XAY DUNG VA PHAT TRIEN HO SO DAY HOC GOP PHAN NANG CAO CHAT LUONG GlAO DUO DAI HOC TS. DINH THI KIM THOA Khoa Suphqm - DHQGHN Thuat ngir "Hd so day hgc" cung khong phai xa la ddi vdi cac nha giao ciia chiing ta. Tuy nhien, hd so nay khong phai dugc thuc hien d tat ca mgi cap hgc, dac biet d bac dai hgc va neu c6 thi nhirng Hd so nay cung khong dugc thuc hien mot each triet de, day dii va tu nguyen. De nang cao chat lugng day va hgc, ehiing ta phai quan tam den rat nhieu ngi dung khac nhau. Song viee xay dung hd so mon hgc se la mot ngi dung khong the thieu trong tien trinh ddi mdi nay. Nghien eiiu thuc tidn giao due eua mot so nu6c nhu: Australia, America, Germany va mot sd nude trong khu vue, chiing ta thay cac giao vien eua hg xay dung nhiing bg hd so day hgc rat cong phu - mot minh ehiing cho su tan tuy va phat trien nghe nghiep ciia ban than. Hd so day hgc khong mang tinh hinh thiic nhu nhieu ngudi nghi, ma no thuc su la ket qua lao dgng nghiem tiic eua ngudi giao vien, neu ehiing ta quan niem diing ve gia tri ciia nd. Cling vdi thuat ngir "Hd so day hgc", ehiing ta eon biet den cac cum tir khac nhu "hd so mon hgc", "hd so giao vien" v.v. Trong thuc ti6n, nhiing cum tir vua neu ed the ehiia dung ngi dung ben trong gidng nhau hoac gSn tuang tu nhu nhau. Trong bai viet nay, ngudi viet sir dung thuat ngii "Hd so day hgc" vdi muc dich de cap mot each toan dien ehiic nang va nhiem vu ciia ngudi giao vien. Thong qua "hd so day hgc" nay, ngudi giao vien ed the nhin thay mot each ro rang cong viee ciia hg, nhiing tien bg cung nhu nhiing dieu cd the rut kinh nghiem. Ngoai ra, hd so day hgc cd the giup cac nha quan ly d6 dang 24 hon trong danh gia chat lugng ddi ngii giao vien, tranh su danh gia mang tinh cam tinh, dam bao su edng b^ng trong danh gia. 1. Ho sd day hoc la gi? Hd so day hgc khong gidi han d tap giao an hay cac bai soan, tai lieu suu tap ciia giao vien va cung khong phai la mot "quyen sach" de nhd lai nhCrng gi da lam dugc. Hd so day hgc la tap tai lieu dugc to ehiie theo mot muc dich nhat dinh ve su phat trien nghe nghiep va nhiing kha nang da dat dugc trong boat dgng day hgc. Ngoai ra, hd so day hgc con la su thu thap tat ca cac tai lieu va thong tin, la bang ehiing cd the nhin thay dugc ve kien thiic, khuynh hudng va ky nang nghe nghiep ma giao vien ed dugc trong qua trinh phat trien nghe nghiep. Ban than tu lieu trong hd so day hgc da phan anh ca nhan ngudi giao vien va kha nang tu quan ciia hg. Thong thudng cd hai loai hd so day hgc: ho sff day hoc thuc thi va ho Sff day hoc bdo cdo. Hd so day hgc thuc thi dac trung bdi su thu thap cd tinh he thong nhiing viee lam, nhiing tai lieu va nhirng boat dgng xa hoi cd lien quan den day hgc. Nhung thu thap nay se giiip hinh thanh qua trinh tu danh gia eua giao vien de tir dd de ra muc tieu phat trien tiep theo. Sau dd giao vien phat trien hd so nay thanh hd so bao cao. Hd so bao cao se la nhiing tu lieu dien hinh va phan anh tot nhat kha nang sang tao ciia giao vien nhu mot nha giao due ehuyen nghiep. Hd sa day hgc thuc thi thudng Idn hon va phiic tap han so vdi hd so day hgc bao cao. Hd so day hgc thuc thi ehiia dung nguyen ven nhiing tai lieu ma giao vien da lira ehgn de phue vu cho edng viee day hgc ciia minh. Thi du, ngoai tai lieu day hgc ehinh thiic, trong hd sa nay ehiia dung nhirng bai bao, bai viet, video, dia CD, sach vd v.v. Hd sa day hgc bao cao dugc bien soan vdi muc dich la nop cho nhiing ngudi cd trach nhiem ket qua d6 nhin thay va dh dgc ve nang lue nghe nghiep eua giao vien. Hd sa day hgc bao cao chi ehiia nhirng tai lieu chgn Igc va dugc sSp xep theo mot trat tu hudng dich, bdi vi ngudi xem khong cd dii thdi gian de xem tat ca hd so thuc thi eua giao vien. Khi danh gia hd so day hgc bao cao, ban se thay hd sa nay it hon nhung vln ndi duge day dii v^ edng viee eua ngudi day. Vi su khac 25 nhau vi hai loai hd sa nhu vay, nen trong hd so day hgc bao cao rat can cd ban thuyet minh ve nhirng tai lieu khac ed lien quan, de mgi ngudi cd the hieu dugc toan canh lam viee ciia giao vien. Mot dieu can nhd rang, hd so day hgc bao cao duge thiet ke tren CO sd eua hd so day hgc thuc thi. Hd so day hgc phan anh boat dgng nghiem tiic va khong ngirng phat trien eua giao vien. 2. Ho sd day hoc nen xay dung va phat then nhu" the nao? Hd so day hgc cd the xay dung theo nhieu each. Giao vien hoan toan sang tao tren ca sd thuc hien mot sd yeu cau ehung ve cac ngi dung CO ban. Nhirng ngi dung ca ban eua hd sa mon hgc dugc qui dinh theo nhiing tieu chi danh gia giao vien. Luat Giao due cd dua ra nhirng ehiic trach va nhiem vu eua giao vien. Tir day, Bg Giao due va Dao tao ed ban hanh qui che thuc hien va nhirng yeu cau ve danh gia giao vien. Mdi nha trudng lai eu the hda nhirng yeu cau dd cho phu hgp vdi dac diem eua nha trudng. Hd sa day hgc dugc xay dung dua theo chudn giao vien. Chudn giao vien la van d6 dang con dugc ban luan nhieu d Viet Nam. Hien nay, Bg Giao due ed mot Du an dang nghien eiiu va xay dung Chuan giao vien Tieu hgc. Chuan nay se sdm dugc trien khai dai tra trong thdi gian sSp tdi. Chuan giao vien cho cac bac hgc khac edn ehua duge dau tu, trong dd ed ca Chuan Giang vien Dai hgc. Ngi dung eua ehuan thuc chat la nhiing yeu cau ddi vdi ngudi giao vien va nhirng minh ehiing eu the ciia cac yeu cau a'y. Trong pham vi ciia mot nha trudng, ehiing ta hoan toan cd the tu xay dung Chuan cho ehinh minh. Chuan nay giiip cac giang vien tu danh gia va hoan thien minh tdt hon va cac nha quan ly ed them eo sd de quan ly chat lugng qua trinh dao tao - mot linh vue khdng phai d6 quan ly. Nghien eiiu mot sd chuan giao vien ciia mot so nude tien tien tren the gidi va each quan ly chat lugng dao tao ciia hg, ehiing ta tha'y Hd so day hgc la mot trong nhiing ngi dung khdng the thieu ddi vdi edng viee ciia ngudi giao vien. Hd so thudng bao gdm nhiing minh ehiing cho 10 yeu cau va cung la 10 ngi dung eo ban sau: Mudi yeu cau, dd la: 26 1) Yeu cau I: Kien thi'tc ehuyen mon Ngudi day phai nam dugc nhu'ng khai niem ca ban ciia mdn hgc va each thiie truyen dat nd, hieu dugc cau true ciia mdn hgc va cd the sang tao ra nhiing kinh nghiem hgc tap cho ngudi hgc de hg yeu thieh mdn hgc va thay mdn hgc cd y nghia ddi vdi hg. 2) Yeu cau 2: Kien thifc ve si( phat trien con ngUdi vd su hoc Ngudi day hieu dugc sir phat trien ciia ngudi hgc va hg hgc nhu the nao de cd the cung cap eo hoi hgc tap, hd trg sir phat trien nang lire tri tue, xa hoi va nhan each ngudi hgc. 3) Yeu cau 3: Dap I'rng nhu cau va nang luc eua ngudi hoc Ngudi day phai hieu rang ngudi hgc ra't khac nhau trong each hgc cung nhu ITnh hdi kien thiic nen phai biet tao ra nhiing eo hdi khac nhau de phu hgp vdi mgi ddi tugng. 4) Yeu cau 4: Thuc hien cac phuong phdp day hgc da dang va phong phu Ngudi day hieu va sir dung cac phuong phap day hgc khac nhau de khuyen khich sir phat trien kha nang tu duy phe phan, each giai quyet va'n de va ky nang trinh bay ciia ngudi hgc. 5) Yeu cau 5: Ky nang quan ly va khich le Iffp hoc Ngudi day biet bien nhirng dgng ca va hanh vi ciia ca nhan hoac ciia nhdm thanh mdi trudng hgc tap va mdi trudng khuyen khich su hgp tac tich cue de thu hiit ngudi hgc vao qua trinh hgc va tu giae hgc. 6) Yeu cau 6: Ky nang giao tiep Ngudi day biet sir dung phuong tien ngdn ngir va phi ngdn ngii sao cho hieu qua, biet sir dung phuong tien bd trg khac nhu edng nghe thdng tin de day manh hoat dgng va su hgp tac giiip da iSn nhau trong hgc tap. 7) Yeu cau 7: Ky nang lap keliogch hudng dan Ngudi day biet xay dung ke hoach hudng dan dua vao nhirng hieu biet \i mdn hgc, ngudi hgc, edng ddng va muc dich eua chuang trinh day hgc. 8) Yeu cau 8: Ky nang danh gia qua trinh hgc eua ngudi hgc Ngudi day hieu va sir dung phuong phap danh gia ehinh thiic va 27 khdng ehinh thiic de cd the khang dinh qua trinh phat trien lien tue ve tri tue, xa hdi va the luc eua ngudi hgc. 9) Yeu cau 9: Tinh than trach nhiem va su tan tuy vai nghe nghiep Ngudi day ehinh la mot ta'm guong phan chieu thuc te ve nhan each, la ngudi danh gia lien tue nhiing anh hudng ciia ehinh minh len ngudi khac (ngudi hgc, phu huynh, ddng nghiep, edng ddng ) va la ngudi tich cue tim kiem mgi ca hdi cho su phat trien nghe nghiep eua ban than. 10) Yeu cau 10: Su cong tac Ngudi day biet day manh mdi quan he vdi ddng nghiep, phu huynh, edng ddng", ca quan, hiep hdi de ung hd viee hgc eua ngudi hgc. Nhu vay, trong Hd so day hgc eua giao vien, mgi tu lieu duge sap xep theo 10 ngi dung nay. Uhg vdi mdi ngi dung, giao vien can trinh bay nhu sau: 1/ Ngi dung Yeu cau; 2/ Giai thieh Yeu cau (eu the hoa Yeu cau vao thuc ti6n day hgc eua ehinh minh); 3/ Nhiing minh chiing ve Yeu cau. Xin giai thieh viee trinh bay 3 bude tren bang thi du sau: Thi du dot vdi Yeu cau 1: 1. Yeu cau 1 (Giao vien ghi ro ngi dung Yeu cau) Kien thuc ehuyen mon: Ngudi day phai nam dugc nhiing khai niem eo ban ciia mdn hgc va each thiic truyen dat nd, hieu dugc ca'u true ciia mdn hgc va cd the sang tao ra nhiing kinh nghiem hgc tap cho ngudi hgc de hg yeu thieh mdn hgc va tha'y mdn hgc cd y nghia ddi vdi hg. 2. Giai thieh viee lam • Chuang trinh mdn hgc: the hien ca'u triie ciia ehuang trinh. • He thdng muc tieu ciia mdn hgc va eua tiing bai: nam dugc trgng tam va ngi dung can dat dugc d hgc sinh. • Toan bg cac giao an va ke hoach len Idp: the hien hieu biet ve mdn hgc va each to ehiic truyen dat kien thiic va boat ddng hgc ciia hoc sinh. 28 • Cac phuong tien va edng eu de ehuyen tai ngi dung kien thiic: the hien su gia cong ve sir phong phii va da dang eua phuong phap day hgc. • Cac hinh thiic to chiie day hgc: the hien su linh boat ciia giao vien trong thay ddi dieu kien hoan canh linh hdi kien thiic eua hgc sinh. 3. Cac minh chirng: • Td in chuang trinh mdn hgc, phan bd thdi gian cho mdn hgc. • Cac giao an soan va cac ban ke hoach len Idp. • Nhiing kien thiic suu tam bd sung cho bai day ciia giao vien. • Nhirng dd diing day hgc. • Nhiing ke hoach hoat ddng tao hiing thii tdi mdn hgc Tdm lai, Hd sa day hgc viTa la edng eu vira la ket qua lam viee thuc su ciia giao vien. Khi hieu ban chat eua Hd sa day hgc chiing ta tha'y nd thuc su cd y nghia cho sir phat trien nghe nghiep eiia mdi ca nhan. Cach thiic xay dung hoan toan ed the linh hoat sao cho phii hgp vdi muc tieu giao due va dieu kien hoan canh eua mdi trudng, mdi don vi. Cac nha quan ly cd the dua ra nhiing chuan eo ban, tren eo sd dd giao vien cd the sang tao xay dung theo each eua rieng minh. Xay dung va trien khai thuc hien hd so day hgc se giiip nang cao cha't lugng day hgc eua ban than giao vien cung nhu cha't lugng quan ly qua trinh day hgc ciia nha quan ly, tir dd gdp phan nang cao cha't lugng giao due dai hgc ndi rieng va nen giao due nude nha ndi chung. Tai lieu tham khao 1. Campbell, Dorothy M, 2001, How to develop a professional portfolio: a manual for teachers. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 2. Campbell, Dorothy M, 2000, Portfolio and performance assessment in teacher education. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 29 . ra muc tieu phat trien tiep theo. Sau dd giao vien phat trien hd so nay thanh hd so bao cao. Hd so bao cao se la nhiing tu lieu dien hinh va phan anh tot nhat kha nang sang tao ciia giao vien. day hgc bao cao dugc bien soan vdi muc dich la nop cho nhiing ngudi cd trach nhiem ket qua d6 nhin thay va dh dgc ve nang lue nghe nghiep eua giao vien. Hd sa day hgc bao cao chi ehiia. day hgc bao cao, ban se thay hd sa nay it hon nhung vln ndi duge day dii v^ edng viee eua ngudi day. Vi su khac 25 nhau vi hai loai hd sa nhu vay, nen trong hd so day hgc bao cao rat can