Textbooks write English correctly_07 ppt

lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -159- THE EXPLETIVE Hònh như khöng co ai trong nha ca. There seems to be no one in the house. Luc ₫o tònh cơ co möt chiḯc tăc xi ₫ang trơ tơi. There happened then to be an approaching taxi. Giưa hai ngươi hònh như chăng con gò. There seems to be nothing left between two of them. Phai co nhưng biïn phap manh hơn ₫ï̉ chö́ng tham nhung. There should be stronger measures to fight corruption. Cền phai co möt kḯ hoach ro rang ₫ï̉ giup nhưng gia ₫ònh trong khu vưc tư giup mònh. There should be a definite project to help the poor families in this area to help themselves. NOTE 1 Khöng thï̉ ₫oan trươc ngay mai se ra sao. There is no predicting that what will happen tomorrow. Khöng thï̉ nao hiï̉u ₫ươc trai tim cua möt ngươi ₫an ba. There is no understanding a woman’ s heart. There is no probing a woman’s heart. Khöng thï̉ nao tiïu diït ₫ươc töi ac. There is no eliminating the evil altogethe. NOTE 2 Cư luön than phiï̀n thò chăng ñch gò. There is no use/good in complaining all the time. Cư tiḯp tuc chơ ₫ơi thḯ nay thò chăng ly gò hḯt. There is no point in waiting on like this. Cho ai thư gò mònh khöng cền nưa thò chăng tö́t lanh gò. THERE BE NO DOING ST = IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DO ST THERE IS NO ( GOOD/POINT/USE/MERIT ) IN DOING ST lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -160- THE EXPLETIVE There is no merit in giving away something one no longer need. Chung töi mong se co thïm nhiï̀u cai tö̉ tai Viït Nam trong năm tơi. We expect there to be more reforms in VN next year. Töi tin la ₫a co möt chut hiï̉u lềm giưa hai ngươi. I believe there to have been some misunderstanding between two of you. Chung töi, tre con, chỉ muö́n co hoa bònh trïn thḯ giơi khö́n khö̉ nay. We, children, only want there to be peace in this miserable. There comes the bus. There it comes! There come the bride and the groom! There goes the last bus. There is the status I was talking to you about. There it is: just to the right of the church. There goes the school bell, I must run. The THERE interjection expresses annoyance or encourage- ment. Đo, ₫êu co ₫au lăm ₫êu, phai khöng? Clauses of this kind normally appear after such verbs as BELIEVE, EXPECT, HATE, HOPE, LIKE, MEAN, WANT etc. Never confuse the adverb THERE in initial position with the THERE-Expletive Never confuse the interjection THERE in initial position with the THERE-Expletive lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -161- THE EXPLETIVE There! It didn’t hurt much, did it? Kòa kòa. There, there! Đo, anh lai lam be dêy rö̀i kòa. There, you are waking up the baby! 3. THE FOR EXPLETIVE The FOR-Expletive is very commonly used to introduce an Infinitive Clause which functions as a noun. As a noun, this clause is used as the subject of sentence, the object of verb or a subjective complement. a. The For-Expletive as the Subject of a Sentence Đï̉ cho con gai nho chung töi tiḯp tuc hoc ơ hoa ky la mong muö́n cua chung töi trong nhiï̀u năm qua. For our younger daughter to continue her studies in the US has been our wish for many years now. Đï̉ anh quan ly dư an nay la y kiḯn cua öng chu tịch HĐQT. For you to take charge of this project is the idea of the chair man of the BOD. Co möt cai thang cưu hö ơ phña sau toa nha la cền thiḯt. For there to be a fire escape at the back of the building is essential. Töi ma lếy möt tïn như thḯ thò khöng thï̉ ₫ươc. For me to marry such a man is unthinkable. Đï̉ öng ta trơ thanh ngươi lanh ₫ao la chñnh xac ₫iï̀u chung töi ₫ang nghĩ. For him to become our leader is exactly what we have in mind. Đï̉ töi ra ₫i bêy giơ la khöng thï̉. For me to go now is impossible. lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -162- THE EXPLETIVE Đï̉ cho con gai nho chung töi tiḯp tuc hoc ơ hoa ky la mong muö́n cua chung töi trong nhiï̀u năm qua. It has been our wish for many years now for our daughter to con- tinue her studies in the US. Co möt cai thang cưu hö ơ phña sau toa nha la cền thiḯt. It is essential for there to be a fire escape at the back of the build- ing. b. The For-Expletive as the Object of a Verb that also takes an OC True O is normally a PHRASE or a CLAUSE, in which a FOR CLAUSE expresses a thing/situation that doesn’t happen at the moment of speaking and a THAT CLAUSE epresses a thing/situation that already happened. Töi nghĩ nha nươc khöng thay ₫ö̉i chñnh sach ngoai giao thò rết kho. I think it very hard for the government not to make a few changes in its foreign policy. Töi nghĩ möt cö gai tre sö́ng möt mònh ơ sai gon thò khöng an toan. I don’t think it safe for a younger to live alone in SG. The above constructions are very formal and mainly used in formal writing. The use of the dummy IT will make the construction less formal. In other words, the dummy subject IT is more frequently used in this case to move FOR CLAUSE to the end of the sentence. M S M P: V IT OC trueO lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -163- THE EXPLETIVE Đï̉ thḯ giơi khöng thay ₫ö̉i sau chiḯn tranh Iraq la ₫iï̀u khöng thï̉. I think it impossible for the world to remain unchanged after the war in Iraq has come to an end. c. The FOR-Expletive as the SC SC is normally a PHRASE: GP/IP or a CLAUSE: FOR/ THAT/ WH Muc ₫ñch cua dư an nay nhăm giup nhưng gia ₫ònh ngheo tư giup mònh. The aim of this project is for poor family help themselves. Y cua xḯp la ₫ï̉ anh thuyïn chuyï̉n sang möt bö phên khac. The manager’s idea is for you to transfer to another department. Ươc muö́n cua ho la ₫ï̉ cö con gai cai quan cöng viïc khi cö ta tö́t nghiïp ₫ai hoc. Their wish is for their daughter to take over their business when she finishes college. Săp ₫ăt cua chung töi la ₫ï̉ anh găp anh ta ơ phi trương. Our arrangement is for you to meet him at the airport Đêy la cơ höi ₫ï̉ ban chưng to kha năng cua mònh. This is an opportunity for you to prove your abilities. Nang mơ cưa ₫ï ̉ anh năng ban mai tran vao phong. She opened the windows for the sunshine to stream in. Nang mơ cưa sö́ ₫ï̉ khöng khñ trong lanh ban ₫ïm ua vao phong. She opened the window for the fresh night air to flow in. M S M P: V SC Do not mistake the FOR-Expletive for the preposition which normally introduces a phrase that functions as an adjective or an adverb. lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -164- THE EXPLETIVE Kha năng chung ta tham gia vao dư an nay la rết ñt. The chance for us to take part in the project is very little. Co vai chuyïn töi cền giai quyḯt trươc khi ₫i. There are a few things for me to settle before I leave. Mon tiï̀n nay ₫u ₫ï̉ cho hăn sö́ng suö́t ₫ơi ma khöng lam gò ca. This sum is enough for him to live all his life without working hard. Cö ta ₫a phến ₫ếu ₫u ₫ï̉ chung ta tăng lương cho cö ta. She has been working hard enough for us to give her a rise. Căn nha khöng ₫u lơn ₫ï̉ tết ca chung ta sö́ng. The house is not big enough for all of us to live in. Cha me thơi nay khöng nong long cho con gai mònh thanh gia thêt băng như cha me cach ₫êy 30 năm. Parents today are not so anxious for their daughter to get married as parents 30 years ago. Hăn gia qua töi lếy hăn sao ₫ươc. He is too old for me to marry. Chung ta phai ha gia ₫ï̉ doanh sö́ tăng lïn. We have to lower our prices for our sales to increase. 4. THE AS EXPLETIVE The AS-Expletive introduces an oppositive as an OC. It nor- mally occurs after such verb as: APPOINT, BAPTIZE, BELIEVE, CALL, CHOOSE, CONSIDER, DESCRIBE, ELECT, FIND, FEEL, KEEP, NAME, MAKE, PAINT, PROVE, REGARD, SEE, THINK, VIEW VOTE. In other words, AS usually appears in pattern 4. Möt sö́ ngươi xem ₫ơi la möt bi kịch; möt sö́ ngươi khac xem ₫ơi la möt vơ hai kịch; möt sö́ khac nưa xem ₫ơi la möt bi hai kịch. Some people view life as a tragedy; some others view it as a comedy; some others still view it as a tragicomedy. TOO/ENOUGH FOR CLAUSE lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -165- THE EXPLETIVE Tư ₫o trơ ₫i, dên lang coi cêu be như möt ngươi mang lai may măn. From then on, the people in the village regarded the boy as a sort of mascot. Đưng xem ₫ơi như möt tham hö̀ng; ma cung ₫ưng xem no như möt ₫am gai. Don’t view life as a bed of roses; don’t view it as a mass of thorns, either. Hay chon chết lương va sư tin cêy như möt khểu hiïu cua chung ta. Let’s select QUALITY & TRUST as our motto. 5. THE OR EXPLETIVE The OR-Expletive has no meaning of its own and has no gram- matical function either. Like the AS-Expletive, the OR-Exple- tive introduces an appostive. Địa chết hoc, hay la mön hoc vï̀ vo trai ₫ết, ₫a co khoang 10 thḯ ky nay. Geography, or the science of the earth’s crust, is more than 10 cen- turies old. Đa lat, hay la thanh phö́ hoa anh ₫ao, mat me quanh năm. Dalat, or the city of cherry blossom, is cool all the year round. Cên năng 10kg, hay la hơn 2 pound möt chut. It weights 10kg, or just more than 2 pounds. Samuel Clement, hay la Mark Twain, viḯt rết nhiï̀u vï̀ dong söng Misisipie. Samuel Clement, or Mark Twain, wrote a lot about the Misisipie river. 6. THE OF EXPLETIVE The OF-Expletive also introduces an appositive. Thanh phö́ Luên Đön năm bïn bơ söng Thames The city of London is located on the Thames River. Thị trến Đơn Dương năm cach thanh phö́ Đa Lat khoang 30 km vï̀ phña ₫öng nam. The town of Dơn Dương is about 30km southeast of the city of Dalat. lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -166- THE INVERSIONS Cang Hai phong ₫ang trơ thanh möt cang bên rön nhết nươc. The port of Haiphong is becoming the busiest port in Vietnam. Möt cuö́n sach vï̀ giao duc. A book on the issue of education. II. THE INVERSIONS A. WHAT IS AN INVERSION? An inversion is an instance of placing a syntactical element out of its normal position, place or order. In reality, an inversion usually means placing a V before its S in an affirmative state- ment. Then we get the question: what are the inversions for? The answer is that inversions are done for emphasis (1) or for rhetor- ical reason (2). 1. INVERSIONS DONE FOR EMPHASIS REASON a. Inversion with Negative Adverbial Expressions in the Initial Position (a) Single Negative Adverbs The most common negative adverbs are: NEVER, NO WHERE, NO SOONER, NO MORE, NEITHER (NOR) RARELY, BARELY, SCARELY, HARDLY, LITTLE (less, least), SELDOM, etc. Normal position Inversion S HAD scarely/barely/hardly DONE ST when + simple past lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -167- THE INVERSIONS Or Inversion Töi va vơ töi chưa bao giơ ₫i Ha Nöi. My wife and I have never been to Hanoi Never have my wife and I been to HN. Chưa bao giơ nhiï̀u ăn xin trïn ₫ương phö́ như thḯ nay. There have never been so many beggars on streets like this. Never have there been so many beggars on streets like this. Töi khöng cền anh nưa. I need you no more. No more do I need you. Ban khöng tòm thiïn ₫ương ơ ₫êu ngoai thḯ gian nay. You could find Heaven no where except right on this earth. No where could you find Heaven except right on this earth. Töi chưa kịp ngö̀i ₫a nghe tiḯng go cưa. I had hardly sat down when there was a knock at the door. Hardly had I sat down when here was a knock at the door. Dao gền ₫êy töi ñt ra ngoai vao ban ₫ïm. I have rarely gone out recently. Rarely have I gone out recently. Töi ñt ₫i chơi sau 10 giơ ₫ïm. I seldom stay out later than 10 pm. Seldom do I stay out later than 10pm scarely/barely/hardly HAD S DONE ST when + simple past S HAD NO SOONER DONE ST THAN + simple past NO SOONER HAD S DONE ST THAN + simple past lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -168- THE INVERSIONS Little The adverb LITTLE is used before BELIEVE, EXPECT, HOPE, SUSPECT, THINK, etc. Töi ₫a ñt hy vong la party se thanh cöng. I little expected that the party would be a success. Little did I expect that the party would be a success. Töi hều như khöng nghĩ răng cö ta se lương gat töi. I little thought that she would deceive me. Little did I think that she would deceive me. Luc ₫o töi khöng chut nghi ngơ răng hăn ₫a ăn căp tiï̀n cua töi. I little suspected that he had stolen my money. Little did I suspect that he had stolen my money/ Cöng viïc nay khöng con la trach nhiïm cua töi nưa. This affair is no longer in my hand. No longer is this affair inmy hand. Chưa vui sum hop ₫a sều chia tay. We had no sooner delighted in being reunited than we felt sorry of being separated again. No sooner had we delighted in being reunited than we felf sorry of being separated again. (b) Inversion with NEGATIVE ADVERBIAL PHRASES in the Initial Position. IN NO WAY / AT NO TIME / IN NO CIRCUMSTANCE / BY NO MEANS / UNDER NO CONDITION/ IN NO CASE etc. She is not in any way to blame for what had happened. In no way is she to blame for. Cöng ty chung töi khöng pham luêt luc nao ca. The company did not break the law at any time. PREPOSITION NO NOUN [...]... is this tendency of expression to shift from one grammatical function to another one that for a large variety of locutions a writter or speaker of English may find at his or her disposal B WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON SHIFTS? 1 NOUNS USED AS ADVERBS A noun in English may readily function as an ADVERB: TODAY, TOMORROW, THIS WEEK, NEXT WEEK, THIS SUMMBER, LAST SUMMER, THIS SUNDAY, LAST SUNDAY, LAST SATURDAY,... ADVERBIAL CLAUSES in the Initial Position -169- THE INVERSIONS Cö ta lếy hăn khöng phai vò thương hai She didnt marry him out of pity Not out of pity did she marry him lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax NOT ADVERBICAL CLAUSE MC Ban chưa thếy cuöc ₫ơi thu vị chưng nao ban chưa thếy no ₫ềy thach ₫ö́ You will not find life enjoyable until you have found it challenging Not until... not kind to anyone, and neither is it mean to anyone Töi khöng thñch nhac rap, va con gai töi cung thḯ I don’t like rap music, and neither does my daughter -170- lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax Töi thñch nhac pop, va con gai töi cung thḯ I like pop music, and so does my daughter Töi khöng phai ban anh, ma töi cung khöng phai la ke thu cua anh I’am not a friend of... Not only have her petty jealousy killed his love for her, but they have also killed her love of life -171- THE INVERSIONS (no inversion because of 2 different subjects) lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax (f) Inversion with the adverb ONLY modifying an adverbial expression in the initial position This adverbial expression may be a single word, a phrase or a clause ONLY HERE / THERE / NOW... killed his wife only out of blind jealousies Only out of blind jealousies did he killed his wife Töi lam vêy chỉ vò long tö́t I did that only out of (my) kindness -172- lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax Only out of (my)kindnessdid I do that Chỉ vơi sư chên thêt mơi co tònh ban chên thêt True friendship is possible only with honesty Only with honesty is true friendship possible Hu... understand what being a parent is like only when one becomes a parent onself Only when one becomes a parent oneself does one gets to understand what being a parent is like lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax INVERSION So So ADJ/ ADV that ADJ/ADV main verb that Cö ta ñch ky qua, chỉ co sa tăng mơi thñch cö ta thöi She is so selfish that only Satan likes her So selfish is she that only Satan... it that more than half of the houses in the village were swept down (h) Inversion with the Adverb SUCH in Initial Postion Such -174- ADJ + MAIN VERB + (a/an) CN’s that lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax Đo la nhưng ngay thang tuyït vơi ma chung töi chưa bao giơ quïn va se khöng bao giơ quïn Those were such happy days that weve never forgotten and will never forget Such happy... ONLY This construction expresses strong impossible wishes = I WISH The person who uses this expression is also the person who makes the wish -175- THE INVERSIONS (i) lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax The Wish and the Act of Wish is at the same time the wish the act of wish S WISHED/ WISH/ WILL WISH (THAT) PAST SUBJUNCTIVE (WERE) Ươc gò bö́ töi tre lai ñt tuö̉i If only my father were... The Act of Wish is Later than the Wish S1 S1 -176- WISHED/ WISH/ WILL WISH (THAT) WISHED/ WISH/ WILL WISH (THAT) S2 S2 COULD + SIMPLE PRESENT COULD / WOULD + S PRESENT lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax Ươc gò anh ơ bïn em If only I could be with you Töi ươc gò anh töi co thï̉ giup ban I wish that my brother would/could help you b Inversion Done for Rhetorical or Stylish Reason (a)... from across the river From across the river came the vague barking of a dog -177- THE INVERSIONS (b) Inversion with ADVERBIAL PHRASE of PLACE in the Initial Position lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax Mui ca chiïn bö́c lïn tư dươi bḯp The smell of frying fish came up from the kitchen Up from the kitchen came the smell of frying fish Möt dai sa mac bao la hiïn ra trươc măt chung . lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -159- THE EXPLETIVE Hònh như khöng co ai trong nha ca. There seems to be no one. IMPOSSIBLE TO DO ST THERE IS NO ( GOOD/POINT/USE/MERIT ) IN DOING ST lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -160- THE EXPLETIVE There is no merit in giving away something one no longer need. Chung. interjection THERE in initial position with the THERE-Expletive lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -161- THE EXPLETIVE There! It didn’t hurt much, did it? Kòa kòa. There, there! Đo,