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lesson 5 - The Phrases -85- HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND COMPONENT OF A SENTENCE lesson 5 The Phrases 1 The Prepositional Phrase 2 The Infinitive Phrase 3 The Participle Phrase 4 The Gerund Phrase 5 The Nominative Absolute Phrase lesson 5 - The Phrases -86- THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE WHAT IS A PHRASE? A phrase is syntactic unit consisting of a group of related words which does not contain a subject and a predicate and which functions as a part of speech. How many phrases are there? There are five kinds of phrases: 1. The Prepositional Phrase 2. The Infinitive Phrase 3. The Participle Phrase 4. The Gerund Phrase 5. The Nominative Absolute Phrase I. THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE A. THE PREPOSITION 1. WHAT IS A PREPOSITION? The preposition is an expression that governs a noun, a pronoun or a noun equivalent in the objective case and joins it to some other elements in the sentence in which it appears. This noun, pronoun noun equivalent is called the OBJECT OF THE PREP- OSITION. 2. HOW MANY KINDS OF PREPOSITION ARE THERE? There are two kinds of preposition: (1) SIMPLE PREPOSITION (2) COMPOUND/PHRASAL PREPOSITION A simple preposition consists of only one word: AT, ALONG, ACROSS, AMONG, AGAINST, BESIDE, BETWEEN, FOR, FROM, INTO, TO, OF, UNDER, WITH, WITHIN, WITHOUT etc. lesson 5 - The Phrases -87- THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE A compound preposition consists at least two words: APART FROM, AT BACK OF, AS TO, BECAUSE OF, BY MEANS OF, BY WAYS OF, DUE TO, IN FRONT OF, INSTEAD OF, IN VIEW OF, NEXT TO, ON ACCOUNT OF, REGARDED OF, THANK TO, WITH RESPECT TO, WITH REGARD TO, etc. 3. WHAT OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH MAY BE USED AS PREP- OSITION? (a) A few conjunction, chiefly conjunction of time, may be used as prepositions: SINCE, UNTIL, BEFORE, AFTER, WHILE, WHEN Cö ta ơ vơi ba dò tư ngay me cö ta mết. X She has lived with her aunt since her mother died. Chung töi la hai ngươi ban thên tư thơi trung hoc. X We have been close friends since high school. Ho ra ₫i vao thang 4 năm 75, va tư ₫o ₫ḯn nay chung töi khöng con nghe tin gò cua ho ca. X They left in April 1975, and since then we haven’t heard of/ from them again. Tư sang tơi giơ töi chưa co gò trong bung hḯt. X I haven’t had nothing in my stomach since early morning. Töi ơ lai vơi ho cho ₫ḯn sau giang sinh. X I stayed with them until after Christmas. Em se chơ cho ₫ḯn khi anh vï̀. X I will wait until you are back Töi chơ cö ta cho ₫ḯn nưa ₫ïm. X I waited for her until midnight. (b) ADVERBIAL PARTICLES may be used as preposi- tions: ON/OFF, UP/DOWN, IN/OUT, ABOUT, AROUND, THROUGH, OVER Bo giay ra. lesson 5 - The Phrases -88- THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE X Take your shoes off. Take off your shoes. X Take them off. Anh ta nga ngưa va bị gay cö̉. X He fell off the horse and broke his neck. Lam ơn tăt hḯt ₫en va quat trươc khi rơi phong. X Please switch off the lights and fans before leaving the room. Viïn phến tư tư rơi khoi ban. X The chalk ran slowly off the desk. Bo tay anh ra khoi vai töi. X Take your hand off my shoulder! (c) A few PARTICIPLES, chiefly present participles, may be used as prepositions: ACCORDING TO, REGARDING, CONCERNING, CONSIDERING, EXCLUDING, INCLUDING, EXCEPTING, FOL- LOWING (as), OWING TO, WANTING (without) etc. Thiḯu sư chên thêt thò khöng co tònh ban thưc sư. X Wanting honesty true friendship is impossible. Theo sau quyḯt ₫ịnh cua toa an, bao ₫öng ₫a xay ra nhiï̀u nơi ơ tiï̉u bang California. X Following the decision of the court, violence erupted/broke out in many places in California. Thanh cöng cua hăn la nhơ ơ may măn hơn la kha năng thưc sư. X His success is owing to his good luck rather than his ability. Gia cua TV la 400 ₫ö, kï̉ ca gia trị gia tăng. X The TV set costs $400, including VAT. B. THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE 1. WHAT IS A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE? The prepositional phrase is a syntactic unit consisting of a prep- osition followed by a noun, a pronoun or a noun equivalent as lesson 5 - The Phrases -89- THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE its object and functioning as a noun, as an adjective, an adverb or sometimes as an absolute expression. The object of the preposition may be a: a. Preposition (simple or compound) b. Conjunction used as preposition c. Present participle (simple or compound) d. Adverbial particle THE CONSTRUCTION OF A PREPOSITION O of a Preposition = N Anh chang ₫ưng canh cưa sö̉ la ban trai mơi cua cö ta. X The boy standing by the window is her new boyfriend. Mon qua nay danh cho ngươi ₫an ba ₫a cung töi chia xe ngot bui trong cuöc ₫ơi khö́n nan nay. X This (gift) is for the woman who has shared with me both joy and sorrow in this damn life. O of a Preposition = proN Đa co nhiï̀u mết mat giưa töi va cö ta. X There are so many things lost between her and me. Hònh như ₫a co chut hiï̉u lềm giưa chung ta. X There seems to have been some misunderstanding between us. Con nïn nghĩ ₫ḯn ngươi khac nhiï̀u hơn; con nghĩ ₫ḯn mònh nhiï̀u qua. You should start thinking more of others; you have been think- ing too muchof yourself. O of a Preposition = N-Equi Preposition The O of the Preposition M lesson 5 - The Phrases -90- THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE Chung töi chưa găp lai nhau tư sau ₫ö Giang Sinh. X We haven’t met again since after Christmas. Cö ta bo ₫i ma khöng tư gia chung töi. X She left without saying goodbye to us. Hăn thñch trïu choc ngươi khac. X He’s fond of teasing people. Vến ₫ï̀ lam thḯ nao ₫ï̉ gêy quy cho dư an se ₫ươc thao luên chiï̀u nay. X The question of how to raise enough fund for the project will be discussedthis afternoon. Em sơ ₫iï̀u anh sơ va em thñch ₫iï̀u anh thñch. X I’m afraid of what you are afraid of, and I’m interested in what you are interested in. a. What Other Part of Speech May Function as the Object of a Preposition? (a) In as much as an adjective may function as a noun, it may function as object of preposition. Me Teresa suö́t ₫ơi la ban cua nhưng ngươi cung cưc va ngươi ₫au khö̉. X Mother Teresa was a friend of the needies and the miserables all her life. Mưa rơi ₫ï̀u trïn nhưng ngươi ngheo cung như ngươi giau. X Rain falls upon the poor and the rich alike. Hö́ sêu giưa ngươi giau va ngươi ngheo hònh như ngay cang sêu. X The gap between the rich and the poor seems to be getting wider and wider. Chung ta nïn hö̃ trơ ngươi neo ₫ơn. We should extend our help to the helpless. (b) In as much as an adverb may function as a noun, it may function as object of preposition. Bêy giơ dươi ếy la mua găt phai khöng? It is harvest time down there, isn’t it? lesson 5 - The Phrases -91- THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE Đêy ₫i Đa lat bao xa? X How far is it from here to Dalat? Tư ₫êy ₫i Đa lat khoang 6 tiḯng ₫i xe. X It is about 6 hours driving from here to Dalat. Ho ra ₫i vao thang 4 năm 75. X They left in April 1975, and since then we haven’t heard of them again. Trong nay trơi nong như ₫iïn, ơ ngoai ếy thò sao? X It’s hot like hell down here. what is it like up there? Ngoai kia năng lïn rưc rơ; tai sao em ngö̀i trong nay khoc than? X The sun is shinning out there; why are you sitting in here weeping like that? (c) A noun in the possessive case can be used as object of preposition. Ho cươi nhau ơ nha thơ St. Domain. X They were married at St. Domain’s. Töi găp hăn ta lền ₫ều ơ nha hang Maxim. X I first met him at Maxim’s. Töi mua cai vñ nay ơ P&T. X I bought this purse at P&T’s. 2. THE DIFFERENT USES OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE As a syntactic unit, the prepositional phrase usually functions as an adjective, as an adverb or as a noun. It also sometimes used as an absolute expression. a. The Prepositional Phrase Used as a Noun (a) As the Subject of a Sentence. Sau giơ lam viïc thò thuên tiïn cho moi ngươi. X After work is convenient for everyone. Tư thư hai ₫ḯn thư sau la möt sư chơ ₫ơi kha dai. X From Monday to Friday is a long wait. lesson 5 - The Phrases -92- THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE Dươi bong cêy nay thương la nơi chung töi chơi ₫ua vơi nhau. X Under this tree used to be the place where we would play together. Bïn canh dong suö́i thương la nơi căm trai ly tương. X By the stream is an ideal place for camping. Khoang giưa thang năm la thơi gian tö́t nhết ₫ï̉ trö̀ng băp X About the middle of May is the best time to plant corn. (b) As the Object of a Verb In this case, it normally appears in pattern 4. X I consider at lunch convenient for everyone. (c) As the Object of a Preposition Chung töi chưa găp lai nhau tư sau tḯt tơi nay. X We haven’t met since after Tet. Măt trăng tư tư nhö lïn sau răng tre. X The moon is rising slowly from behind the bamboos. Töi ₫ơi cö ta cho ₫ḯn sau nưa ₫ïm. X I waited for her until after midnight. Tiḯng cho sua vu vơ vong lai tư bïn kia söng. X The vague barking of a dog came from across the river. Cu gia keo möt chiḯc rương nho ra tư giương. X The old man pulled out a small box from under the bed. Töi thếy khoi bö́c lïn tư sau tram xăng. X I saw smoke rising from behind the gas station. Tiḯng ₫öng văng lai tư sau nha. The noise came from behind the house. Töi lăng nghe tiḯng noi tư bïn trong töi. I listened to that voice from within me. (d) As the Subjective Complement (SC) X The best time to plant corn is about the middle of May. X The time that is convenient for everyone is at lunch. X An ideal place for camping is by a stream. lesson 5 - The Phrases -93- THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE (e) As an Appositive Thơi gian ₫ươc chon, vao bưa com trưa thò khöng thuên tiïn cho moi ngươi. X The chosen time, at lunch, is convenient for everyone. Co möt nơi ma hên thu rết dï̃ phat sinh: trong möt qua tim trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biet va thöng cam. X There is one place where hatred is likely to arise: in a heart void of U & S. b. The Use of the Prepositional Phrase as an Adverb An adverb is a word that usually modifies (a) an adjective (b) a verb (c) another adverb (a) Modifier of an Adjective Möt qua tim trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biḯt va thöng cam thò khöng khac gò möt căn nguc ₫en tö́i X A heart vacant of U & S is only a dark prison cell. Trai tim cua cö ta, trö́ng văng sư hiï̉u biḯt thöng cam, thò chỉ la möt căn nguc ₫en tö́i. X Her heart, empty of U & S, is only a dark prison cell. Möt ngươi thñch tiï̀n se ₫au khö̉ vò tiï̀n. X A person interested in money is likely to suffer because of money. Töi sung sương vơi nhưng gò töi ₫ang co. X I’m happy with what I have. Töi man nguyïn vï̀ cac con cua töi. X I’m happy about my children. Öng chu rết bưc böi vï̀ chuyïn xay ra. X The boss is very unhappy about what has happened. Töi mưng cho chị. X I’m happy for you. Dĩ nhiïn, em yïu nhưng gò anh yïu, va em sơ nhưng gò anh sơ. X Of course, I’m interested in what you are interested in, and I’m afraid of what you are afraid of. lesson 5 - The Phrases -94- THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE (b) Modifier of a Verb or a Predicate Modifier may be a phrase or a clause. • Phrase: GP/IP/PP • Clause: that cls/how cls/Wh cls Cö ếy lai xe ₫i lam khi chö̀ng bị bïnh. X She drives to work when her husband is ill. Chung töi chưa găp lai nhau tư năm 75 ₫ḯn nay, X We haven’t met since 1975. Sai gon ₫a thay ₫ö̉i nhiï̀u lăm trong 10 năm qua. X SG has changed a lot in the past 10 years. Cö ếy lai xe ₫ưa con ₫i hoc khi chö̀ng ö́m X She drives the children to school when her husband is ill. Chung töi mua căn nha nay tư năm 1982. X We bought this house in 1982. Chung töi tö́t nghiïp ₫ai hoc vao thang 4 năm 98. We finished college in April, 1998. Hăn noi băng möt giong buö̀n ba răng hăn phai tư bo y ₫ịnh hoc lïn ₫ai hoc. X We said in gloomy voice that he had to give up the idea of going to college. Con gai töi ₫a phan nan töi vï̀ viïc ₫a khöng cöng băng vơi no. My daughter has blamed me for not being fair to her. Cam ơn anh ₫a cết cöng giup ₫ơ con gai töi. S P: V M M P1 S P: V O M M P2 [...]... PHRASE A THE INFINITIVE 1 WHAT IS AN INFINITIVE? The infinitive is a basic form of a verb, and it may be with TO or without TO There are four basic forms of a verb: (a) The Infinitive with to: TO WRITE without to: WRITE (b) The Past : WROTE (c) The Past Participle : WRITTEN (d) The Present Participle : WRITING B INFINITIVE PHRASE 1 WHAT IS AN IP? THE INFINITIVE PHRASE The infinitive phrase is a syntactic . TO or without TO. There are four basic forms of a verb: (a) The Infinitive with to: TO WRITE without to: WRITE (b) The Past : WROTE (c) The Past Participle : WRITTEN (d) The Present Participle. lesson 5 - The Phrases -85- HOW TO WRITE COMPOUND COMPONENT OF A SENTENCE lesson 5 The Phrases 1 The Prepositional Phrase 2 The Infinitive. mơi cua chung töi cang sơm cang tö́t. CHOOSE TO DO SOMETHING lesson 5 - The Phrases - 104- THE INFINITIVE PHRASE Our son wants to see our new house asap. Töi luön cö́ găng lam vưa