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lesson 1 - The Parts of Speech -32- ABSOLUTE EXPRESSION lesson 2 - The Structure of the Sentence -33- ABSOLUTE EXPRESSION lesson 2 The Structure of the Sentence 1 The Sentence 2 The Clauses and Phrases 3 Types of Sentences Classified by Structure lesson 2 - The Structure of the Sentence -34- THE SENTENCE I. THE SENTENCE A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Every simple sentence must have two basic elements: (1) the thing we are talking about (called the subject) (2) and what we say about it (called the predicate) In other words, the subject of a sentence tells whom or what the sentence is about, and the predicate of a sentence tells what the subject is or does. A. THE SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE The subject of a sentence is expressed by a noun, a pronoun or a noun equivalent. X My elder daughter is now in the US. X She is now working for her master's degree in mass media communications. X Mastering languages takes hard work and patience. X After work is convenient for everybody. X What you are saying is not true. A Subject may be simple or compound X I love her. X He and I lover her. X My father and my mother are nearly 60. X Before work or after work is OK. X Loving somebody and marrying him or her are two different things. X What you say and what you do must go together. B. THE PREDICATE OF A SENTENCE 1. VERB a. Intransitive Verb (vi) A predicate is sometimes a single word which is an intransitive verb. X Birds fly. X Flowers bloom. lesson 2 - The Structure of the Sentence -35- THE SENTENCE There are intransitive verbs (vi), which are complete in meaning by themselves. In other words, they don't need complements. b. Transitive Verb (vt) But more often than not (very usually), the predicate contains a transitive verb (vt). And this means that something else is required to complete its meaning. And this something else is called the complement of the verb. 2. THE DIFFERENT COMPLEMENTS a. The Direct Object (DO) Many transitive verb take the DO to become complete in the meaning. In other words, the DO completes the meaning of the V by receiving the action expressed by it. The DO may be a noun, a pronoun or a noun equivalent. X I do not need your bloody money, but I need you. X I enjoy walking alone in the rain. (do=gp) X I very much wish to see her again. (do=ip) X Honey, I want what you want. (do=wh-cls) X The travellers turned their backs on the road and went down- hill. They followed a stream that went quickly down before them. (Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings) X You should learn to live your own life and to let others live their own. X I don't know at all where she lives and what she does for a liv- ing. NOTE The DO may be simple or compound b. The Indirect Object (IO) There are a number of verbs which also need the IO in addition to the DO to become complete in the meaning. The IO always comes before the DO and is usually a PRONOUN lesson 2 - The Structure of the Sentence -36- THE SENTENCE X Gave the boy/him 5 dollars. X Give whoever comes a copy of this material. X Show whoever is present how to use the machine. X I am leaving him everything that I have, of course, except a few oddments. (Tolkien, The Lords of the Rings) c. The Object Complement (OC) There are a number of verbs which takes the objective comple- ment (OC) in addition to the direct object to become complete in the meaning. The OC may be a noun or noun equivalent, an adjective or adjective equivalent. When it is a noun or a noun equivalent, it renames the object; when it is an adjective or adjective equivalent, it modifies the object. Sư ghen tuöng ₫a lam Othello trơ thanh möt ke sat nhên. X Jealousy made Othello a murderer. Con ₫ưng lo, me se lam cho no trơ thanh möt ngươi vơ hiï̀n. X Don't worry, son. I'm making her a good wife. Töi thếy buö̉i tiïc thêt chan. X I think the party boring. NOTE The OC may be simple or compound X The news made us happy. X We found her honest and reliable. X We found the telephone out of order. X Jealousy made Otherllo a murderer. X The spirit of Japanese people has made Japan what it is today. VO1 O2 (IO) (DO) VOOC adj lesson 2 - The Structure of the Sentence -37- THE SENTENCE d. The Subjective Complement (SC) The SC renames or modifies the subject of the sentence and at the same time completes the meaning of a linking verb. The SC may be an adjective or an adjective equivalent, a noun or a noun equivalent. When it is an adjective or an adjective equivalent, it modifies the subject; when it is a noun or a noun equivalent, it renames the subject or functions as an appositive. X She is intelligent X The elevator is out of order. X My mother's only pleasure is taking care of us and seeing us happy. NOTE The SC may be simple or compound X She is intelligent. X He is my close friend. X The house is still in good condition. X She is intelligent and hard-working. e. The Retained Object (RO) When a verb which has both the DO and IO is put into the pas- sive voice, one object becomes the subject and the other is retained and therefore is called the retained object (RO). Although either object may become the subject; the IO is more commonly used to be the subject and the DO is retained. X They gave each boy 20 dollars. X Each boy was given 20 dollars. C. THE MODIFIER OF THE SUBJECT OR THE PREDICATE While a subject and a predicate are indispensable to a sentence, more often than not, a sentence contains something besides - V O1 O2 passive V S RO lesson 2 - The Structure of the Sentence -38- THE SENTENCE something that modifies or gives more information to the sub- ject or the predicate. Anything that modifies or gives more information to a subject or a predicate is called modifier. When it belongs to the subject, it functions as an ADJECTIVE; when it belongs to the predicate, it functions as an ADVERB. The predicate with its modifier is called a complete predicate. The subject with its modifier is called a complete subject. Bö́ cua lu tre mong muö́n cho cac con ₫ươc hoc lïn ₫ai hoc. X The father of the children wishes to send all his children to col- lege. Ngươi ₫eo ₫ö̀ng hö̀ măc möt bö com lï băng vai tuyt va mang giềy bö́t ₫i mưa cao ₫ḯn ₫ui; ngươi kia măc vay chung vơi ao poncho. X The man with the watch wore a tweed suit with thigh-length galoshes; his college, a kilt and a poncho. (J.K. Rowling, The Goblet of Fire) Banh xe thơi gian ₫a quay ₫ươc 50 vong kï̉ tư cai ₫ïm mau lưa ma kinh thanh cua chung töi sup ₫ö̉. X The wheel of time has made fifty turns since that night of blood and fire when my towered city died. (Richard Powell, Whom the God Would Destroy) The modifier may be a single word or a group of words. Some- times, a sentence may contain some absolute expressions. X Marry, you should listen to me and refuse his offer of marriage. X ‘I’m not joking, Mr. Weasley,’ he said, ‘though now that you mention it ’ X ‘Hermione, who are you going to the ball with? (J.K. Rowling, The Goblet of Fire) X ‘Dear old Frodo,’ said Pippin. ‘Did you really think you had thrown dust in all your eyes? You have not been nearly careful or clever enough for that! You have obviously been planning to go and saying farewell to all your 1 haunts all this year since April.’ (Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings) 1. HAUNT (n) a place that sb visits often lesson 2 - The Structure of the Sentence -39- THE CLAUSE AND PHRASE The following diagram may illustrate what have been discussed so far. 1. Subject (indispensable) 2. Predicate (indispensable) (a) Verb (indispensable) (b) Complement of the V (demanded for a transitive verb but not demanded for an intransitive one.) 3. Modifier of the S or P (not indispensable, but usually present) 4. Absolute Expression II. THE CLAUSE AND PHRASE A. CLAUSE A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a predicate. Clauses are classified as independent clauses and dependent clauses. An INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (IC) expresses a complete thought and therefore can stand as an independent sentence by itself. A DEPENDENT CLAUSE (DC) does not express a complete thought and therefore can't stand as an independent sentence by itself. A dependent clause is normally used as a noun, as an adjective or as an adverb. SENTENCE Absolute Expression M Predicate S M lesson 2 - The Structure of the Sentence -40- TYPE OF SENTENCES CLASSIFIED BY STRUCTURE NOTE B. PHRASE A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a sub- ject and a predicate. Like a dependent clause, a phrase is nor- mally used as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. There are five kinds of phrases in English: THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE X … in the morning X The lady standing by my mother is my teacher of English THE GERUND PHRASE X Mastering a language takes time and patience. THE PARTICIPLE PHRASE X Standing at the street corner, the detective … THE INFINITIVE PHRASE X I want to see the Manager! X A time to love and a time to remember. THE NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE PHRASE X Autumn having come, leaves are beginning to turn yellow. X She prayed in silent, eyes closed. III. TYPE OF SENTENCES CLASSIFIED BY STRUCTURE Sentences are classified by structures as simple sentences, com- plex sentences and compound sentences. A. SIMPLE SENTENCE Simple sentence is a single clause which expresses a complete thought and contains no dependent clause. A simple sentence may be short or long and may have compound elements. An infinitive clause is a dependent clause in which the verb is not conjugated and is used as a noun. lesson 2 - The Structure of the Sentence -41- TYPE OF SENTENCES CLASSIFIED BY STRUCTURE X I live here. X My father and I live here. (compound s) X John loves and admires her. (compound p) X He married her for money, not for love. (compound m) X Robert polished and washed his new car. (compound predicate) X Robert and his brother polished and washed their new car. (compound s; compound predicate) B. COMPLEX SENTENCE A Complex sentence contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. A complex sentence may contain more than one dependent clause. Mưa vï̀ vao luc chung ta cền chung nhết. X Rain comes when we most need them. Khi mua ₫öng ₫ḯn, phền lơn chim bay vï̀ phương Nam. X When winter comes, most birds fly south. Möt ngươi noi möt ₫ang lam möt neo thò khöng ₫ang tin. X A person who says one thing and means another is untrustwor- thy. simple sentence 1 independent clause IC IC + DC 1 independent cls + at least 1 dependent cls complex sentence [...]... lesson 3 The Basic Patterns 1 Different Ways to Join Two Independent Clauses in a Compound Sentence 2 TYPE OF SENTENCES CLASSIFIED BY STRUCTURE That Generate Simple and Complex sentences Different Ways to Write the Compound Elements or Components of a Sentence -45- lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns I BASIC PATTERNS A PATTERNS THAT GENERATE ACTIVE SIMPLE AND COMPLEX SENTENCE 1 PATTERN 1 S P: V M M V intransitive... in number They are: AFFORD, ALLOW, ASK, BRING, BUY, COST, COOK, DENY, DRAW, FIND, GET, GIVE, GRANT, HAND, LEAVE, LEND, LOSE, MAKE, ORDER, PASS, REFUSE, SELL, SEND, SHOW, TELL, TEACH, THROW, WIN, WISH, WRITE O1 indirect object, which is usually a pronoun O2 BASIC PATTERNS V direct object, which may be a single word, a phrase or a clause • • TO GIVE SOMEBODY SOMETHING • TO TELL SOMEBODY (NOT) TO DO SOMETHING . an adverb. There are five kinds of phrases in English: THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE X … in the morning X The lady standing by my mother is my teacher of English THE GERUND PHRASE X Mastering a language. sen- tences 1 Different Ways to Join Two Independent Clauses in a Compound Sentence 2 Different Ways to Write the Compound Elements or Components of a Sentence. lesson 3 - The Basic Patterns -46- BASIC. LEAVE, LEND, LOSE, MAKE, ORDER, PASS, REFUSE, SELL, SEND, SHOW, TELL, TEACH, THROW, WIN, WISH, WRITE O1 indirect object, which is usually a pronoun. O2 direct object, which may be a single word,