber 1982) The definitions are not limited only on Catford and Nida and Taber‟s point of view There are several definitions stated by some experts

Discussing three aspects of meaning which are semantic, pragmatic and textual, House (1977:29) introduced a tentative definition of translation

“Translation is the replacement of text in the SL by a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in the TL” and these are only written texts Similarly, Wilss (1982) focused on written text and he considered translation a procedure which leads from a written SL text to an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic, and text pragmatic comprehension by the translator of the original text In Bell‟s definition (1991), three aspects of translations are also mentioned He defined that translating is the transformation of

a text originally in one language into an equivalent text in a different language retaining, as far as possible, the context of message, the formal features and the roles of the original text

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Some other scholars approve the idea that translation deals with the meaning Translation with the correct structure is useless without the meaning In Dubois‟s point of view, translation is the expression in another language (or TL) of what has been expressed in another (SL), preserving semantic and stylistic in equivalences (Dubois, 1973 cited in Bell, 1991) It means that translation has to be able to say the expression in TL as well as it is said in the SL The translated language version should give the same meaning on the TL when it is compared to the SL Newmark stated a further view towards the transferring meaning in a translation As he says (1988:5), translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended in the text

Unlike previous scholars, Hatim and Mason (1990) suggested that translating

is a communicative process which takes place within a social context (Hatim and Mason, 1990:3) Translation deals with the signs and attempts to preserve semiotic

as well as other pragmatic and communicative properties which signs display

No matter how diversely the scholars defined translation, the basic ideas they shared are that translation does not deal with language as a system, but with language in use and that the essence of translation lies in the preservation of semantic, pragmatic, and textual aspects of meaning across two different languages

Nida (1969) in Munday (2001:40) divide the process of translating into three stages system: (1) analysis of message in the SL; (2) transfer; (3) reconstruction of the transferred message in the TL

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Figure 1: Translation Process

As can be seen from the diagram, ST is analyzed in terms of the intention of the text, the intention of the translator, text styles, the readership, stylistic scales, attitude, setting, the quality of the writing, connotations and denotations, and the cultural aspect of the text Then the meaning is transferred from the SL to the TL The last stage is the reconstruction stage in which the translator revises or re-expresses the materials in such a way that the translation product is readable and acceptable in terms of rules and styles in the TL

1.2.1 Translation methods

There have been various classifications of translation methods introduced by different scholars such as Darbelnet (1973), Larson (1984), Newmark (1988), Delisle (1999), etc In this part, the classification by Newmark (1988) is presented because it is more detailed and systematic

In Newmark‟s point of view, translation methods can be categorized into two groups which are semantic translation and communicative translation Semantic translation follows the form of the SL whereas communicative translation communicates the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the TL He introduced the V-diagram of translation methods

A (Source Language) B (Receptor Language)

Transfer

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(Newmark, 1988: 45) Newmark briefly explained these methods as:

- Word-for-word translation: The SL word-order is preserved and words

translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context This method is used to understand the mechanics of SL or to explain a difficult text as a pre-translation process

- Literal translation: The SL grammatical constructions are converted to

their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context It is used to translate general styles texts with few cultural differences such

as manuals, news, etc It is also called borrowing translation

- Faithful translation: The translator attempts to reproduce the precise

contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures Cultural words are transferred but the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality is maintained in the translation

- Semantic translation: This translation method is closer to the TL than

other method in the semantic group It takes more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text and does not rely on cultural equivalence and make small concessions to the readership Therefore, it is more flexible, allows for the translator‟s intuitive empathy with the original

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- Communicative translation: The translation units dealt with are word,

paragraph, and text The translator attempts to render exact contextual meaning of the original Both the content and the language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the reader

- Idiomatic translation: This method deals with translation unit of sentence

and paragraph It reproduces the „message‟ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original The outcome is a lively and natural translation

- Free translation: It is used for translation unit of sentence and paragraph

This method reproduces the matter without the manner and the content without the form of the original It is usually a paraphrase so the translation is much longer than the original

- Adaptation: The method is the freest form of translation and deals with

text unit It is mainly used for plays, poetry, and songs In adaptation, the themes, characters, plots are preserved, and the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten

(Newmark, 1988: 45-7)

1.2.2 Translation procedures

While translation methods relate to the whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and smaller units of language After a translation method has been selected, the actual work of translating can be conducted To achieve the goal

of transferring the text from the SL into the TL, the translator will have to combine several of the following translation procedures proposed by Newmark (1988b):

- Transference: it is the procedure of deciding use an SL word in his TL text

because there is no appropriate term This procedure is used in certain situations such as names of all living and dead people, geographical and topographical names,

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names of periodicals and newspapers, titles of literary works, plays, and films, names of companies and institutions, street names, and addresses, etc

- Naturalization: It adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation,

then to the normal morphology of the TL

- Cultural equivalent: It is called an approximate translation where an SL

cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word This procedure is used when a brief explanation to readers who are ignorant of the relevant SL culture is needed

- Functional equivalent: It is applied to culture words and requires the use

of a culture-free word, sometimes with a new specific term It, therefore, neutralizes or generalizes the SL word This procedure, which is a cultural componential analysis, is the most accurate way of translating

- Descriptive equivalent: In this procedure the meaning of the original

word is explained in several TL words It is often used with transference to translate

a cultural word or expression

- Componential analysis: It means "comparing an SL word with a TL

word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components."

- Synonymy: It is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy

- Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations,

names of organizations, components of compounds and perhaps phrases It is used for already recognized terms It is also called calque or loan translation

- Shifts or transpositions: It involves a change in the grammar from SL to

TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth It is used when a SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL or where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL

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- Modulation: It is a variation in the message when it is translated into a TL

due to a change in the point of view It occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective

- Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the

official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term."

- Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence

is compensated in another part

- Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained Here

the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent

- Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures

to deal with a single problem It is common for cultural words, where transference

may be combined with a functional or cultural equivalent

- Notes: notes are additional information in a translation

Translation equivalence is the central issue in translation theory It is the relationship between a SL text and a TL text (rather than between the languages themselves) that allows the TL text to be considered as a translation of the SL text

As Catford points out, "the central problem of translation-practice is that of finding

TL equivalents A central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence." (Catford, 1965: 21) So, equivalence is the main criterion in assessing the quality of a translation A translation is generally said to be good if it can maintain a certain degree of equivalence to ST The following are some elaborate approaches to translation equivalence

1.3.1 Jakobson (1959): linguistic meaning and equivalence

According to Jakobson (1959), equivalence is always possible (regardless of the cultural or grammatical differences between ST and TT) He suggests three

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kinds of translation, which are intralingual (within one language, i.e rewording or paraphrase), interlingual (between two languages), and intersemiotic (between sign systems)

In his point of view, in the case of intralingual translation, synonyms are used to get ST message across In other words, in this type of translation, full equivalence between unit codes does not exist He also claims that from a grammatical point of view languages may differ from one another to a greater or lesser degree, but this does not mean that a translation cannot be possible and that the translator may face the problem of not finding a translation equivalent So,

“whenever there is deficiency, terminology may be qualified and amplified by loanwords or loan-translations, neologisms or semantic shifts, and finally, by circumlocutions” (Jakobson, 1959 cited in Luong (2007))

1.3.2 Nida and Taber (1982): Dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence

Nida (1964) claims that equivalence is categorized into two different kinds – formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence Later formal equivalence is referred

to formal correspondence by Nida and Tiber (1982) In formal correspondence, the message in the TL should be conveyed by elements that are as closely matching as possible with those in the SL Meanwhile dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning

of the original in such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TC audience as the original wording did upon ST audience (Nida and Tiber (1982)) A translation, in their opinion, is successful if it can achieve equivalent response in the two languages, which means dynamic equivalence is the goal of translation

1.3.3 Koller (1989): five types of equivalence

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Koller (1989) establishes translation equivalence categories which involve various types of equivalence among which are denotative, connotative, text-normative, pragmatic, and formal equivalence

- Denotative equivalence:

Denotative equivalence is the type of equivalence in which the SL and TL words are supposedly referred to the same thing in the real world This type of equivalence is related to the equivalence of the extra linguistic content of a text It is also the purpose of any translation procedure, which is to find the referential identity between SL and TL units

- Connotative equivalence:

Connotative equivalence is realized when the SL and TL words trigger the same or similar associations or communicative values in the mind of native speakers of the SL and TL It is related to the lexical choices, especially between near-synonyms

- Formal equivalence:

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Formal equivalence is related to the form and aesthetics of the text, includes word plays and individual stylistic features of the source text It is particularly used

in translation of poems, songs, etc

1.3.4 Baker (1992): Form-based equivalence

In Baker‟s theory of translation equivalence, she combines both linguistic and communicative approach The notion of equivalence at different levels is explored in relation to the translation process

- Equivalence at word level and above word level: when translating from one language into another

- Grammatical equivalence: when referring to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages

- Textual equivalence: when referring to the equivalence between a SL text and a TL text in terms of information and cohesion

- Pragmatic equivalence: when referring to implicatures and strategies of avoidance during the translation process

1.4.1 Definition of translation quality assessment

Translation quality assessment is a type of evaluation which “is taken to mean the determination of merit, worth, or significance” (Scriven, 2007, p.1, as cited in Williams, 2009) According to Malcolm William (2009), translation quality assessment can be quantitative or qualitative, i.e it can be based on mathematical or statistical measurement or on reader response, interviews, and questionnaires Besides, translation quality assessment can be diagnostic, formative or summative

It is diagnostic when it is used to determine areas for improvement at the beginning

of a course of study If it is chosen to measure the progress and give feedback

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during a course of study, it is formative When being used to measure the results of learning, translation quality assessment is summative

1.4.2 Approaches to translation quality assessment

Translation quality assessment is a controversial issue and is still researched In this part, the writer would like to present approaches sorted by House (2001)

In behavioristic views, the translator‟s mental actions are dismissed Instead

of that, a more scientific way of evaluating translations is chosen Nida (1964) is the most famous pioneering scholar in this tradition He took readers‟ reactions to a translation as the main tool to assess the quality of a translation However, Julliane House rejects this approach She doubts the possibility to measure an equivalent response Also, she claims that the source text is largely ignored in this method

Another approach in response-based approaches is functionalistic, “skopos”- related approach Reiss & Vermeer (1984), supporters of this approach, claim that purpose (skopos) of a text and target culture norms are important to judge a translation The translator is the person who decides on the function of the translation Nevertheless, House criticizes that the theory does not define clearly the notion of “function” and this skopos theory cannot be said to be an adequate theory when it comes to tackling the evaluation of a translation in its fundamental directionality

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 Text and Discourse Based Approaches

In literature-oriented approach, a translation is evaluated mainly in terms of its forms and functions inside the system of the receiving culture and literature (Toury, 1995) In other words, the main focus in this approach is the actual translation and the textual phenomena that have come to be known in the target culture as translations Nonetheless, as in House‟s criticism, this focus is particularly inappropriate to make valid statements about how and why a translation

is as it is Moreover, the approach does not provide criteria to judge strengths and weaknesses of a particular case or a given translation text

Scholars belonging to post-modernist and deconstructionist thinking (Venuty, 1995 and Robinson, 1997) review translation practices from a psycho-philosophical and socio-political view in order to reveal unequal power relations House (2001) indicates that in this approach it is difficult to in differentiate the source text and the target text

For linguistically-oriented approaches, there are a number of adherents, namely Catford (1965), the early Reiss (1971), Wilss (1974), Koller (1979), Baker (1992), Doherty (1993), Hatim and Mason (1997), Hickey (1998), Gerzymisch-Arbogast and Mudersbach (1998) and Steiner The approaches consider the relationship between source and translation text serious, but they are different in the capacity to provide detailed procedures for analysis and evaluation So, the auspicious approaches are the ones which explicitly take into consideration the interconnectedness of context and text

 A Functional-Pragmatic Model of Translation Evaluation

The assessment model (House, 1997), an analytic framework for analyzing and comparing original and translation texts is based on Halliday systemic-functional theory and also uses Prague school ideas, speech act theory, pragmatics, discourse analysis and corpus-based distinctions between spoken and written

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language In this model, House stresses the importance of a cultural filter in particular types of translation Moreover, she provides for the analysis and comparison of an original and its translation on three different levels: the levels of language or text, register (field, mode and tenor) and genre

Literary texts include all forms of literature written in prose or poetry They can be a short story, a novel, a drama, etc According to Reiss (1989), literary texts belong to expressive text type in which the authors use the aesthetic dimension of language In literary translation, the typical features of the source literary text not only need to be considered carefully but also are the influential elements In Jone‟s (2009) summary of a wide range of viewpoints from Stockwell (2002), Venuti (1996), Pilkington (2000), and Berman (2000), a set of typical features of literary text are indicated As in the scholars‟ viewpoints, literary texts are in written-form, although sometimes they can be spoken Besides, they fulfill affective or aesthetic function rather than transactional or informational function They focus on the expression of emotions and entertain rather than influence or giving information Moreover, they are considered to be fictional Whether being fact-based or not, they features words, images, etc with ambiguous or indeterminable meanings Last but not least, they are characterized by poetic language use

Recognizing the characteristics in a literary text will enable the translator to

be at least partly qualified to fulfill his task with much more accuracy The first characteristic of literary translation is rhetorical and aesthetic value which distinguishes a literary text from a non-literary one and is the essence expected to be captured and maintained in a literary translation Literary works are created artistically by increasing the difficulty and length of perception, which leads to defamiliarization (Shklovsky, 1917, quoted in Pilkington, 2000: 18) Once the defamiliarization is comprehended by the translators or readers, a unique sensation

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is created Moreover, in literary translation, the form connects with the content meanwhile in non-literary translation the content may be considered detachable from the form or structure In poetry, devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia, rhythm, verse, metre, and rhyme are sometimes used to achieve musical or incantatory effects Likewise, in prose a certain linguistic feature or level can also have a certain textual function Another characteristic of literary translation

is that literary translators‟ choices of wording highly depend on the TL and target culture Therefore, literal translation may be unacceptable because of linguistic or cultural differences What‟s more, in literary translation, target audiences are taken into consideration Literary translation always has a readership which is likely to be quite different from the one the writer originally had in mind So, a good translation

of any text from any period will, to some extent, only be good in the context of a particular audience at a particular time and place Finally, there is no definite correct translation in literary translation However, there is still a proper or an appropriate translation according to certain criteria or from a certain perspective

Literary translation is challenging to any translators due to special characteristic of literary texts The first challenge of literary translation lies in the differences between cultures Literary translation bridges the delicate emotional connections between cultures and languages and furthers the understanding of human beings across national borders In the act of literary translation, the soul of another culture becomes transparent, and the translator recreates the refined sensibilities of foreign countries and their people through the linguistic, musical, rhythmic, and visual possibilities of the new language In the process of translating literary texts, there are problems in the translation of cultural words in a literary text due to the cultural gaps between the SL and the TL It is not enough for a translator

to know what words are used in the TL He must also make the reader understand the sense as it is understood by the reader of the SL

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Another problem of literary translation belongs to the the process of finding equivalents not just for lexis, syntax or concepts but also features likes style, genre, figurative language, historical stylistic dimensions, etc Therefore, the translator‟s choices whether to retain stylistic features of the SL text or historical stylistic dimension are important For example, when translating poetry, it is vital for the translator to decide whether the verse should be translated into verse, or into free verse or into prose

Moreover, poetic language is non-standard so the translation is under the risk

of being unfamiliar Bassnett points out that “Again and again, translators of novels take pains to create readable TL texts, avoiding ST effect that can follow from adhering too closely to source language syntactical structures, but fail to consider the way in which individual sentences form part of the total structure” (Bassnett, 2002: 115) She then suggests that “what the translator must do, therefore, is to first determine the function of the SL system and then to find a TL system that will adequately render the function” (Bassnett, 2002: 199), which shows her view of giving priority to the aesthetic function Determining the function of the source language requires the translators‟ knowledge of ST, which guides the translators to

“consider the way in which individual sentences form part of the total structure” (Bassnett, 2002: 115)

„Chicken Soup for the Soul‟ is the name of a series of books with collections

of short and dense inspirational stories and motivational essay The first stories of the series were compiled by two internationally known speakers, Jack Canfield and

Mark Victor Hansen

Jack Canfield and Mark Victor Hansen had been known as two famous speakers telling inspirational and motivational stories which could be used for their audiences to discover, experience, and retain their key concepts and approaches Their audiences‟ requests to have stories in the written form were finally responded

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to after many years Rather than focusing on their stories only, Hasen and Canfield decided to add other people‟s stories and search for stories of ordinary people doing extraordinary things After finding and gathering the 101 most inspirational submissions, they were in the process of thinking of a winning title and they

decided to meditate in the subject one hour a day The idea of the name Chicken

Soup for the Soul came when Jack imagined the image of his grandmother‟s chicken

soup and how she told him it would cure anything Having the same power as the soup, however, the book is for the soul, not the body So, the famous title was born

On June 28th, 1993 the book was made available to the public and only by the end of December, it became a holiday favorite The success of the first book also launched the series There have been more than 200 titles until now Many of

the books are directed at specific groups of people, such as Chicken Soup for the

Mother's Soul, Chicken Soup for the Preteen Soul, Chicken Soup for the Prisoner's Soul, Chicken Soup for the Soul: Tough Times, Tough People, Chicken Soup for the Grandparent's Soul, Chicken Soup for the Soul: Teens Talk Relationships, and Chicken Soup for the Soul: Thanks Dad, etc By September of 1994 it was also on

the best seller list in the U.S and Canada

With meaningful inspirational stories, it did not take long for the series to

start receiving industry awards and recognition In 1995, Chicken Soup for the Soul

won the American Booksellers‟ Book of the Year – a prestigious award Next, in

1996, it was given the Non-Fiction Literary Award by the American Family Institute In 1998, Chicken Soup for the Soul for the Kid‟s Soul was voted Favorite

Book of the Year for Nickelodeon‟s Kid‟s Choice Awards In that same year Chicken Soup for the Soul set a record for having seven books on the New York Times

bestseller list at one time and launched its licensing program, which allows the life improvement brand to reach people in a variety of formats In 2008, for the fact that

the digital age would enable Chicken Soup for the Soul to impact lives on a far

greater scale, Jack and Mark reached the decision that they would add multimedia

expertise to their company In April of 2008 they sold a significant stake in Chicken

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Soup for the Soul to a group led by William J Rouhana Jr and Robert Jacobs Bill

Rouhana, a well-known Internet and media executive, is now CEO of the company

New „Chicken Soup for the Soul‟ titles are now distributed through Simon &

Schuster Inc., giving the series access to one of the industry‟s largest sales forces

Today, 20 years after it began, „Chicken Soup for the Soul‟ means more to

people than just a book With more than 112 million books sold to date, almost 200 titles in print and translations into more than 40 languages, Chicken Soup for the Soul is one of the world‟s best-known phrases Chicken Soup for the Soul reaches people well beyond the bookstore, with CD and DVD collections, company-sponsored samplers, greeting cards, children‟s entertainment products, pet food, flowers and many other products in line with Chicken Soup for the Soul‟s purpose

„Chicken Soup for Mother and Daughter Soul‟ includes the best selections on

mothering from Chicken Soup for the Soul's rich history, with stories carefully selected to appeal to both mothers and daughters

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CHAPTER II – APPLICATION OF HOUSE’S MODEL FOR

TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Julian House is a German linguist She is the author of functional-pragmatic model of translation evaluation She first published her model for translation quality

assessment in 1977 named A Model for Translation Quality Assessment Attracting

many criticisms, the model was then tackled in her revised model in 1997 –

Translation Quality Assessment: A Model Revisited

As mentioned in the first part of the thesis, House defined translation as the process of preservation of meaning across two languages She also introduced three types of meaning which are semantic, pragmatic, and textual meaning In her opinion, function of language or function of text is the application or use which the text has in the context of a situation

Julliane House is not the first scholar dealing with translation quality assessment She was one of the theorists who tried to propose a scientifically based framework for translation quality assessment The model she provided is a functional- pragmatic model It deals with both equivalence and function Then these concepts are mixed to be used as functional equivalence which matches target text equivalence both semantically and pragmatically

This model is not only based on Hallidayan systemic-functional theory, but it also draws eclectically on Prague school ideas, speech act theory, pragmatics, discourse analysis and corpus-based distinctions between the spoken and written language The model provides an analytic framework to analyze and compare an original text and its translation on three different levels namely Language/Text, Register (field, mode and tenor), and Genre After being revised in 1997, the model

is still meant to provide a framework for the analysis and comparison of an original and its translation on three different levels: the levels of Language/Text, Register (Field, Mode and Tenor), and Genre‟ (House, 2001: 247), or for the discovery of

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„mismatches‟ between the target text (TT) and the source text (ST) on the same three levels

According to House (1977), translation is viewed as the reconceptualization

of a text in the SL by a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in TL This type of equivalent, a underlying concept in House‟s model, is related to the preservation of meaning across two different languages and cultures The model proposed by House in 1977 is applied to decide whether a translation text has a function equivalent to that of its source text The function mentioned here consists

of ideational and interpersonal functional component and it is defined as the application or use of the text in a particular context of situation or situational dimensions Functions of texts vary from languages to languages So, a translation

is functionally equivalent to its ST if it does not only match its ST in function, but also employs equivalent situational-dimensional means to achieve that function

The situational dimensions can be classified into two sections: Dimensions

of Language User and Dimensions of Language Use

A Dimensions of Language User

1 Geographical origin (regional dialect)

2 Social class (social class dialect)

3 Time (the feature which provides clues to a text‟s temporal provenance)

B Dimensions of Language Use

1 Medium (simple or complex)

2 Participation (simple or complex)

3 Social role relationship

4 Social attitude

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5 Province

Each of the dimensions is realized through syntactic, lexical, and textual means which refer to:

1 Theme-dynamic: thematic structure and cohesion

2 Clausal linkage: additive (and, in addition), adversative (but, however), alternative, causal, explanatory, illative relations, etc

3 Iconic linkage: parallelism of structures

According to House, in order to make qualitative statements about a TT, the textual profile of TT must be compared with that of ST The operation of House‟s model for translation quality assessment is as follows:

1 ST is analyzed in details to produce a profile of ST register with specific linguistic correlating to the situational dimensions (syntactic, lexical, and textual means)

text-2 A description of ST genre realized by the register is added

3 A statement of function of ST is made, including the ideational and interpersonal component of that function

4 A similar profile and statement of function is made of TT

5 TT profile is compared to ST profile (using the schema below) and a statement of „mismatches‟ is produced, categorized according to genre and to the situational dimensions of register and genre These dimensional errors are distinguished from denotative mismatches or target system errors

6 A „statement of quality‟ is made of the translation

7 Finally, the translation is categorized into either overt translation or covert translation

(Munday, 2001: 93)

As mentioned before, a text must refer to a particular situation Therefore, in order to analyze a text, House broke down the broad notion of the context of situation into manageable parts in terms of features of context of situation or situational dimensions which are Field, Mode and Tenor

INDIVIDUAL TEXTUAL FUNCTION

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intellectual, emotional or affective stance and social attitude, i.e different styles (formal, consultative and informal) In the meanwhile, mode refers to both the channel – spoken or written, and the degree of participation between writer and reader (House, 2001: 248)

However, in analyzing and comparing an original text and its translation, register analysis alone does not directly lead to a statement of the individual textual function Therefore, the concept of genre is incorporated in the scheme for analyzing and comparing original and translation texts Genre, the conventional text type associated with a specific communicative function, enables one to refer any single text to the class of texts sharing a common purpose While register descriptions are basically limited to capturing individual features on the linguistic surface, genre helps to characterize deeper textual structures and patterns

The analysis process produces a textual profile of a text which characterizes the individual textual function Whether and how the textual function can be maintained depends on the type of translation sought for the original – overt and covert translation An overt translation is a kind of translation in which the recipients are overtly and not directly addressed while a covert translation enjoys the status of the original text in a new context Additionally, she also used cultural filter as an important factor to differentiate between a covert and overt version Specifically, the overt version which is the justified application of cultural filter, on the other hand, the covert version is the unjustified application of cultural filter