516 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTlVmES, QUIZZES, AND MODEL TESTS 2. Accordi ng to the professor, "The desalination of the ocean is going to be a crucial aspect of water management." 3, Accordi ng to t he professor, "The theme of a world-wide IIood is found in the mythology of many cul- tures." 4. According to the professor, "Psychology focuses on the individual. whereas sociology locuses on social groups ." 5. According to the l)fofessor, "The ethics of science wi. become more important In this decade." 6. Accordi ng to the professor, her idea Is called "the simplification principle." 7. Accordi ng to the professor, "The thre&domain systam Is supeoor to the IivlKiomaln system of das- sllicatlon in biology." 8. Accordi ng to t he professor, "The term relief describes any printing method with a raised image." 9. Accord i ng to the protessor, "Training programs must address the Issue of technology In the work- place ." 10. According to t he professor, "Quasars are difficult to study because they are so far away." I'ucncE Acnmr 18 (") Acti vity 18, CD 2, T I1IC k 12 1. Written: Spoken: 2. Written: Spoken: 3. Written: Spoken: 4, Written: Spoken: 5. Written: Spoken: 6. Written: Spoken: 7. Written: Spoken: 8, Written; SpoIIen: According to a study by Professor Carter, "patients can lower their blood pressure by losing Wilight and decreasing their intake of salt." According to a study by Professor Carter, and I quote, "patients can lower their blood pressure by losing weight and decreasing theif Intake 01 salt." End quote. According to ProfBSSOf Jones, 'oyer fourteen billion Euros were introduced Into the world economy In January, 2002 According to ProfeSSOf Jones, and I am quoting here, "over fourteen billion eoros Wil fe introduced into the WOfId economy io January. 2002," End quote. To quote a study In the Journal of Psychology, "many people who have achieved their career ambitions by midlife are afflicted by depression," To quote a study in the Journal of Psychology, "many people who have achieved their career ambitions by midlife are afflicted by depression," End quote, According to the te:dbook, "an organ is a group of tissues capable of performing some special function." According to the textbook. and I am quoting here, 'an organ Is a group of tissues capa- ble of performing some special function.' End quote. According to Professor Stephens, "John Philip Sousa was the greatest composer of marches for bands.' According to Profassor Stephens, and t QUote , 'John Philip Sousa was !he greatest composer of marches for bands." End OoOIe . In Prof8SSO( Davison's opinion, "Ben Johnson may be the author 01 several plays attrib- uted 10 Witllam Shakespeare." In Professor DaYison 'sopinion. and I quote, "Ben Johnson may be the author of seYefat plays attributed to William Shakespeare," End quote, Professor Davis said that, 'statistical data can be very diffICult to interprat because COf· relations are not causes." Professor Davis saki that. and I am quoting here, "statistical data can be very difficult to Interpret because correlations are no t causes." End quote. As Professor Gray puts it. "the prima minister serves at !he pleasure 01 the parliament." As Professor Gray puts it. and I quote, "the prime minister serves at the pleasure of the parliament." End qllOle. 518 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SC R IP TS FOR ACTIVmES. aUIZZES. AN D MODEL TESTS 5. Margare! Mead did her first fieldWofk in Samoa In 1925. Mead's book , Coming of Ag6 in Samoa . was a best sell er that w as trans!a ted into many languages. Sbe is st il! one of the most well·koown anthropolog is ts In the world. Mead believed that people in simple societies could provide valuable le ssons f or the Industrlalizecl world. 6. Loonardo da Yincj was the qU intessent ia l Ren aissance man. A brilli an t painter. da )£inr;i, was per· haps best remembered lor h is art . &.11 be was also intarested in mechaniCs , and hi s understandi ng 01 mathematics 15 clear In h is use 01 perspective. 7. Author peter Drucker wrote Milnagemenf ChlI/langes for lhe 21s/ CenlU/)'. In this booII:, Orucker proposed live trans form ing lorces. I:I.B. predicted that these trends will have major Implications l or the Iong·term stra teg ies 01 companies. 8. Erajdrich Mobs devised a scala of hardness for ten minerals. By assigni ng 10 to diamond. the hard· est known miner al . MI:IIlS was able to attribute relative values to all the other minerals. I::Ii:i scale is still uselul in t he study of mineral$; today. 9. Marla Montessori proposed an educational model that has become known as the M on te ssori method. Montessori Insisted that education shou ld not be merely the transmission 01 knowledge bu t the freedom to cievelop as a person. Sbe lell her great es t success wa s achieved when a ch ild beg!\fl wot1dng independently. to . In collaboration with lools Leaky. Jane Gopdall spent years living with chimpanzees 00 the Gombe ReSOMl . Gopdali lm itated their behaviors and discovered that chimpanzees IMId within a complex sodal org aniza tion . .5be. was tho first to document chimpanzees mak i ng and using tools. and she also identified twenty different SOIJndS thai we re part of a co mmun ication system. 1. llading Step 1: Examplea Deleted Although speech is the most advanced form of communication, there are many ways of communi· catJng without u Sing speech. Signals, Signs . and symbols may be lOIlnd in every known culture. The basiC function 01 a signal is to impinge upon the envirorvnenl in such a way thaI it allracts attention. Unlike signals, wh ich are coded 10 refer to speech, signs co nta in meaning in and 01 themselves. Finally, gestures are actions, which are more diff~1t 10 cieSCribe because 01 their relationship with cultur al per· ",,_ . Step 2: Paraphrased Summery Found in every culture, sig nal s, signs, and symbols are exemples 01 al'ernatives to speech commu· nication. A sig nal , wh ic h is referenced to speech, intrudes upon the environment so that it is noticed. In contrast, a sign ooes no ' refer to speech because It displays a general message. La st, gestures. wh iCh are cultlJralty defined, consist 01 actiOtls. 2. uchn n Acti vity 21 , CD 2, TntCk 14. Listen to par1 of a lecture in a botany dass . The A cacia Is a genus of tree s and Shrubs 0' the Mimosa lamlly tha! originated In Australia a nd has long been used in bu i ld ing simple mud a~ stick structures there. The acacia Is called a wartle in Au stralia, and the structures are made 01 wattle stuck together with d au b, which is a kind 01 mud adobe. Now this is inter esting- the acacia Is rela ted t l) the f emlty 0' plants known as legumes, end I'm sure you r em em· ber that legumes include peas. beans. lentils, peanut s. and pods with beanJike seeds. Some acacias )pynghted rr - '1 1 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR PRACTICE ACT1VmES IN CHAPTER 3 S21 2. Ur<m. () Actlvlty 23. CD 1. Track 15. USlen 10 paIt ola lecture In a chemistry class. Although the purpose and techniques were ofIen magical. alchemy was, in many ways, the predecessor 01 the modem science 01 chemistry. The rundamental premise 01 alchemy derived from the best phi~ sophical dogma and scientific practice 01 the time, and the majority 01 educated persons between 1400 and 1600 believed that alchemy had great merit. The earlies1 authentic works on European alchemy are those 01 the English monk Roger Bacon and !he German ph ilOsophe r 81. A1bert1Js Magnus . In their treatises. they maintained thai gold was lhe per- fed metal and that Wiferior metals such as lead and mercury were removed by various degrees of mper- ledion from gold. They rurlhe!' asserted that these base metals could be transmuted to gold by blending them with a substance more perfect than gold. This elusive !Wbstanoe was rel8fTed 10 as the "Philoso- pher's Stone: The process was called transmutation. Most of the early alchemists were artisans who were accustomed to keeping trade seaets and ohen resorted to cryptic terminology to record the progress of their wotII . The term Sun was used for gold, Moon for silver. and the rille known planels lor the base metals. This oonventlon 01 substituting symbolic l anguage attracted some mys lieaJ philosophers who compared the search lor the perfect metal with the stnJggle of humankind lor the perfectiOn of the soul. The philosophers began 10 use the artisan's terms Wi the myslieaJ literature thatlhey produced. Th us , by the fourteenth century, alchemy had developed two distinct groups 01 practitioners-the Ialloratory alchemist and the literary alchemist Both groups olalchemlsls contioued 10 wor1t throughout the history 01 alchemy. bu t. of course, it was the literary alchemist who was more likely to produce a written record: therefore. much of wtlatis known about the science of alchemy Is derived Irom philosophets rather than from the alchemists who labored In laboratories. Despite centuries 01 experimentation. laboratory alchemists failed to produce gold from mher mate- rials. However, they gained wide knowledge 01 chemiCal !Wbslances, discovered chemiCal properties. and invented many 01 the toots and techniques thai are used by chemists today. Many laboratory chemists earnestly devoled themselves to the SCientifiC discovefy of new compounds and reactions and , therefore. must be considered the legitimate lorefathers of modem chemlslry. They continued to call themselVes alchemists, but they wefe becoming true chemists. Sa T Laboratory alchemists lailed \0 refine base metals to produce gold. but they discovered chemical substances , properties, compounds , reactions , tools. and techniqoes thaI helped to establish lhe rreld Of modem chemistry. 1. ".,,1,., Cnoloe A Is a major point because the paragraph thatlotlows includes details about each section. Choice B Is a detait thaI deSCribes one 01 the types 01 mouth parts. It refers 10 the major poinl about now insect! are dassl!ied. Choice C is a clataP that describes one 01 the adaptations of mouth parts. II refers \0 the major point about now Insects are classified. righted aler ~22 ANsweRS ANO AUOIO SCRIPTS FOA ACTlVmes , OUlZZes, ANO MODEL TeSTS Choice 0 is a major point because several typeS of mouth parts are explained in reterence to this poinl. ChoicG E illlTuO but it ill not monlionod in thll palllla9ll. Choice F is a detail that defines the term proboscis . It refers to the major point about how Insects are classified. Choice G is a detail thai refers to one 01 the body partS in the majot poInl about the three-section Choice H is 8 detail that explalns the purpose of one of the adaptetions of mouth parts. It refers to the major point about how Insects are classified. 2. l.Bf:trt,. n A ctlvlty 24, CD 2, Tfllck 1 8. Uslen to part of a lecture in an English class. Few have influenced the development of American English to the extent that Noah Webster did. After a short career In law. he turned to teaching. but he discovered how Inadequate the available schooIbooI<s were for the children of a new and Indapendeol nation. In response 10 the need lor lruly American textbooks, Webster published A Grammatical Insfflute of the English Language, a three-volume work that consisted ola speller, a grammar , and a reader. The first vofume. which was geoefally koown as The American Spei!ing Book, was so popular that eventu- ally II sold more than eighty minion ccp!es and provided h im with a considerable income for the rest of his Nle . can you imagine that? Anyway, in 1807. Noah Webster began his greatest WCH1t, An American DIctionary o/the English Language. In preparing the maouscripl. he devoted l en years to the study of English and its relationship to other languages, and seven more years 10 the writing itself. Published In two volumes in 1828, An American Diction8ty o( the Eng/ish Language has become the recognized authority for u sage in the United Slates. Websler's purpose In wrhlng II was 10 demonstrate that the American language was developing distinct meanings, pronunciations, and spellings from those 01 British English. He Is respon· sible lor advancing many 01 the simplirl8d spelling lorms that distinguish American Eng li sh from BrItIsh. Webster was the first euthor to llain copyright protection in the United States by being awarded a wpyright for ThtJ American Spelling Book and he continued 10 lobby over !he nex! fifty )'fIars lor the pro- lection 01 intellectual properties, that is. for author's rights. By the time that Webster brought out the sec- ond edition 01 his djctlonary, mlch incl uded 70,000 entries instead 01 the origInal 38,000, the name Webster had become synonymous wIth American diclionarles. It was this second edition that served as the basls lor the many revisions !hat have been produced by olhel$, irOnically, under !he uncopyrighted Websler name. $«u lN A' ". The American Spelling Book, Webster 's first suocessfut textbook, alforded him an Inoome while he was writing h is diCtionary. An American DictIonary of !lie Engl ish Language was written to demonslJate the uniq ue usage of English in the United States. Although he had a copyright for The Americ8n Spelling Book. ironically, Webster did not have a copyright for the original dlctlonary and subseQUent editions that be ar his name . Choice A is a detell that refers 10 Webster's fife before he began to write. Choice B Is a major poInl because the spelling book allowed Webster to continue his writing career. )pynghled rna n 11 • ANsweRS ANO AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR PRACTICE ACTMTlES IN CHAPTER 3 S2:3 Choice C is a major point because severalaxamples ref er to the IJIjque usage , Choice 0 is a detail beca use the revisions rafar to the ma;or point about copyrights, Choice E Is probably trua but ills not me"liolled In the lecture, Choice F is a major pOOl beca" se about one lhirdof the lecture Is on the topic of oopyrighI p!otectioI,. ChoIce G Is a detaJlthat rN t es to Webst er' s early lile. 1. 1IatII., Both Oil pa ints and canvas were artistic improvements In troduced In the fifteenth century . Canvas was superior to the wood panels that pr edated iI because it could be stretched to acoommodale the huge works that were then popular, and !hen rolled up to ship. When It arrived, It was light enough to be easily framed and hung and , unlike wood, it didn' crack. Oil paints were preferable because they dried sIoWty , allowing the artisl to reworIt on lop of a previously painled section, Furthermore , it was possible to mill the Oils to either a thin or thiCk consIS lency from a glaZa to a pasta. 2 n Activity 25, CD 2, Treck 17. Uslen to part of a lectura ln an ~ng dass. The question has otten been posed: Why were the Wright brothers able to succeed i'I an effort al wt1ic:tl so many others I\ad failed? Well, many explanations have been mentioned, but, uh. three reasons are most otten ciled, and f iend 10 agree with them. rrst, the Wright brothers wete a leam . Both men worked COIIgelIialIy and coopeIalively, read the same books , located and shared inlormatiorl, talked i ncessantly aboul!he possibility of manned flight, and , uh, . and S8tY8d as consistent sources of lnspItatiorl and , un , and encouragement to each other, So , to put it quite sWnpIy , two geniuses are beller than onegenlus . Second, both !he brollwlrs were glider plals. So , un ~ ke some other engineers who experimented with the theories of Right, Orville and Wilbur Wright experienc:ed the practical aspectS 01 aeroclynarnics by building and flying gliders, and th is may surprise you, they even new in kiles. Now , each creft they built was sllghity superior 10 !he last because they Incorporated the knowledge thai they had gained from previous failures to ad j ust the neld design. They had reahed fairly early on from thEW experknents that !he most serious challenge In manned night would be stabilizing and maneuvering !he aifcratt once it was airoome. So , urn, while others concentrated their efforts on the problem of achieving li ft lor take- off , the Wright brothers were focusing on developing a 1t.88-axis control tor guidi ng their aircraft. By the lime thai !he broIhers started to build an aI.pene, they were already among \he woncI 's best glider pilots and they knew about !he problems 01 riding !he air firslhand. In addition , the Wright bioChe ,s had designed more elfective wings l or their airplane than anyone else I\ad been able to eng i neer . USing a wind 1111'11181 , !hey tested more Ihan two hundred different wing OBSigns, recording the effects of slight variations in shape on \he pressure 01 air on \he wings. The data from these axperiments al lowed the Wrighl brothers to construc1 a superior wing lor their ai rcraft. But , you know , In spite 01 these advantages, !he Wright brothers stil might not have succeeded If they l\adn' been born at precisely the right ti me In h is tory . Attempts to achieve manned flight In the earty nineteenth century were ctoornect beca use the steam engines that pow81'ed the alrcrafts we re just too heavy in Ploportion to the power thai they produced , But by the end 01 the nineleenth century , when the biathers were experimenting with enginee ring options, a relatively I lghl ln lemal combustlon eng i ne had already been Invented, and they wafe able to bring the ratio 01 weight to power within acceptable l im its for flighl 524 ANSWERS AND AUDIO SCRIPTS FOR ACTtVmES, OUIZZES, AND MODEL TE S TS $II"","", The Wright brothers were successlul In echieving the first manneclllighl because they worked coIlabo- ralively; they were bolh glider pilots who recognized the lm!X1f1.8nce 01 stabilization and conlrol in an air· aah ; lhey W8fe able 10 design, lesl, and engineer the best wings lor the plane; and lhey were able to take advantage Of the relatively fighl inlemal combustiOn engine. P1fAcTICE Acnmr 26 1, Radlng I. B The first opera in Italy 2. C The growth 01 opera Ihroughoul Europe 3. A Three types of musical pieces In opera 2. Lntum n AcUvlty 26, CO 2, Tr1Ic k 18 . Llstan 10 part of a lec1ure in a biology class. The protozoans, minuta aquatic creatures, each of which consiSIS 01 a Single celt of protoplasm, consti- tule e classification 01 the most primitive forms 01 animal life. The vl3f)' name protozoan Indicates the scl- entific understanding of the animals. Proia means "first" Of "primitive' and zoa refers 10 the animal. They are fantastically diverse, but three majOr groups may be identified on the basiS of their motiU ty . The Mastigophofa have one or more long ta ils thai they use to propel themselves IOIWard . The Ciliata, whiCh use the same basic means for locomotion as the Mastigophora, hava a l !I1ger number of short tails. The Sarcodina. which Include amoebae, float or row themselves aboul on their crusted bodies. In additioo to their form of movement, several oth8f features discriminate among the three groups of protozoans. For eKampte, at laastlwo nuclei per cell have been identified in the Ciliata, usually a large nucleus that regulates growth but decomposes during'reproductlon, and a smaller one thai contains \he genetic code necessary to generate Ihe large nucleus. So all of this seems very straightforward to this point. bul flOW we are going to complicate the pic· ture . Chlorophyll, which Is \he green substance in plants. Is also l ound In \he bodi es of some proto- zoans, enabling them to make atleasl some of their own food from water and calban dioxide. Sounds like photosynthesis, doesn1~? But protozoans are animals, right? And plants are the lile forms thai use photosynthesis. Okay. Well protozoans lIIe nOi considered plants because, unl ike pigmented plants 10 wh ic h some protozoans are otherwise almostidenlical. they do not live on simple olganic compounds. The ir ce lls demonstrate allot the major characteristics of \he celts of higher animals. such as eaOng , breathi ng, and reprodu Cing. NOW many species 01 protozoans collect int o colonies. physically connected 10 one anothef and r esponding urVIormy to outside stmu~ . Current r esearch ~to 1m phenomenon along with investigalioos carried out with advanced ~ may necessitate a redelin~ of what constiMes protozoans. even calling into question \he basic premiSe "\ha t !hey have only one cell. N 8'o ertheless, with the current data avall- able, almost 40,000 species of protoZoans have been identified. No doubt. as lechllology ~ meth- ods of obsefva1iOn . better models of classification of these simple single caDs wiI be proposed. 1. 0 A definition of protozoans -Si ngle cell 2. A A method of classilicalion fOl'" protozoans-the throe typeS motilily 3. C Similarity to plants- make load Irom waler + CO:2: 4. E Consid8fed animals- eating, breathi ng, reproducing 5. B Current research-questions, redefinitions lpynghtcd ma r I ANSWERS ANO AUOIO SCR I PTS FOfI PRACTICE ACTIVInES IN CHAPTER 3 525 PIAtrIcE AcrwtTY 27 t. "'Hill, , . A 2 . • 3 . • 4. A 5. C 6 . • 7 . • 8. C Ssmn., The author's main purpose In the passage is to describe the nature 01 sunspots. Sunspots are solar particles that are hurled into space by disturbances 01 wind on the Sun . Matter lrom the Sun that enters the Earth's atmosphere affects changes in the weather patterns on Earth. Most sunspots appear as a shadow encircled by bright and dark lines elClending out li ke spokes in a wheel. Sunspots usually occur In a configurallon of two spots. The ooIof of sunspots could be affected by their lemperah.lre. Sunspots may be related to magne~c fields that follow Iongiludinal lines on the Sun . The sunspot theory is subject to debate. however. 2. ut:ture n Activity 27, CD 2, Track 19. Uslen to part of a lectllre In an anthropology class. The development of the horse has been recorded from the beginning, through all of its evollJliOnary stages, 10 t he modern form . It is , perhaps. one of the most complele and well-cloc\lmented chapters 01 palflonloiogicll.1 hislory. Fos!ullinds provide liS IVlt only wilh oolll.i11!d inlormAlion ~boullhA Ivlrl;a ilsall bot also with valli able in sights Inlo the mlgralion of herds and even evidence lor the speculation about ItIe climatic conditions that could have instigated their migratory behavior. Now geologists believe that the first hofses appeared on Earth about sb:ty mmion years ago as com· pared with only two ' million years ago for Iha appearance 01 human beings. There is evidence of early horses on both the American and Ellropean conlinenlS, but it has been documented thai, almost twelve million years ago at the beginning 01 the Pliocene Age, a horse about midway through its evoMionary development crossed a land bridge whora the Bering Strait is now located. It traveled l rom Alaska Into the grasslands of Asia and all the way to Ellrope. So , this early horse was a hipparion, about t he size of a modem-day pony with th ree toes and specialized cheek teeth lOf grazing. In Europe, the hipparion encountared enother less advanoed norsa called the enchitheres, wtlich had previously Invaded Europe by the same route, probably during the Miocene Period. l ess developed and smaller than the hlpparion. the anctIltheres was eventually compfetely replaced by it. By the end 01 ItIe Ple istocene Age. both the anctIitheres and the hlpparion had become e~tinct in North America where they originated, as fossil evidence dearty demonstrates. In Europe, they evolved Into the larger and stronger anima! that Is V61Y similar to the horse as we know it today. For many years, th is horse wa s probably hunted for food by early tribes 01 human beings. T hen the qualities 01 the horse that would have made It a good servant were recognized-mainly its slreng\h and speed . It was time l or the horse to be tamed. used as a dralt animal at the dawni ng 01 agriCulture . and then ridden as need lor transportation i nc reased. It was the descendant 01 this domesticated horse that w as brought back across the ocean to lhe AmericaS by European colonists. , iroqhrnr l . protozoans -Si ngle cell 2. A A method of classilicalion fOl'" protozoans-the throe typeS motilily 3. C Similarity to plants- make load Irom waler + CO:2: 4. E Consid8fed animals-. the pro- lection 01 intellectual properties, that is. for author's rights. By the time that Webster brought out the sec- ond edition 01 his djctlonary, mlch incl uded 70, 000 entries. to one 01 the body partS in the majot poInl about the three-section Choice H is 8 detail that explalns the purpose of one of the adaptetions of mouth parts. It refers to the