Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam Tư tưởng thị tài trong thơ trung đại Việt Nam
Trang 1HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION================
Trang 2HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
Scientific instructor: Prof Ph D Nham Thin La
Reviewer 1: Prof Ph D Nho Thin Tran, University of Social Sciences andHumanities - Vietnam National University, Hanoi
Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Ph D Thi Tam Tran, Academy of Journalism andCommunication
Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Ph D Thanh Tung Nguyen, Hanoi National University ofEducation
The dissertation will be defended in front of the Department-level DissertationEvaluation Committee at Hanoi National University of Education
Meeting at ……… o’clock…… date …… month year ….
The thesis can be found at National Library of Vietnam, Library of HanoiUniversity of Education
Trang 3PREAMBLE1 Reason for choosing the topic
1.1 The ideology of leaning on personal talents originated from philosophy and entered literature,expressing the writer's outlook on life, perspective, and style In literature, The ideology of leaning on
personal talents shows in the individual awareness of talent, and the desire to contribute that talent to the
community Under the influence of cultural, and social factors and other ideological streams, The ideology
of leaning on personal talents has a rather complex and rich evolution process By studying The ideology ofleaning on personal talents in medieval Vietnamese poetry, we can understand the soul of the Vietnamese
1.2 The ideology of leaning on personal talents has been researched before But it is not in-depth,
specialized studies Researchers view “lean on personal talents” as a unique quality of amateur Confucianscholars and was only expressed in their works at the end of the 18th century However, the survey resultsshow that “lean on personal talent” is a common psychological trait in human consciousness In medieval
literature, The ideology of leaning on personal talents was expressed very early and progressed according
to the ups and downs of literature history Researching The ideology of leaning on personal talents inmedieval Vietnamese poetry, the thesis wants to offer a new, comprehensive, and deeper perspective on
the formation and development of The ideology of leaning on the personal talent of people.
1 3 "Talents have a great relationship with the country" (Stele in 1448 at the Temple of Literature).However, the history of Vietnamese feudal society went through many ups and downs, causing manychanges in the roles, positions, and fates of talented people in different historical periods Following thatare the poet's many emotions: trust and pride because of his useful talent, resentment, sadness, and shame
because his talent was crushed and forgotten Research on The ideology of leaning on personal talent in
medieval Vietnamese poetry, we want to explain the attitudes, concepts, and ways to use the talent oftalented people in each period of the nation's history.
1.4 Many literary works expressing the ideology of leaning on personal talents are taught in schools.
Therefore, the study of The ideology of leaning on personal talent in poetry in medieval Vietnam has
great practical significance for teaching and research at the levels of schools.
2 Research purposes and tasks
Research expression of The ideology of leaning on personal talents in medieval Vietnamese poetry
systematic and comprehensive on both levels of content and form through each type of object and each
historical period, to clarify its formation and movement, development of The ideology of leaning on
personal talent; examines the constitutive elements that govern the expression of the author's ideology rely
on talents in their works; Explain why talented people in different historical periods have other ways of
dealing with their talents; Evaluate the role and contribution of The ideology of lean on personal talents
development of medieval literature Vietnamese.
3 Object and scope of the study
3.1 Research object: The thesis focuses on studying The ideology of leaning on personal talent in
medieval Vietnamese poetry from the 10th to the 19th century Direct and indirect expressions in contentand form express the ideology of relying on talent in medieval poetry.
3 2 Scope of research :
3.2.1 Scope of content: The thesis aims to identify and classify The ideology of leaning on personal talents
through the type of author; through showing off one's talent (literature, politics, pleasure), through
mentality (arrogant, ashamed of talent) The thesis also examines The ideology of leaning on personal
talents about other factors (Talent - Virtue, Talent - Fame, Talent - Fate, Talent - Love) We also learn
about the evolution of The ideology of leaning on personal talents from the 10th to the 19th century.
3.1.2 Scope of documents: The main documents used in the thesis are the Collection of VietnameseLiterature, (from volume 1 to volume 17) There are also: Ly Tran's poetry; Quoc Am Thi Tap, Uc Trai ThiTap (Nguyen Trai); Nguyen Trai Complete New Editorial; Collection of Vietnamese Nom literature; Poetryby Nguyen Binh Khiem; Valedictorian Bung Phung Khac Khoan; Complete collection of Ngo Thi Nham;Nguyen Du's Chinese poetry; Ho Xuan Huong's poetry; Nguyen Cong Tru in history; Complete Works ofCao Bat Quat (2 volumes); Nguyen Khuyen - Works; Tu Xuong complete collection The number of poetic
Trang 4works we surveyed was 7,081.
4 Research Methods
4.1 Historical literary method: Researching The ideology of relying on personal talents in historical
movement, about historical context, including social history and literary history.
4.2 Systematic method: Placing The ideology of leaning on personal talents in different reference systems
to recognize the process of formation and development and the interactions of the research object with
other factors of the environment outside From there, we summarize the basic characteristics of The
ideology of leaning on personal talents.
4.3 Compare and contrast method: Compare and contrast the manifestations of The ideology of lean on
personal talents in different periods, types of authors, and other types of ideology to draw meeting points,
inheritance, and features especially not repeated in the way of expressing The ideology of leaning on the
personal talents of the authors.
4.4 Interdisciplinary research method: The ideology of leaning on personal talents is related to many other
issues such as philosophical, cultural, and social ideology Therefore, the thesis applies and combines theachievements of related subjects such as culture, history, geography, philosophy, and social sciences tosee those influences on the research object.
4.5 Analysis - synthesis method: Analyze component factors on many aspects From there, generalizeabout the subject, seeing the manifestations and movement process of The ideology of leaning on personal
talents in medieval poetry.
4.6 Type method: Regarding the type of topic - content, thesis Study all the poems that express The
ideology of leaning on personal talents Regarding the type of genre, the thesis researches The ideology ofleaning on personal talents in Chinese poetry, Nom poetry, and spoken songs Regarding the type of
author, the thesis studies the manifestation of The ideology of leaning on personal talents in the kinds of
authors of Zen masters, kings, lords, and Confucian scholars.
In addition, we combine research operations such as Surveys, compile statistics, and classify and
systematize the manifestations of The ideology of leaning on personal talents in medieval Vietnamese
5 New contributions and significance of the thesis
5.1 Synthesize previous research theories on “The ideology of leaning on personal talents” to contribute toproposing and establishing the concept of “The ideology of leaning on personal talents”.
5.2 Present systematically and scientifically the basis for the formation and evolution of The ideology of
leaning on personal talents in medieval Vietnamese poetry.
5.3 Identify and classify the manifestations of The ideology of leaning on personal talents through the typeof author, through the way of showing off talent, through the writer's attitude of showing off personal
talents, and consider the relationship between talent, and other factors such as Talent Virtue, Talent
-Fame, Talent - Love, Talent - Fate.
5.4 Consider The ideology of leaning on personal talents from the method of expression.
5.5 The thesis is a reference for teaching at schools at all levels.
6 Thesis structure
In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, and References, the thesis Appendix includes four
Chapter 1: Overview of the research problem.
Chapter 2: The basis of the formation and development process of The ideology of Relying on personal
Chapter 3: The Ideology of Relying on Personal Talents Seen from the Perspective of ContentChapter 4: The ideology of Relying on Personal Talents seen from the method of expression.
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW1.1 Conceptual theory
1.1.1 Concept
Regarding the meaning of Tai (才), the books Tu Nguyen, Tu Hai, and Great Chinese Dictionary
explain “Tai” (才) as “talent” (才能)or “talented person” The etymology of “Tai” (才) can be traced
Trang 5back to the pre-Qin period Regarding the meaning of Thi Tai: (恃才)books Tu Nguyen, Tu Hai,
Modern Chinese Dictionary explains "Thi" (恃) as "depending on", or "lean on" “Thi Tai” (才能) is
used in fixed phrases such as “Lean on personal talents is arrogant”: Leaning on talent but being arrogantand conceited, looking down on others “Lean on personal talent liberal”: leaning on one's talents withoutbeing constrained or bound by worldly rituals So, "Thi Tai" (恃才)is to lean on, lean on talent, lean onhaving talent (to do something)
Regarding the concept of Ideology, the Philosophical Dictionary, Dictionary of Philosophical Terms,and Dictionary of Literary Terms all say that ideology is a reflection of the reality of social life in human
consciousness and the thoughts and attitudes of people writers on issues of social and human life.
So, The ideology of leaning on personal talents is the thought and perception (subjective) about the level
of one's talent in social life, leading to showing off one's talent and relying on one's talent to act as desired.The ideology of leaning on personal talents shows the writer's perspective on life and lifestyle This concept
has not been discussed by many people in Viet Nam The understanding of the ideology of relying on personal talent when implementing the thesis is drawn from personal research based on synthesizing the scientific works ofresearchers.
According to ancient Easterners, talent embodies the harmony between individual talent and nature;
the union between heaven and man; the unity between individual talent development and socialdevelopment Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties of China emphasized the "theory ofself-cultivation and sainthood" which said that if an individual does not contribute anything to society, nomatter how skilled and profitable he is, he will not be considered a talent Therefore, individuals whocherish their talents often show off their talents through contributions to society to assert themselves.When looking for a means to help them preserve their merits, they realized that poetry has a large
audience and is suitable for expressing The ideology of leaning on personal talents because it can reproduce
the writer's voice and nuances very well.
1.1.2 A brief history of The ideology of leaning on personal talents
The ideology of leaning on personal talents probably comes from the theory of “love of life” of Duong
Chu The book Liet Tu records that Duong Chu was conceited and self-centered He thinks that wisdom' is
valuable in protecting one's body Meanwhile, The person who has The ideology of leaning on personal
talents is proud of his talent and loves his life so he becomes arrogant So this may be the fundamental
theory of The ideology of leaning on personal talent.
On the surface, “The ideology of leaning on personal talents” seems similar to “The ideology of “despises
the world and stands above all things” appeared from the Warring States period People who “despises theworld and stands above all things” rely on their education to be arrogant, consider themselves in a superior
position, and consider life as if it has nothing to do with them That conceit can easily make them lonely, even
extreme However, the person with “The ideology of leaning on personal talents” wants everyone to know and
acknowledge his talent and contribute talent to the community Even some people have a mind divorced fromthe "right path", but they are not the to run away from life This is the more positive point of people who have“The ideology of leaning on personal talents” than those who “despise the world and person above all things”person.
The ideology of leaning on personal talents seems to contradict Lao Tu and Chuang Tu's theory that “he has
no talent, so his fate is good”, but it is not Trang Tu believes that living a chaotic life, I only hope that I have notalent and that no one knows my talent He advocates a life of incompetence, useless to others but useful tohimself Trang Tu valued talent and respected himself, so he did not want to use his talent to serve others.Therefore, Trang Tu's theory of “he has no talent, so his fate is good.” shows his ideology of leaning on personaltalents reached its peak.
In China, The ideology of leaning on personal talents was most clearly expressed in the literature of the WeiJin Dynasty through typical personalities such as Tao Phi, Doi Chan, and Lưu Linh During the Tang Dynasty,The ideology of leaning on personal was expressed in the poetry of Ly Bach, Do Phu During the Minh - Thanhdynasties, The ideology of leaning on personal talents was clearly shown in the personalities of Kim Thanh Than,Tu Vi, and Cung Tu Tran In Vietnam, "relying on talent " appears in folk songs and the poems of NguyenTrai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, and Nguyen Cong Tru In scientific research, the concepts of "relying on talent" and
Trang 6"leaning on talent" are used by researchers Le Thuoc, Tran Dinh Huou, Tran Ngoc Vuong, Hoai Chan, TranDinh Su, Doan Le Giang to refer to the qualities of amateurs Confucian scholars is show off talent Our use ofthis concept inherits the views of previous researchers but expands the following issues: Identifying andclassifying The ideology of leaning on personal talents through the type of author; through the way creator showoff their talent; through the creator's attitude of relying on talents; through artistic expression; the relationshipbetween talent and elements such as Virtue, Fame, Fate, Love and the evolution of the ideology relies on talents inmedieval poetry.
1.2 Research directions related to the topic
1.2.1 Researching the Ideology of Relying on Personal Talents Abroad
Researching The ideology of leaning on personal talents in China: Research focuses on: Researching
literary authors expressing The ideology of leaning on personal talents; Researching characters in literaryworks expressing The ideology of leaning on personal talents; and Researching critics and translators whoshow leaning of personal talent Due to the influence of the Confucian concept of humility, the Chinese donot promote showing off personal talents They consider it a limitation in the writer's character, hindering thecareer path of the ancients Research articles often end by drawing lessons advising people to be morehumble.
Research on The ideology of leaning on personal talents in Japan: Although Japanese people aim to
"not be arrogant, not disloyal, not trustworthy", they see the purpose of showing off the writer's talent.Researchers lean on for political causes, social causes, and personal lives Explain showing off the talent ofwriters.
Research on The ideology of leaning on personal talents in the West: with practical thinking,
Westerners see the usefulness of leaning on personal talent in solving individual and community lifeproblems Therefore, they want to possess talent They are proud of their talents and highly appreciatetalented people.
1.2.2 Research The ideology of leaning on personal talents in Vietnam
Research directions related to the topic are researching individual people in medieval literature refers to
The ideology of leaning on personal talents; Research by type of author refers to The ideology of leaning onpersonal talents; Research some typical works that refer to The ideology of leaning on personal talents;Research the ideas of "Talent and Fate are opposites" and "Human life and Fate are opposites" related to Theideology of leaning on personal talents Because the Viet Nam researchers influence Chinese researchers, they
believe that talented people become arrogant because they have high personal awareness Some researcherssee the purpose of showing off talent in authors of kings and lords like Japanese researchers The new point isthat researchers point out that people show off talents following the viewpoint of "love of life", and "lovetalent" They want to “rely on your talent to live as you please”, they think that "No talent to protect their life".
Thus, although researchers mention leaning on personal talent, it is only spontaneous and only stops atthe phenomenon, not systematic, comprehensive, or profound There are no specialized research projects
on The ideology of leaning on personal talents in medieval poetry Developing this topic, the thesis wantto provide a systematic and comprehensive view of the content and form of expressing The ideology of
leaning on personal talents; the evolution of The ideology of leaning on personal talents, and therelationship between talent and the elements of Virtue, Fame, Love, and Fate It is a useful contribution to
the literature research and literature teaching of teachers in schools at all levels.
1.3 Criteria for surveying The ideology of leaning on personal talents in medieval poetry
Firstly, the thesis limits its reach to works that express pride in talent according to the creator's
subjective perception, not based on objective assessment Second, the thesis is interested in works that
show off individual talents such as literary, political, and pleasure Third, in the general trend of showing
off talent, the thesis pays attention to the writer's arrogant attitude and shy attitude to show off his talent.
Fourth, the thesis consider the relationship between Talent Virtue, Talent Fame, Talent Love, Talent
-Fate to have a more comprehensive view of this issue Fifth, the thesis examines the ideology relying onpersonal talent expressed through the elements of artistic form: image, space, time, and tone To fullyquantify the poems from the 10th to 19th centuries, the thesis closely follows the translation comparisonwith the original for Chinese works.
Trang 7Summary of Chapter 1: Chapter 1 presents an overview of the research issues of the thesis the thesis
rely on etymological dictionaries, Chinese dictionaries, and ancient Chinese bibliographies to trace theorigin of concepts, establish concepts, and learn about issues related to the concepts of talent, lean ontalent, and the Ideology leaning on personal talents To suggest the subject of the thesis, the thesis rely ondomestic and foreign research works and find that: Chinese researchers associate relying on talents witharrogance, believing that it is an obstacle in the the career path of a talented person Japanese researchersexplain that showing off the creator's talents relies on the creator's political purpose, their personal, andsocial life factors Western researchers favor leaning on personal talents people They appreciate the realityability of Talent In Vietnam, researchers associate showing off talent with pride in the talent and thephilosophy of “Relying on your talent to live as you please" and "No talent to protect your life" Researchdirections related to the ideology of leaning on personal talents in Vietnam include: Researchingindividual people; Researching the types of authors; researching works; Researching the theory of “Talentand Fate are opposites" and "Human life and Fate are opposites” … related to The ideology of leaning onpersonal talents Research The ideology leaning on personal talents in Vietnam there is no specializedresearch work but this is an issue of interest to many researchers Besides, in Chapter 1, we provide acriteria basis for examining works expressing The ideology of leaning on personal talents in medievalVietnamese poetry.
CHAPTER 2: BASIS OF FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF THE IDEOLOGY OFLEANING ON PERSONAL TALENS
2.1 The basis for forming The ideology of leaning on personal talents in medieval Vietnamese poetry
2.1.1 Historical and social basis
In feudal society, talented people are considered "principal energy", "national treasure", and "elite",related to the survival, prosperity, and decline of the country Kings and lords paid great attention topraying for sages and training talented people Since the Ly dynasty, the Temple of Literature has beenbuilt into a cradle for training talented people and examinations have become a way to evaluate and selecttalents for the country For ten centuries, scholars have shown their talent one after another throughacademic examinations and established themselves If they pass, they will be given a flag by the king,honored with ancestor worship, engraved with a doctoral stele, and appointed to a suitable position Sucha policy of treating talented people of kings and lords creates a precedent for respect and love for talentedpeople for the whole society, encouraging individuals to become excellent people through examinationsor showing economic talent, building a career, and repaying the king's gratitude.
It's not only when kings and lords reward talented people that they show off their talents When societyis in crisis, people show off their talent even more Firstly, due to the steadfastness of good qualities andideals in Confucian scholars Even though circumstances change, they still constantly strive and contributeto revitalizing society in the spirit of "The nation rises and falls, Confucian scholars are responsible" Evenif that effort is not honored in history books, it is still admired and passed down by people Second: due tochanges in perception and aesthetic ideals in Confucianism When society is in crisis, the model of a trulytalented, multi-talented person capable of managing many areas of life becomes the ideal model in real lifeand literature The word "talent" has gone from being a taboo word of the previous era to becoming amotivating concept of the new era Third, due to the development of individual consciousness: In the past,despite being constrained by class social institutions and teachings, medieval people still found ways toshow off their talents When society is in crisis, fame and fortune are meaningless, the individual can onlyfind support in his or her talent They show off their "talent" for pleasure activities associated with personalliberation They show off their literary talents to make a name for themselves, affirming their role asscholars when academic examinations are not respected People hope their talent will bring them careers,Talent, and fame But the most talented people of our time all met with tragedy That fact gives rise to thefeeling of "talent and fate opposite" in the poetry of the rely on the talented person So, historical and sociallife is a breeding ground for The ideology of leaning on personal talents to develop and has a long and richevolution.
2.1.2 The cultural and ideological basis
2.1.2.1 Indigenous culture and beliefs.
Trang 8The ancients believed that each person's physical body was born from their parents and that heaven andearth give talent to a person An excellent person is the sacred energy of the mountains and rivers gatheredtogether, the beauty of the common sea and lake created This concept greatly influences the lives ofVietnamese people Therefore, when a person is considered talented, he will feel pride, seeing himself as theembodiment of the spirit of the mountains and rivers With a spirit of self-responsibility, they see establishinga career as a way to repay their debt to heaven and earth The leaders of the feudal state, when wanting togather the people to support them, raised their admiration for folk talent into a religion Many authoritiesconferred on local talented people as gods and allowed worship to attract people to follow them People whoare well-educated, highly talented, and have made many contributions to the community are worshiped bythe people, and temples are established Worshiping and remembering the merits of talented people haveguided generations to demonstrate their talent to build community life and leave their names forever.
2.1.2.2 Cultural and ideological basis absorbed from abroad
Confucianism views talent as the nation's vital energy source If the energy source is strong, the nationwill prosper, if the energy source is weak, the country will decline Confucian educational philosophyadvocates comprehensive education to train talented people in many fields A gentleman who wants touse his religion among the people must become an outstanding person Because he cannot rely on anyoneelse but himself Therefore, Confucianism encourages people to rely on talent to practice In addition,Confucianism also emphasizes the application of learning Talented people are humble, but when it isnecessary, they show off their strength and apply their talents into practice, then their talents have value.This is the origin of the ideology showing off the reality talents of Confucian scholars.
Lao Tu believes intelligent people do not let others see their outstanding talents Once you follow thereligion, you must humble yourself, not consider yourself bright or right, and not be proud or boastful.This viewpoint seems contradictory on the surface, negating the ideology of relying on talent, and seeingrelying on talent as a "bad desire" The truth is Lao Tu believed that a person's talent is precious Whenthey show it off, they can easily be hated, envied, and harmed by petty people He advocated the theory of"no talent, protect fate", advising people to hide their talents to preserve their lives Trang Tu believes thattalented people also suffer, and incompetent people also suffer So people only rely on virtue to protecttheir lives People with the virtue of "true humanity does not reveal its appearance", know how to advanceand retreat, depending on the moment to show whether they are talented or useless, so even if they aretalented, they will not be envied, if they are not talented, they will still be comfortable Trang Tu also has aunique, free, outstanding personality and is a living testament to the type of person who dares to rely ontalent to live outside the constraints, not being bound by fame and fortune Such a person as Zhuangzigreatly influenced later authors such as Tao Phi, Doi Chan, Khong Dung, Truong Hu, Ly Bach, and KimThanh Than In Vietnam, Nguyen Du, Nguyen Cong Tru, and Cao Bat Quat were all influenced byTrang Tu.
So, Confucianism and Taoism appreciate talent and admit that when a person shows talent, he willimpact the surrounding environment more and more It helps them develop their religion among thepeople in a favorable way But they also care about cultivating virtue in addition to fostering talent.
2.1.3 Literary basis
2.1.3.1 Chinese Literature
In the KinhThi, The ideology of leaning on personal talents was expressed quite clearly by the authorsof Chinese folk literature During the Wei Jin period, the profound influence of Trang Tu doctrinecontributed to creating a class of talented Confucian scholars such as Tao Phi, Doi Chan, Khong Dung,Luu Linh During the Tang dynasty, poet Ly Bach, and poet Saint Do Phu are famous people who relyon their talents However, in Do Phu, the awareness of relying on talent is followed by pity for oneselfbecause one has talent but does not have the right time Literature of the Ming and Qing dynasties alsogathered many geniuses who were high aware of their talents such as Kim Thanh Than, Tu Vi, Cung TuTran It has influenced The ideology of leaning on personal talents in medieval Vietnamese poetry Thisinfluence is in both diachronic and synchronous directions.
2.1.3.2 Vietnamese literature
Trang 9In folk literature, the type of hero who demonstrates invincible talent against all opponents is the dreammodel of Vietnamese workers So myths, legends, epics, and fairy tales all favor the motif of talentcompetition Through competitions, individuals must demonstrate their talents such as talent in usingmagic, talent in battle, talent in labor, talent in literature to achieve different goals Talented peoplebecome the main characters in the works In folk poetry, relying on one's talents and showing off one'stalents is sometimes seen as a necessary behavior to help people move toward sustainable values andavoid the habit of boasting The sense of relying on the writer's talent in folk poetry is also expressed inconfidence in the talent that can overcome all difficulties When they compare themself with others, folkauthors often use themself as the evaluation criterion and see that what belongs to them is better.
About the creative force: The authors of Vietnamese medieval literature are mainly Zen poets, kings,and nobles, and the rest are Confucian scholars Among them, many people participate in political andsocial work and writing Based on their roles, talents, and contributions to society, they write shows oftheir talent in their works with a confident attitude Talented people are an attractive topic in ancientliterature in any country So, when talented people write about themselves, it becomes even more specialand gravitated.
2.2 The evolution of The ideology of leaning on personal talents in medieval Vietnamese poetry
The premise for the formation of The ideology of leaning on personal talents in Vietnamese medievalpoetry appeared during the Northern colonial period with several signals: Ly Tien's essay and Ly Cam'sprotest demanding equal treatment of Vietnamese scholars Male (190-220); The Si Nhiep phenomenonwas known as the "Southern Giao Hoc Patriarch" because it brought many new things to literature That isthe embryonic signal of individual consciousness in literature
2.2.1 The period from the 10th century to the first half of the 18th century
This is when the ideology of leaning on personal talents appears and develops completely in poetry Thecondition for such formation and development is the stable political institution of an independent feudal stateon the rise The dynasties' systematic talent recruitment policies encouraged people from all walks of life tocompete to show off their talents In the second half of the 17th and early 18th centuries, Vietnamese feudalsociety went into crisis, but state interests were still closely linked and unified with people's interests.Regarding creative force, talented authors at this stage were Zen poets, kings, lords, practicing Confucianscholars, and reclusive scholars We surveyed 3,172 poems and selected 654 poems The number of poemsexpress sprits rely on talented concentrated among several people with high reliance on talented spirits suchas Nguyen Trai, Le Thanh Tong, Nguyen Binh Khiem, and Phung Khac Khoan The content of theideology of leaning on personal talents is mainly expressed in showing off political and literary talent.People who rely on personal talent promote civic responsibility, viewing the use of talent to build the countryas a manifestation of the relationship between Talent and Virtue Some Confucian scholars stay hidden butthey hope to use their talents to help the king rule the country and protect the people In terms of art, theauthor favors convention and does not emphasize innovation, so the expression of the ideology of relying ontalent is traditional in the way it is expressed: emphasizing elegance, using allusions, and poetic forms havestrict rules.
Although traces of the ideology of leaning on personal talents appeared early, it was not until the 14thcentury, under the Tran Dynasty, that this ideology was clearly expressed in the poetry of Zen poets andConfucian scholars In the 15th century, the ideology of leaning on personal talents gradually improved incontent in the poetry of Confucian scholars and kings The authors demonstrate the responsibility of thecivic ego, wanting to use their talents to build the country In the 16th century, the upheaval of social life,the ideology of leaning on personal talents had a clear distinction between reclusive and practicingConfucian scholars The reclusive Confucian scholar not only emphasized literary and political talents, butalso paid attention to the talents of music, chess, poetry, and joy of the soul They gave many newconcepts about Talent and Fame It led to the formation of talented Confucian scholars who did not focuson fame and fortune On the contrary, the optimistic voice of practicing Confucian scholars rose strongly.They see contributing their talents to the country as a glorious way to help them preserve their reputationthroughout the ages In the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century, the voice of Confucianscholars gave way to the voice of the Trinh lord The contribution of the Trinh lords is that they offer a
Trang 10new perspective on the relationship between Talent and Virtue fit practical requirements So, the ideology
of leaning on personal talents from the 10th century to the first half of the 18th century was formed anddeveloped in the spirit of "poetry express will " and patriotism It has the praise sound of royal literature.
2.2.2 The period from the second half of the 18th century to the end of the 19th century
Second half of the 18th the end of the 19th century, Vietnamese feudalism fell into crisis, and soConfucianism also fell into crisis People who rely on talents are divided, and must choose The ideologicalare often in opposition to each other They clearly distinguish "patriotism" from "loyalty" Studying andexams are not of interest to the authorities Educated people are looked down upon because of the evils ofbuying and selling power However, the spirit of "real learning" gives rise to the type of person who is all-talented and knowledgeable in many fields Trade exchange with other countries was Encouraged by theroyal court It led to changes in all social classes in awareness, activities, and entertainment From here, thetype of Confucian amateurs appeared - people who studied the teachings of saints and sages but thought ina commoner's way The appearance of the Confucian amateurs contributed to the development of theideology lean on personal talents to its peak in the late 18th and early 19th centuries By the end of the 19thcentury, when the country was invaded, the ideology leaned on personal talents was no longer promotedand gave way to the urgent needs of history.
In terms of writing person, the authors of this period were mainly Confucian scholars Regarding thenumber of works, we surveyed 3909 articles and selected 741 works of art However, the works are notevenly distributed among the authors but focus on some typical personalities such as Ngo Thi Nham,Nguyen Du, Ho Xuan Huong, Nguyen Cong Tru, Cao Ba Quat, Tran Te Xuong Regarding content, inaddition to the inherited content of the previous stage, people who rely on the talents of this stage stand outas individuals They promote the right to life They associate literature with the desire to "make a career".They want to promote the role of writers when the authorities do not take seriously the exam The "talent"of pleasure that they care about is associated with "enjoyment" and the liberation of personal freedom.They also pay more attention to the relationship between Talent and Fame than Talent and Virtue,representing the humanitarian and democratic trend of the era When the country was invaded, peoplewho relied on their talents reappeared as citizens, linking their talent with their duty to save the country.Regarding art, in addition to adhering to traditional creative techniques, talented artists also promoteinnovation and use new art forms Singing - speak appeared alongside Nom Tang poetry and became verysuitable for expressing the spirit of relying on personal talents.
Over ten centuries, the ideology leaning on personal talents has undergone many changes Belief in apolitical institution affects each person's financial spirit During the early days of the Renaissance period ofa dynasty, the voices relied on the talents of authors who often spoke loudly But when the country wasinvaded, the voice leaned on personal talents rose strongly, associated with the people's spirit of fightingfor independence Although the ideology leaning on personal talents in medieval Vietnamese poetry wasInfluenced by classical Chinese philosophy and literature, Buddhism, Taoism, and indigenous andregional traditions, the Vietnamese have overcome trivial imitation and copying, reaching quintessence asa prototype, deeply expressing the national soul During ten centuries, the ideology leaning on personaltalents was formed and developed based on historical changes in Vietnamese society, mounted withpatriotism and determination to build Dai Viet into a nation with the civilization and culture of nationalintellectuals In the 18th century, the ideology leaning on personal talents was also associated with thespirit of humanity, humanity, and democracy of the era At the end of the 19th century, the ideologyleaned on personal talents to express the ideology of humanity and love for the people Medievalintellectuals skillfully applied the ideology leaning on personal talents acquired from Chinese literature tothe reality of Vietnamese life to speak up for equality (for women) and freedom (in love and creativityliterature), even turning it into a means of "protect their alive" in a society where talented people areviewed with suspicion From a very early, people who relied on their talents tried to express the ideologyleaning on personal talents in Nom, by highly Vietnameseized poetry such as Nom Tang poetry andsinging - spoken associated with spoken language The simple trend makes them turn to familiar imagessuch as areca trees, toads, and chickens to express the spirit of relying on talent So Vietnamese medievalpoetry is deeply Indigenous, expressing the spirit of Vietnamese people The people who rely on talented
Trang 11people in medieval Vietnamese poetry are not the type of arrogant, strange people who turn their backs onthe times like Chinese amateurs They are people with pro-people ideology, living in harmony with thepeople, relying on their talents to practice, or retiring at any time Even when they retire, they still turn tothe people and use their talents to build community life.
The ideology leaning on personal talents does not stay forever in the regional framework From the firstday of contact with Western civilization, talented people have had a change in perception and ideals Theythink that Vietnamese Confucian scholars have a Narrow vision and lack realism After the Frenchcolonialists invaded our country, they realized this even more clearly The inability of the Confucian scholarclass to face reality is demonstrated by the failure of the uprisings initiated by a series of scholars However,even when Confucian scholars lost their historical role, The ideology leaning on personal talents did notdisappear but was continued in literature during the feudal and colonial periods Some (professional) poets,even though they "sell their writing at the flea market", still do not forget to show off their talent But theyassociate the show-off talent with showing off their "arrogance" and highlight their arrogant lifestyle InLiterature after the August Revolution of 1945, the human posture of "relying on a talents person" ischanging He masters the flow of life, is talented and courageous, quietly overcomes the bumps in life, anddevotes his talent to enriching the national culture The responsibility spirit of medieval Confucian scholarswas absorbed and expressed almost intact by the authors of this period The operating trend of The ideologyleaning on personal talents in literature is increasingly linked to reality, with the right to equality, the right tolife, the right to freedom, and pride in humanity, so it is extremely humane and humane.
Summary of Chapter 2: Chapter 2 presents the basis for the formation and evolution of The ideology
leaning on personal talents in medieval poetry Scholars have had to show their talent through competitionexams for decades century This has been one of the reasons for the formation of the attitude of showingoff one's talents But even if academic examination is not valued, ideal steadfastness; The change inaesthetic concepts, and the development of personal consciousness still make them show off their talents.The attitude of admiration for the talents of the ancients and the fact that the authorities wanted to bribe thepeople so they raised it to the level of religion encouraged individuals to express themselves as talentedpeople Furthermore, although Confucianism and Taoism have different presentations, they show respectfor talent The ideology relying on the personal talents of the people also appears in Chinese literature.Vietnamese education is influenced by Chinese literature in both synchronic and diachronic directions.Therefore, The ideology leaning on personal talents in medieval poetry is a long development process.From the 10th century to the first half of the 18th century, The ideology leaning on personal talents wasformed and developed in the poetry of Zen poets, practicing Confucian scholars, reclusive Confucianscholars, kings, and lords People who rely on personal talents appear as citizens They associate the spiritof relying on personal talents with patriotism and pay attention to the relationship between Talent andVirtue From the end of the 18th century to the end of the 19th century, the ideology leaning on personaltalents developed to its peak Confucian amateurs appear In the new living conditions, people of talentpromote the individual's right to life, attach importance to writing to build a career and value the "talent" ofpleasure associated with enjoyment They pay attention to the relationship between Talent and fame,associated with the humanitarian and democratic spirit of the era When the country was invaded, the relyon personal talents citizen type appeared again to fight for national independence Over ten centuries, Theideology leaning on personal talents has gradually been Vietnameseized in both content and formassociated with the sense of national self-reliance of Vietnamese intellectuals.
CHAPTER 3: THE IDEOLOGY LEANING ON PERSONAL TALENTSSEEN FROM THE ASPECT OF CONTENT
3.1 Expression of the ideology leans on personal talents, according to the author type
Previously, researchers believed that showing off talent in amateur Confucian scholars was a way forthem to show off their personality, a result of personal liberation and an expression of humanitarian valuesin Vietnamese literature late 18th century However, when we take a comprehensive look at the ideologyleaning on individual talents, we see that the nature of authors showing off their talent is to assertthemselves, their role, and their position (and their class) in the monarchy social environment Thisassertion takes place throughout the literary process in all types of authors
Trang 123.1.1 Author type: Zen poets
Buddhism values the humility of practitioners, so it does not encourage individuals to show off theirtalents But Buddhism values wisdom and self-enlightenment to shoulder the responsibility WhenBuddhism was considered the state religion, the role of Zen poets was respected, they often talked abouttheir responsibility to the nation and society, expressing their desire to use their talents to help the king rulethe country and protect the people Their free-thinking, oriented towards religion but still towards life is theresult of applying the philosophy of Buddhism, Taoism, and the spirit of Confucian responsibility intoVietnamese social practice They show off their talents to affirm their spirit of being in the world, and theirheart for the nation and society of their class, and to show that Zen poets are not the type of people whoshy away from life and turn their backs on politics.
3.1.2 Author type: Kings and lords
Kings and lords show off their talents to affirm their ability to rule and maintain their thrones Theywant to attract talented people from all over the world They often look towards ancient models of talentedrulers so it is easy to create a feeling of stability and certainty To win the support of the literati class tostrengthen their institutional power in the central government apparatus, they often show themselves astalented in literature and close to the literati They also call themselves poets so that writers can see them aspeople who "have the same voice and the same spirit." In addition, kings and lords often talk about theirpolitical talents to preserve the "Mandate of Heaven", express the imperial ideology, and build the imageof people with merit through "nourishing the people", "protecting the people", and "educating the people"achieve "people's peace" and "people's trust" To convince people to believe in their role of "acting onbehalf of heaven", they pay attention to creating "royal temperament", and "emperor temperament" toexpress the will of the supreme being through poetry with simple, small images but great temperament.Their talent is also said to be endowed by heaven, "blessed" by heaven This shows the lofty and religioustendency, of the promotion of theocracy, which is a characteristic of royal literature and medieval Easternhuman thought However, despite embracing the spirit of promoting religion, our country's kings andlords still stand on the stance of humanity, taking the people's rights to determine the righteousness of theiractions They do not promote theocratic power but abandon the worldly world, nor do they promote themetaphysical force of Heaven but forget the people's rights.
3.1.3 Author type: Confucian scholars
The Confucian nation shows off its talent to affirm its position as the leader of the four people.Confucian scholars showed off their talents in politics and literary talent to adapt to a society emphasizingorder and hierarchy They showed off their literary talents and used them for political purposes, helpingthe king and the people, while showing off their politics talents To be to affirm the ideal model ofConfucianism, expressing the mission of "respecting the lord", the responsibility of "protecting the people"and the desire to make merits and immortalize names About the "talent" of pleasure, they don't say much.If there are any, they are only for fun, not to show off talent Influenced by the theory of humility, theyoften consider themselves "incompetent" But that's just a way to express to secretly be proud So, thepractice Confucian scholars have absorbed the spirit very deeply in Confucianism and persistent practicethroughout life.
After the French colonialists invaded our country, the Confucianists practiced scholarly change in thoughtand perception Although many people are steadfast in the ideal of national rejuvenation, they no longerequate "patriotism" with "loyalty to the King" They understood their situation well: they wanted to be loyalsubjects but did not have a wise king But maintaining the stance of "for the sake of the people", they standon the side of the people and Determine the spirit of self-responsibility The building of their political careersstatus Is no longer expressed in "respecting the lord and supporting the king" but in fighting the enemy tosave the country, save the people, and maintain morality, showing the morale of Confucian scholars.Although they still used poetry to express their will, Confucian scholars no longer emphasized the purposeof "literary rule" Some people advocate using literature to encourage the patriotic spirit of the people Othersare those with reformist ideas calling for abandoning the method of learning literature to exams They payattention to the ability to cover reality, topicality, and experience The issues of war - peace, life - death,
Trang 13modernity - conservatism became the main content of the works The type of Confucian scholar, scholar,and scientist appeared.
The reclusive Confucian still considers the ideal of bringing talent to help people as a lifelong pursuit.They still show off their political and literary talents But they are aware of their "unsuitable talent" in thesituation In them, "will" goes with "unwill" In the new situation, some Confucian scholars promote thetheory of "no talent, protect fate", advising people to "hide their talents" so as not to be "jealous of theirtalent" and harm " Hiding talent" also helps people in hiding reduce their aura and return to their originalselves, not bound by vanity However, the "hidden talent" of the reclusive Confucian scholar is onlylimited to the fact that they do not use their talent to pursue official positions They do not hide these othertalents Many people in hiding still cure people's diseases, write books, teach help people For them, Ifyou don't practice your ideals, then stay hidden and protect your ideals They compare themselves to agiant tree, protecting the farmers with their useful talent Influenced by Confucianism, Taoism, andBuddhism, they advocate living frugally and finding joy in nature, with music, chess, poem, wine, wind,flowers, snow, and the moon But that's just an elegant pleasure for them to clear their thoughts and showtheir pure personality They show off their " talent " for pleasure to find peace and still fall within theConfucian ethical framework.
Over time, the Confucian scholar hiding changed his perception and way of showing off his talent.Confucian scholars in the 14th and 15th centuries were influenced by Confucianism, so they promoted theideal and responsibility to protect people and the King For them, if talent is not used for country work, it isjust "useless" talent So they feel redundant and regret that their learning talents cannot be used for anything.They longed for the day when the king would miss them and they will use their talent to help the king andthe country As long as they have the opportunity, they are willing to give up their secluded environment andeagerly enter the world with the spirit of "martyrdom" However, when society begins to decline, theybehave differently They can use their talent to help the king or the country, or "hide their talents" It is not soimportant Because Confucian can retire or work at any time as long as they do not disappoint themselvesand the word "loyalty" They realized that the word Fame was no longer the only value affirming Confuciantalent It is not the highest goal of human life The word "name" is like a cage that imprisons them, causingthem to lose their freedom, and suffer danger When balancing Talent - Fame, and Body - Fame, they find itbetter to stay hidden because they don't have to live with worries When the country was invaded, Confucianscholars wanted to express a spirit of responsibility and loyalty to the people and nations and show a non-cooperative attitude towards the enemy So, they stay in hiding Even more obvious in the poetry ofConfucian scholars in hiding at this time is the guilt of people who are talented and famous but cannot helpthe country They do not look forward to the opportunity to return to the court, but they also cannot be happyforever with the pleasures of being in hiding Their poems express pain and anxiety before the sad state ofthe country.
The appearance of amateur Confucian scholars also shows a change in the consciousness of Confucianscholars Amateur Confucian scholars do not care about political careers Because of "valuing the body"and "valuing talent", they promote the "talent" of pleasure, raising "enjoyment" to a philosophy Only intheir poetry are the talents of music, poetry, and alcohol mentioned as a type of ability, not just an elegantpleasure They turn their musical ability, play chess, write poetry, and drink into a game with personalconsciousness They associate Talent with Love to escape the theory that "saints never the love",achieving absolute freedom of thought They think love is the root of all problems (including Talent).Amateurs Confucian scholar aims at literature and art, expressing beauty, and reflecting many aspects oflife They think literature is a means to preserve one's reputation for posterity to affirm the stature ofscholars when the path of asserting talent through academic examination is not respected They appreciatelanguage skills and the speed of completing poetry They think it is a seeing it as a manifestation of thewriter's talent With a sense of profound talent and great aspirations, they brought literature out of the usual"expressing will" and "moral education" writing styles, giving literature its precious value Their tendencyto "centrifuge" the political is inevitable when individual consciousness is promoted But they did notdestroy the ideal of monarchy and still harbored the desire for a society where kings were kind and gentleso that their talents could be recognized With a noble spirit of self-responsibility, they are willing to stand
Trang 14on the side of the people against the royal court, which they consider corrupt Although this way of protestshows the limitations of their thinking - the amateur Confucian scholars are still bewildered at thethreshold of a new period of history, it also signaled a complete change in awareness of the Confucianclass in the later period.
So, Confucian scholars show off their talents to maintain their position and their class in the historicalarena If there comes a time, when showing off their talent is no longer necessary, then their historicalmission will no longer exist The division of types of Confucian scholars is only relative But we still seethose characteristics: The practice Confucian scholars speak a lot about his talent for politics and literature.Talented people force themselves according to function, and position They are "humble", so they oftenappear ashamed of their talent The reclusive Confucian advocated "no talent, protect Fate" and "suppressingoneself and waiting for the right time", advising people not to rely on or show off their talents to avoid beingenvied They talk about writing poetry skills, drinking alcohol skills, play chess skills to convey morethoughts and ideas Amateur Confucian scholars cherished themselves and their talents, music skills, anddrinking wine skills, and attached great importance to "writing poetry" to preserve their reputation.
3.2 Expression of the ideology leans on personal talents by showing off own’s talent
3.2.1 Literary talent
"Literature" has a broad meaning We only discuss the scope of meaning of "Literature" according toThieu Chuu's annotation in the Sino-Vietnamese dictionary and the Sino-Vietnamese dictionary by DaoDuy Anh: “Van” (文) is “literary text”, imitating the image of the world to create words, “Chuong” (章) iswritten text written in articles; “Van” (文) is also “Educated person”; “Chuong” (文學) is the study ofliterature Therefore, those Who rely on literary talent rely on being good at words and having broadknowledge The ancients believed that human genius is endowed by nature and literature is the form, theexternal manifestation of genius Talented people must express themselves in literature like a leopard musthave stripes and brindles, and a phoenix must have colorful feathers People with literary talent, aware ofthe "cosmic nature" of this type of talent, form a spirit of self-responsibility, considering taking on societyas their duty They show off their literary talent in three ways:
First, rely on literary talent through reputation Vietnamese people are naturally studious "If you learn,
you will gain fame" is the default concept that stimulates passion and determines the academic talent ofConfucian scholars When academic examination was the way to select talents for the court, all knowledgeand fame were concentrated in Confucianism and poetic literature Therefore, Confucian scholars oftenshow off their talents through the titles Poinsettia, Doctoral The fact that they passionately praise the title ofacademic shows a character trait of our country's writers that Phan Ke Binh summarizes in Vietnamesecustoms: They view the examination as a "conquest" and are passionate about the golden stone stele as avictory, to the point that all later honors come from it In addition, to show off their literary talent, theyidentify themselves as poets with the qualities and talents of true artists They also believe that only poetswith noble and elegant souls are worthy of companionship with apricot blossoms, orchids, lotus flowers The poet's living space is also opposite in contrast to the dusty, hustle and bustle of the capital dollar.
Second, rely on literary talent through the use of poetry For Confucian scholars, the literature they
pursue is the literature of the "literary rule" era, which can create vitality and raise the national image In aland always threatened by foreign invaders, literature useful to life must be capable of repelling enemies anddefending the country In ancient times, many people used literature as an effective weapon to suppress thespirit of their enemies Therefore, talented people believe that their literature can repel the enemy It is aweapon sharper than swords it shows the national spirit of the people They also use their literary talent to"make up their reputation", considering them more precious than life The "establishing language career"helps them inherit traditions, spread culture, and open up justice The most profound writers and thinkershope to write books and poems to leave behind for life If they can't do that, it's a shame for them They wantto give their short life of his life to literature to continue their infinite existence with eternal life Theirreputation is immortalized through it, and the human spirit of the past is forever passed down thanks toliterary talent.
Third, rely on literary talent through composition: Authors often demonstrate the ability to write quickly,
write on the spot, and export it as poetry Besides, they also pay great attention to poetry writing skills in both