Textbooks write English correctly_09 ppt

lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -212- THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION Sadly enough, the party was a great failure. Fortunately enough, our team won the play off match. Our team, fortunately enough, won 5. SINGLE WORDS USED AS TRANSITIONAL AND / OR / BUT / NOR / FOR / SO (no comma) BESIDES / MOREOVER / HOWEVER ALSO SIMILARLY / SPECIALLY CONTRAWISE / LIKEWISE CONSEQUENTLY B. PHRASES AS ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION 1. THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE USED ABSOLUTELY In this case, the phrase functions as absolute adverb and nor- mally governs the idea of the whole statement in which it appears: IN SHORT / AFTER ALL / IN GENERAL / ON THE WHOLE / IN FACT etc. In fact, he’s really a good man. In short, you don’t love me a bit; you love yourself only. After all, he’s your son. Noi cho cung, con ngươi ta sinh ra tay trăng va rö̀i chḯt ₫i cung trăng tay. After all, men are born with empty hands and then die also with empty hands. Life is neither kind nor mean to anybody. Infact, it is fair to every- body. The phrase also functions as trasitional adverbs: ON THE CONTRARY, IN THE SAME WAY, IN CONTRAST, IN ADDITION, ON ONE HAND, ON THE OTHER HAND, AS lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -213- THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION THE RESULT, AS THE CONSEQUENCE, IN OTHER WORDS etc. 2. THE INFINITIVE PHRASE USED ABSOLUTELY In this case, the phrase usually expresses the writer’s or the speaker’s attitude towards what is being spoken or written: TO BE FRANK, TO TELL THE TRUTH, TO COME TO THE POINT, TO SUM UP, TO CONCLUDE, TO BE CONSERVA- TIVE, TO SAY AT LEAST etc. My house, to be sure, can not compare with yours. Đi thăng vao vến ₫ï̀, anh muö́n gò? To come to the point, just what do you want? Noi tom lai, cö ếy rết thöng minh. To sum up, she is very clever. Thăng thăn ma noi, anh hònh như khöng biḯt mònh muö́n gò nưa. To be frank, you don’t seem to know what you want. Thanh thưc ma noi, töi hoan toan thết vong vï̀ anh. To be honest/sincere, I am quite disapointed with you. To be conservative, our losses have come up to nearly 1 million dol- lars. His conduct, to say at least, is a bit perculiar. To tell the truth, you don’t seem to know your own mind at all. 3. THE NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE PHRASE In the initial position, NAP is normally ‘cause’ and the rest is normally is ‘result’ in relationship. In middle and final position, NAP is in posessive case. His father having died, he is now the bread-winner of his family. Autumn getting late, leaves are beginning to drop. The old man, his only son killed in the war, now feels so lonely and helpless. lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -214- THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION Hearing the bell, she hastily made her way to the door, her body trembling with excitement. C. CLAUSES USED ABSOLUTELY Clauses, main or subordinate, may be used absolutely. These clauses are inserted parenthically into sentences in which they have no grammatical function at all. In other words, they can be omitted without changing the grammatical nature of these sen- tences in which they appear. As absolute construction, they nor- mally express the writer’s or speaker’s attitude towards that is being spoken or writen. 1. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE USED AS ABSOLUTELY Subordinate clauses which are adverbial in appearance are very commonyly used. • WHETHER YOU LIKE IT OR NOT • WHETHER YOU BELIEVE IT OR NOT Anh thñch hay khöng, ngay mai măt trơi vễn lïn. Whether you like it or not, the sun will rise tomorrow. The sun, whether you like it or not, will rise tomorrow. Du thñch hay khöng, ₫öi chung ta ₫a bị bai trong giai GL vưa rö̀i. Our team, whether you like it or not, was defeated in the last GL Cup. Mưa hay khöng mưa, chu nhêt nay töi cung chơi bong ₫a. Whether it rains or not, I will be playing football this Sunday. Chung ta, du ban co tin hay kh6ong, la sinh vêt yḯu ₫uö̀i nhết vï̀ măt vêt ly. We are, whether you like it or not, physicaly the weakest animal on the earth. • IF I MAY BE SO BOLD • IF I MAY BE SO BOLD AS TO MAKE/OFFER THE SUGGESTION Your girlfriend, if I may be so bold, is somewhat portly. Your boyfriend, if I may be so bold, is a bit talkative/show off. lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -215- THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION We may delay the meeting to next Friday, if I may be so bold to make the suggestin. •AS • AS I SAID/MENTIONED ABOVE/BEFORE As I said before, my house is not to compare with yours. As I mentioned above, this is one the the major problems facing the government. • WHEN • WHEN ALL IS DONE AND SAID Rö́t rao ma noi, öng ta la möt nha ngư văn hơn la möt nha hoa hoc. He is, when all is done and said, a philologist rather than a chemist. Rö́t rao ma noi, ba ta la möt nha văn thanh cöng hơn la möt cö giao. She is successful, when all is done and said, a novelist rather than a teacher. 2. MAIN CLAUSES USED ABSOLUTELY Main clauses are normally set off by the dashes or by the paren- thes [( )]. The use of parenthes is more formal than the use of the dashes; of courses, they can be set off by the comma. Văn chương va nghï thuêt ,/- töi hoan toan tin tương như vêy ,/ - se giup sư hiïn sinh cua con ngươi tươi ₫ep hơn. Literuture and art ,/- I’m totally convinced ,/- will help enhance humans’ existence. John - chị co bao giơ thếy möt ngươi ₫an öng như vêy chưa? khöng bao giơ dưng chên ma lươm cai gò ca. John, did you every see such a man? - never stop to pick up any- thing • - LET’S SAY - •, SAY, Sao ta khöng ơ lai ₫êy thïm chut nưa, chăng han như, 10 ngay nưa. Why not stay here a while longer, say, 10 more days. Sao ta khöng hop măt ngay nao ₫o tuền tơi, chăng han như, vao trưa thư bay. lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -216- THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION Why not get together some time next week, say, on Saturday after- noon. Tö̉ng thö́ng NZ se la tö̉ng tö́ng Angeria ₫ều tiïn tư bo chñnh quyï̀n möt cach tư nguyïn va sơm hơn dư ₫ịnh. President NZ will be the first Angeria President to give up willingly and earlier than expect. We found - we may just as will be frank about it - no satisfaction solution to the problem. Moi viïc, theo töi, rö̀i se ö̉n thöi. Everything, I think/believe/ will come to a good end. 3. THE OR-EPLEXTIVE Dalat, or the city of cherry flowers, is cool all the year round. It weighs a kilo, or just over 2 pounds. Chicago, or the Windy city, is in the state of Illinois. Samuel Clemens, or Mark Twain, wrote a lot about Mississipie river. lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause -217- THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION lesson 7 Review of the Dependent Clause 1 The Nominal Clause 2 The Adjectival Clause 3 The Adverbial Clause lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause -218- THE NOMINAL CLAUSE WHAT IS A DEPENDENT CLAUSE? A dependent clause is a group of words which has the Subject and the Predicate of its own, but it functions as a grammatical unit in the sentence only. In other words, a dependent clause can not stand by itself as an independent sentence, it must depend on an IC for its existence and is usually introduced by a connec- tive of some kinds. Based on its use, DC’s are devided roughly into 3 kinds: DC’s used as N’s called NOMICAL CLAUSES DC’s used as ADJ’s called ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES DC’s used as ADV’s ADVERBIAL CLAUSES I. THE NOMINAL CLAUSE A nominal clause is used as a Noun. Unlike a dependent clause used as an adjective or as an adverb, a nominal clause is used as an essential part of an independent clause. In other words, if the nominal clause is taken away, the independent clause would also be destroyed. What you said yesterday is untrue. (what you said = N = S) He said that he meant to do better. (that he meant to do better = N = O) Take care not to use a dependent clause as an adverb in place of a noun clause. A famine is when there is a great shortage of food. Wrong! unacceptable in written English when an adverb is used as a noun clause. A famine is a great shortage of food. The reason (why) he could not finish college because he was drafted. 1. 2 . 3. lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause -219- THE NOMINAL CLAUSE Wrong! we must use the pronoun ‘THAT’ to introduce a noun clause which functions as a subjective complement (appositive) and can not be contracted. The reason he could not finish college was that he was drafted. That he was drafted was the reason he could not finish college. DRAFT = CONSCRIPT: to make sb join the armed forces Democracy is where the government power is retained by the peo- ple. Wrong! ‘where the government ’ is an adverbial clause, not a noun clause so that it can not function as subjective complement (appositive) to ‘democracy’ at all. The sentence therefore must be recast as follows: Democracy is government in which power is retained by the people. A. THE INTRODUCERS OF THE NOMINAL CLAUSE 1. SIMPLE SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS These simple subordinate conjunctions have only one function, and it is to introduce the nominal clause: THAT, IF, WHETHER. Chuyïn ma anh phai long cö ta ro rang qua rö̀i. It’s quite obvious that you have fallen in love with her. That you have fallen in love with her is quite obvious. Khöng con nghi ngơ gò nưa la moi thư ₫ang trơ nïn tö̀i tï. There is no doubt that things are getting worse. Em ₫i hay ơ ₫ö́i vơi töi cung chăng quan trong gò nưa. It doesn’t matter to me whether you leave or stay. Töi mơ cưa sö̉ co phiï̀n anh khöng? Do you mind if I open the window? Chị chơ ơ ₫êy möt chut co phiï̀n gò khöng? Do you mind if I wait here? lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause -220- THE NOMINAL CLAUSE 2. FUNCTIONING SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS a. Interrogative Pronouns, Interrotive Adjective, Interrogive Adverbs Interrogative Pronouns • WHO, WHICH, WHOM, WHAT Interrogative Adjectives • WHICH, WHAT, WHOSE Interrogative Adverbs • WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW Töi muö́n biḯt ai ₫a ₫ö̀n tin ₫o. I wish to know who spread the rumor. ‘WHO’ introduces a DC which functions as the O of ‘know’ Töi muö́n biḯt töi phai re lö́i nao. I want to know which way should I take. ‘WHICH’ is an interrogative adjective, modifying ‘WAY’ Chung ta co thï̉ găp nhau ơ ₫êu la cêu hoi kḯ tiḯp. Where can we meet is the next question. ‘WHERE’ is an interrogative adverb. Hoi anh ta töi nïn ₫i ₫êu ₫ï̉ nhơ giup ₫ơ. Ask him where I should go to for help. ‘WHERE’ is an interrogative adverb b. Indefinite Relative Pronouns / Adjectives / Adverbs Indefinite Relative Pronouns • WHAT, WHATEVER, WHICH, WHICHEVER, WHO, WHOEVER, etc. Indefinite Relative Adjectives • WHICH, WHICHEVER lesson 7 - Review of the Dependent Clause -221- THE NOMINAL CLAUSE Indefinite Relative Adverbs •WHERE This is not what I want. (indefinite relative pronoun) Leave this package at whichever office is handiest. (indefinite relative adjective) I know where we can have good coffee. (indefinite relative adverb) I know a place where we can have good coffee. (adjectival clause which modifies ‘place’) B. THE USE OF THE NOMINAL CLAUSE 1. AS THE S OF A SENTENCE Cai gò co la co; cai gò khöng co la khöng co. Whatever is, is; whatever is not, is not. Điï̀u anh noi höm qua la khöng ₫ung. What you said yesterday is untrue. What you were saying yesterday is untrue. (progressive tense shows that you still remember what was told in details) Tai sao MM tư tư ₫ḯn bêy giơ vễn con la möt bñ mêt. Why MM commited suicide has been a mystery. Chung ta nïn tiḯn hanh như thḯ nao mơi la vến ₫ï̀. How we should proceed is the question. Chuyïn anh phai long cö ta thò ₫a ro. That you have fallen for her is obvious. Viïc Manchester United co thï̉ giư chưc vö ₫ịch khöng khöng thï̉ chăc chăn. Whether or not M.U. can retain its championship is uncertain. Điï̀u ma chung ta thương chia xe khöng con nưa. What we use to enjoy together is now gone. . of English Syntax -213- THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION THE RESULT, AS THE CONSEQUENCE, IN OTHER WORDS etc. 2. THE INFINITIVE PHRASE USED ABSOLUTELY In this case, the phrase usually expresses the writer’s. they appear. As absolute construction, they nor- mally express the writer’s or speaker’s attitude towards that is being spoken or writen. 1. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE USED AS ABSOLUTELY Subordinate clauses. only son killed in the war, now feels so lonely and helpless. lesson 6 - Interesting Matters of English Syntax -214- THE ABSOLUTE EPXRESSION Hearing the bell, she hastily made her way to the door,