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1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION CHUNG THI THUY THE BODY IN VIETNAMESE LYRICAL POETRY AFTER 1986 Major: Literary theory Code: 9.22.01.20 THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF PHILOLOGY Hanoi - 2020 The project was completed at: HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Instructor: Associate Professor PhD LE LUU OANH Reviewer 1: Associate Professor PhD Phan Trong Thuong Working agency: Institute of Literature Reviewer 2: Associate Professor PhD Ly Hoai Thu Working agency: University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Hanoi National University Reviewer 3: Associate Professor PhD Hoa Dieu Thuy Working agency: Hong Duc University Hanoi - 2022 INTRODUCTION The rationale of the research 1.1 The body plays an important role in human life; therefore, the body has also become the object of influence in many fields in life, the object of study in many fields of science from natural science to social science Until the present, the researches on the body in the field of humanities and social sciences have made important breakthroughs, especially philosophy The findings of researches have brought a new perspective on the body in literature 1.2 “Literature is anthropology” (M.Gorki), so the literary subject is always humans Literature from ancient times, when mentioning people, is not only interested in spiritual life, but also in appearance, gestures and the needs of the body, what the body has to endure as well This means that the body has long become the object of literature However, when appearing in literary works, the body is not only the object of expression, but also becomes a means of expressing artistic thought, building the art world The body becomes a kind of language, specific artistic terms in literary works; in other words, the body is known as a particular kind of aesthetic symbol in literary works This type of aesthetic notation is a creative product of the writer, influenced by creative personality, artistic conception of man, also by the context of the era Therefore, in the literary works of each writer, at each certain literary stage, the body also appears with different characteristics 1.3 Lyrical poetry of Vietnam after 1986, under the influence of historical circumstances and trends of modern society, has made significant innovations, not only in terms of technical form but also in the innovation in deep concepts of the creative subject about the world, art and people Therefore, the body in post-1986 Vietnamese poetry has its own principles of constructivism, forming its own types and expressing its own meaning Researching the body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986, the dissertation aims to approach the body in poetry as a kind of artistic language, a particular aesthetic notation system Although up to now, the number of studies on Vietnamese poetry after 1986 is not small, but there is no research on the body in poetry from this perspective The research’s purpose of the thesis 2.1 The first objective the thesis aims is to establish a system of theories about human body in literature, including the concept, expression and characteristics of the body in literature, initially pointing out the difference between the body in poetry and the body in prose, clarifying the characteristics of the body in Vietnamese poetry From all of these, the methodology for body research can be created in literature, especially in poetry 2.2 In addition, the thesis aims to point out and analyze some basic aspects of the body in romantic poetry after 1986 Through comparing the characteristics of the body in the romantic poetry after 1986 with that in the previous period, this paper shows the movement and transformation of the artistic conception of the world and people of the era 2.3 Finally, the thesis intends to point out and analyze the principles of body construction in romantic poetry after 1986 To a certain extent, the thesis aims to show that the principles of body construction are implemented through a specific method of romantic poetry At the same time, through the comparison with the principle of body construction in the poetry of the previous period, the thesis proves that in this aspect, romantic poetry after 1986 has greatly changed, which also reflects the shifts in the artistic conception of the world and humans 3 The subject, scope and approach of the study 3.1 The subject and the scope of the research The research object of the thesis is the body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986 The research scope of the thesis is Vietnamese lyric poetry after 1986 3.2 The approaches 3.2.1 Theorical approach - On the basis of the research achievements of the body in the fields of philosophy, religion, aesthetics, literary theory, the thesis establishes the research orientation of the body in literature Although each field has its own methods of research, there is still quite a similarity that considering the body as a kind of sign, the body itself conveys messages about itself and beyond - In the dissertation, the words “thân thể”, “cơ thể”, “thân xác” are used to convey the same meaning ‘body’ However, the term“thân thể” is more favored because “thân xác” (originally long used by Nguyen Van Trung) often makes people think only of the soulless flesh, while the "thân thể" carries the full meaning of life and expression - In this paper, “thân thể” “miêu tả thân thể” are also distinguished “Thân thể “(body) including eyes, nose, hands, feet, taste, shapes, feelings, emotions The body is expressed in literary works through description in language Thus, the body in literature is the "meaning" of the linguistic class that constructs the text, in turn the body becomes a sign to represent things beyond it - that is to become an aesthetic signifier - an art language 3.2.2 Practical approach The research stems from the practice of composing poetry to point out some types of bodies in the literary stages, on that basis highlighting the physical characteristics of Vietnamese poetry after 1986 The focus of the dissertation paper is to examine the practice of Vietnamese poetry after 1986, specifically researching the expressions as well as the factors that govern the formation of basic types of bodies and principles of body construction Research methodology To complete this subject, the research has used a combination of the following main methods: - Semantical method: The study considers the body as a system of multifaceted signs of nature, society, and people Therefore, special attention is paid to reading the meanings of the body This is the method used thoroughly in the research - Examination methodology: The dissertation uses this method to study the principles of artistic constructivism, the influence of artistic conception about the person and the world in terms of describing the body - Type method: The dissertation initially found out the types of body in literary stages, especially the basic types of body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986 with the most common meanings and ways of description - Historical and cultural methods: The dissertation studies the cultural context of the time and how the historical fluctuations have influenced the appearance of the corresponding types of body The dissertation’s new contributions - The thesis has systematic the theory of the body in literature and the application orientation of literary practice - The dissertation has systematized a number of types of body in Vietnamese literary periods - The thesis has pointed out and analyzed some basic types of body and some principles of body construction in Vietnamese poetry after 1986 6 The sructure of the dissertation paper In addition to the parts Introduction, Conclusion, References, the main content of the paper is designed into chapters as follows: Chapter 1: An overview of the research issues in terms of body Chapter 2: Body in literature and body issues in Vietnamese poetry sice 1986 Chapter 3: Some types of bodies in Vietnamese lyrical poetry after 1986 Chapter 4: Some principles of body construction in Vietnamese lyrical poetry after 1986 CHAPTER AN OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCHES ON HUMAN BODY 1.1 The research situation in foreign countries 1.1.1 The research of body in Western countries 1.1.1.1 The research of body in Western cultures In the history of Western ideas, there have been different understandings of the body Ancient Greek philosophy distinguished "body" and "spirit" The body belongs to the visible world, which can be disintegrated, destroyed, and the spirit and soul belong to the invisible, eternal, and immortal world The body reflects the depravity of mind and soul, which is finite, easily tempted Only the soul is the sublime and immortality of man, so it is necessary to save man and spirit from the prison of body to reach eternal, immortal 1.1.1.2 The breakthroughs in the research of body in Western countries The matter of the body has been taken seriously by Nietzsche Nietzsche was the first philosopher to place the body in a prominent position in philosophy He sees the body as a decisive factor From the perspective of the body, looking back at history, art, reason, he sees all those things as products related to the body It is he reason why the world and the body are closely related, the world is the interpretation of the body, the product of the body, of the powerful will Nietzsche claimed: "It is necessary to take the body as the norm" Nietzsche turned the tide lowering the subject of consciousness, because the elevation of consciousness is metaphysical, having to restrain and forget the body, even though the body is presented in humans all the time Nietzsche said that we are different not by personality but by body This is the breakthrough in the idea about the body Nietzsche's thought had a consciousness that exalts the body, the source of the liberation of the body! The modern thought that attaches great importance to the body is that of overthrowing Christian thought 1.1.2 The research of body in China Since ancient times, China has studied the body In the Confucian conception of man, it can be said that up to Mencius, the problem of "objects" and the physical face has just begun to be posed and studied Mencius was the first person interested in clarifying the concept of "body", indicating its origin and structure Before Mencius, though highly valued man and said that man is born of heaven and earth, and human existence is inevitable, Confucianism did not pay much attention to the study of human formation but only go deeply into the "mental" side, the ideological side without paying attention to their physical side 1.2 The research situation in Vietnam 1.2.1 The research of body in literature Talking about literature means referring to the artistic conception of humans in a literary work, no matter what object the work refers to When humans are mentioned, the body is the most important aspect and foundation of human existence In literature, the body plays an important role in creating the artistic value of the work, even "without the body, there is no artistic description" [132, p.90] In the field of literary research, in Vietnam, Tran Dinh Su is the first author to focus on the matter of the body as an artistic language From 1987, in To Huu Poetry Poetry, he mentioned the body in To Huu poetry in terms of "the artistic conception of man." According to him, the general characteristic of the body in To Huu poetry was the body Politics has "marked a step of maturity of the Vietnamese people in the modern world", that is "a new political man, under the leadership of the proletariat" [123, p.92] The author also affirms that the familiar poetry of To Huu poetry is: "Everywhere we meet the image of a physical man" and "a very clear principle of describing people in To Huu poetry is: the whole body becomes organic sense of the world ”[123, p.97] That is why, “Saying sacrifice first is sacrificing the body The sacrifice is calculated by "corpse", "corpse", "sacrificed flesh", "blood marrow", "bone", "head", "brain" 1.2.2 The research of body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986 Vietnamese poetry in the post-1986 period was concerned by many researchers, but up to now, there has not been any work that directly studies the matter of the body When studying Vietnamese poetry after 1986, researchers often focus on a number of issues such as: The lyrical self, femininity, the sex element in poetry These works have discussed more or less different edges relative to the body 1.3 The conception of body in art Highlight the natural beauty of the body: Although in both the West and the East, up until the 19th century, the views of philosophers and catechists of the religions, mostly advocated demeaning However, in reality, in artistic creation, it seems that artists have gone differently Appreciate the harmonious beauty of the body: Sculpture shows this most clearly Greek statues, especially the gods, have beautiful, well-proportioned body, smooth skin, smooth hands and feet, and a noble, noble face There is a story that, in 1848, Got cried in the Luvro museum in Paris in front of the statue of the goddess in Milo, because he thought, it is unknown when art can capture the beauty of harmony like that of people Body and Instinct - Enhance the joy of life and the enjoyment of bodily pleasure: There is physical pleasure such as sex, eating, clothing, even excretion The body is part of nature: This problem is usually of two things The first content is that human beings are attached to nature (this will be implemented later) The second content is often associated with the human nature such as old age, illness, disease The body is a kind of commodity: In life, people exploit this angle to serve the fashion industry, cosmetics, medicine, medicine, beauty tools, cosmetic surgery The body has a cultural mark: The body is created by culture The culture here is the way of life, way of thinking and conception expressed through customs, attire, cuisine, manners, faith, art Body and politics: In traditional Chinese history, we often see various types of beauties (using beauty to serve a certain interest) In general, the problem of the body has appeared quite a lot in the conception of the history of philosophy, religion, culture, politics, literature and art in the world It is these concepts that have contributed to dominate the expression of body language in art and literature Corresponding to these concepts are the research directions on the body such as sociology, politics, aesthetics and in the literary research department that we will discuss in the next section CHAPTER BODY IN LITERATURE AND BODY ISSUES IN VIETNAMESE POETRY 2.1 Body in literary works 2.1.1 The concept Firstly, the body in literature is a special aesthetic symbol, it is composed, arranged, organized, highly aesthetic, has many layers of complex meanings, expressing information about people and their history, society, culture Second, the body in literature has its own constructive principles In each different historical period, the principles, laws, formulas, and body construction in literature are also different The principles of body construction in literature are associated with the artistic conception of a person, a particular type of world model Finally, the nuances of the body in literature are also expressed through words Words are artistic words that both contain both images and emotions 2.1.2 The expression of body in literature The body first shows all the external images of a person (such as head, hair, legs, hands, eyes, nose, mouth, heart, skin, meat and their taste), with every action (walking, standing, lying, sitting, yelling, shouting); and internal factors such as feelings, emotions, moods (cold, loneliness, sadness, love, anger, hateness and indirectly through objects, costumes (mirrors, combs, clothes) , the environment (trees, gardens, fields, forests, rivers, seas, streets, houses) has relationships and impacts on the body 2.1.3 The characteristics of body in literature 2.1.3.1 Body is a type of aesthetic sign When the body is used as a means of expressing a certain perception and emotion, it becomes a sign In this angle, the images of the body in art are not only for the purpose of describing itself but also always convey more or less meaning behind it, then the body will become a sign 2.1.3.2 Body in literature is conceptual First of all, the body in literature shows the consciousness and conceptions of the writer and character about the human body The sense of the body is gradually raised according to the development of human consciousness Philosophy from ancient times has conceived of separating the body and spirit, considering the body only as the flesh, containing the most obvious human instincts such as eating, excreting, sex 2.1.3.3 Body in literature is systematical The body in a literary work, by an author, of a genre, a tendency all belongs to certain systems Systemism can first of all be seen in terms of the principles and formulas of the most common and common body 2.2 Some body issues in Vietnamese poetry 2.2.1 Human body in poetry The matter of the body is expressed in all genres of literature because anywhere there is a character the matter of human body is mentioned Both authors and poets consider the body as an object of expression and also as an aesthetic sign that sends its own messages to the reader 2.2.2 Human body in Vietnamese poetry The body in literature is a historical phenomenon, always moving and changing according to the conception of man The concept of the person is the profound principle that governs the way of depicting the body Humans are mainly cosmic people, that is, humans see themselves in nature, in the circulating rhythm of the universe CHAPTER SEVERAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN BODY IN VIETNAMESE ROMANTIC POETRY FROM 1986 UNTIL NOW Born in the context of innovation and integration, poetry after 1986 increasingly emphasizes human humanity The body in poetry from 1986 up to now has both had the inheritance of the body in medieval poetry, romantic poetry, and has a unique feature, especially the awakening and liberation of the body 3.1 Natural aspect of human body The body is first born by parents with all the physical features, the biological body structure with the DNA, which naturally makes the difference in the perception of each person In Vietnamese poetry after 1986, the natural body is considered a part of the natural world, perceives nature with all the senses and imprints the original homeland 3.1.1 Human body as part of the natural world By recognizing the natural aspect of the body, it has been considered a part of the natural world since ancient times Vietnamese literature in general, poetry in particular, throughout history, nature is like a companion Most medieval scholars thought that man was born from heaven and earth with the meaning of being the most quintessential part of nature 3.1.2 Humans perceives the natural world through their body Because the body has its natural aspect, humans can connect with nature through their body with the senses like skin, eyes, ears and their feet and hands Humans connect with nature by body elements, by senses, through feet, hands, flesh, eyes, and ears The images such as running barefoot on the field; facing down in the homeland’s river, being innocent like plants, returning to childhood, bathing, washing are familiar expressing this strong connection 3.1.3 Natural body is imprinted with the homeland Each person is born with a different shape, a different body, and that body is imprinted with their native land This is also a rather prominent feature of the body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986 3.2 Social aspect of human body The social aspect of the body is something that is constructed by society In modern philosophy, human body is both born by parents with natural features and created by society with social features The body is trained and bonded by their society, so the human body carries imprints of social life, revealing social problems 3.2.1 The sequelae of wars on the body The human body participates in social activities and economic, political, cultural, ideological, religious changes all affect the body One of the most powerful effects on that body is war War not only destroys the condition of human survival but also directly destroys human body Vietnamese poetry after 1986, in addition to praising the sacrifices of those who devote themselves to national independence, is also a blunt look at the losses, sacrifices and consequences of war on the human body 3.2.2 The mark of market economy on the body After 1986, the country still faced many difficulties including poverty Hunger is imprinted on the body through images of green faces, pale hands, hungry young eyes, begging, bare backs, a crumpled stomach, a belly boiling with hunger, people with bones, face haggard, upturned hands (begging) It is not only the body of the grandmother, mother, father, brother, but all the lives of the poor - the "my compatriots", “my people” 3.2.3 Body with the traces of market economy In the early years of the twenty-first century, poets tended to introduce anti-poetic body images as opposed to traditional aesthetics, in opposition to the notion of poetry which is considered normative, orthodox, the center has previously caused severe multidimensional reactions 3.3 Individual aspect of the body In this aspect, the body is associated with the most private things of a person In the poetry after 1986, the individual body is linked with a sense of personality, creative aspirations and identity 3.3.1 The awareness of personality Body in the post-1986 poetry is a self-portrait, showing the sense of individuality of each poet The sense of personality has become a silent but intense aspiration of poets after 1986 The journey of returning individual ego in human life is with thousands of nuances The general tendency of poetry is to express and express its own aspirations that come from one's own body Therefore, each poet tries to portray themselves in the most authentic way, affirming his own nuance The formation of a person originally stems from that of their body, so the origin of human existence is physical existence The body is what makes me and my own individuality 3.3.2 The ambition of creativity Because the desire to reflect the individual person in daily life becomes urgent, the body image in poetry after 1986 is shown more authentically, more ordinarily and also more vividly than the poetry of the previous periods More particularly, feminism encouraged women “to write yourselves, discover for yourselves what the body feels, and how to express it in language This means that women must find out that sexuality originates in her body and seek to write about the pleasure, that "jouissance", "women write their own body, about herself and bring it into the text ”[198, p.876] has made the system of female body image richer and more vivid 3.3.3 The awareness of identity 3.3.3.1 The awareness of beauty An important element of the body is beauty - body beauty, especially when talking about the attractiveness of women Feminine beauty is reflected in her clothes, makeup, lines, and confidence in her body Right from the renaissance, the Western painting world has diligently produced nude pictures of gods and girls like Adam, Eva praising the beauty of the human body 3.3.3.2 The awareness of female role The vocation as a mother – creating a human – is the greatest one Although ancient philosophy scorned the body, especially the female body, for it to be dirty and the source of all sins, without the woman's body with the motherhood, she could not maintain race, creating the next generation Talking about childbirth is a familiar topic in world literary history Vietnamese poetry after 1986, especially the poetry of female authors, was strongly aspiring to be a mother as a manifestation of the power and dignity of a woman 3.3.3.3 The awareness of sexual liberation Taking advantage of the ego factor stemming from the need of the body, the female authors tend to discover love, especially the world of instinctual sexuality, an area that traditional conception is regarded as a "forbidden zone " 3.3.3.4 The awareness of gender The concept of gender was formed when people distinguish the difference in the body of men and women Gender refers to the characteristics of each sex with different body structure between two genders 3.3.3.5 Sorrows and loneliness Sadness and loneliness are states associated with human body This is also the ideological category of existential philosophy, strongly affecting current literary trends CHAPTER SOME PRINCIPLES OF BODY CONSTRUCTION IN VIETNAMESE POETRY AFTER 1986 4.1 The principles of linking body with nature 4.1.1 Body is linked to the animal world Among the elements of culture, humans and animals have a special relationship Through the ups and downs of history, people are constantly striving to assert themselves in the world of all kinds, wanting to demonstrate their ability to independence, secession, even reform, natural transformation, but humans have been, and still are part of nature, of the animal kingdom This is proved right in the human noun Whether we like or dislike, consciously or unconsciously, humans themselves still have a original relationship with animals The ancient truth is that the animal’s characteristic in each human and human being born from the animal has become the inspiration and material for many masterpieces of art, especially in the statues of the half-human, half-body sculptures in the human civilization 4.1.2 Body is attached to the plant world The connection between human body and the plant world is reflected in the name of plants, parts of plants by the name of human body parts such as liver, lung, heart, kidney, umbilical cord, tendons, sour voice, mature thoughts, the root of thoughts, incubate the future 4.1.3 Body is attached to other natural phenomenons 4.1.3.1 Body is attched to land In the post-1986 lyrical poetry of Vietnam, body is often associated with the image of land According to the dictionary of world cultural symbols, land is a passive, feminine original, darkness, negativeness in contrast to the sky which is an active, male original, light and positiveness It is said in I Ching that all human beings are born from the earth, because the land is a woman, a mother- the mother of the land is Gaia The earth is the symbol of birth and rebirth, the cosmic essence and seen as the womb that gives birth to all things The image of land is always associated with the image of a woman's body such as breast milk, breasts, hands, eggs, especially the image of feet and shoes This is evidenced in legends, myths, epics and poetry of the literary period, depending on the manner of expression The original soil sample includes variations of it such as: mountains, caves, mounds, heap, forest, garden, field, meadow In Vietnamese poetry after 1986, the body image attached to the land and its variations appeared many times in the compositions of many authors 4.1.3.2 Body is attached to water In the post-1986 lyrical poetry of Vietnam, the body reveals many qualities when associated with the image of water When linking these two entities together, poetry after 1986 exploited the relationships: water is the source of life of the body; water is the rebirth space of the body; water is the experience space of the body; Water is the cleansing space of the body, water is the source of life and also the source of death, carrying the function of creation and destruction for the human body These relationships are often encountered in ancient legends as well as in the classical and modern literary works in the world Water with its properties is associated with bodily characteristics, "is the physical form of the world, the source of life and the element of regeneration of the body and spirit, the symbol of the possibility of birth flourishing, of purity, wisdom, tolerance and virtue "[67, p.710] 4.2 The principles of connecting body with sexuality When constructing body language, Vietnamese lyrical poetry after 1986 paid special attention to attach the body to sexuality The principle of connecting the body with sexual relations did not appear until after 1986, but literature always existed, although the expression was different Vietnamese literature in general, poetry in particular, after the renovation, due to the change in the domestic social context together with the influence of Western culture and the movement of "body description" in China has caused the writing movement connect the body with strongly developed intercourse Using this principle, post-reform poetry endeavors to uncover the riches of hidden egos, break taboos, renew ideology and liberate individuals 4.3 The principles to make body naked and romatic 4.3.1 Principles of making the body naked The poetry since 1986 with the motto "I am a man and nothing of a human being is strange to me" [3, p.642] mentioned the body in the most bare way The images used not to be able to appear and especially considered as a forbidden area never mentioned in previous times, but has become popular in poems in recent time 4.3.2 Principles of romanticizing body If the principle of making body naked is an inherent aspect of social life, body romance is the goal, a breakthrough and human liberation in the present life 4.4 Principles of symbolism, surrealizing the body The poetry after 1986, accompanied with the innovation, untied thoughts is the breakthrough in images and expressions The principle of symbolizing and surrealizing the body is one of the achievements of this poetic renewal of this period The poets who exemplify this writing principle are mainly those who grew up before 1975 such as Le Dat, Duong Tuong, Dang Dinh Hung, Tran Dan, Hoang Hung 4.4.1 Principles of symbolyzing body From the point of view of composition, self-consciousness of his great mission, symbolism aims at exploring mysterious lands of beauty, worshiping beauty and aiming at every sentence to carry a special value, which is more musical and sensual than meaningful Therefore, the verse of symbolism is quite concise, pure and refined language is formed through a discrete syntax with many provinces, the sentence can be obscure, the poem does not convey a certain meaning , but a collection of sounds and rhythms, a maze of words and poetic language becomes confusing On that compositional stance of symbolism, the principle of symbolizing the body in post-reform poetry in Vietnam has blown a new wind into our national literature 4.4.2 Principles of surrealizing body If the principle of romanticization of the body often uses rhetorical measures such as metaphors, metonymy, exaggeration, the principle for surrealizing body takes advantage of distant images to "spark the fire, flare up the image” This combination is not rational and is opposed by the mind Nevertheless, the poet continues creating unique, utopian images, spreading poetic qualities in the amount of images and images, in his dream-real, real-dream " [75, p.154] The surreal world can only be felt in dreams, in a subconscious mind, at times absent-minded, nervous breakdown, mental confusion This is the land of artists, through which they can discover deep, spiritual, but mysterious and accurate to human life 4.5 Principles of attaching humans to symbols, metaphor Symbols, metaphors are small signals in the signal system of literary works, are artistic means for the author to explain things, phenomena and life Symbols and metaphors are born in real life and are nurtured and developed through the creativity and imagination of the poet CONCLUSION The cultural and ideological history of humans has a common thing in its view on man that is they all consider human beings to have the soul and the body, the spiritual part and the body part However, in the long history with the changes of politics, culture, society, the concepts of the role and position of the mind and body are also different In ancient philosophy, aesthetics, and religion, the spiritual part was always highly evaluated while the body was neglected because the body was considered the source of evil, but then more and more researchers realize the extremely important role of the body in all areas of life In the simplest terms, the spiritual world is also what resides in a specific body and is the internal part of the body Therefore, in addition to highly value the spiritual life of humans, people shouldn’t ignore the matter of body In other words, the body should be brought back to its original position, which is one of the most important changes in the current human science The central subject of literature is people, both ancient and modern literature, both eastern and western literature all pay attention to discovering, expressing and serving humans Along with the history of philosophical ideas, aesthetics and the artistic conception of man, the expression of humans in literature in different periods also has different features The body belongs to people, so in order to understand and express people, it is necessary to learn about the body and rely on its description When the ego is liberated and becomes a matter of attention in literature, the body is most concerned because the body is something that belongs to a specific individual , the most personal; this means that one cannot suffer from the pain of illness on behalf of others Therefore, the awareness of human body is also that of each individual Literature and art since the past have been interested in the human body, but in each period, people have paid attention to different aspects, with different principles of expression In addition, the genre and creative personality also influence the concept of the body and the way it is expressed Thus, through the study of the body in literature in general, and in romantic poetry in particular, we can realize the change in artistic conception of human, the change in the inspiration for composition and the imprints of the culture, politics and society in a particular period People are both the object and the main content of literature Describing the person cannot help but rely on the description of the body, because the perception of the body is also part of the perception of the person in general In matters of literature, the personal matter is an important matter, and nothing is more personal than the human body, or in other words, the matter of the body is the most personal matter The body is the defining factor of human humanity and the perception of the human body is the highest awareness of the individual Along with the change in social institutions is the difference in aesthetic, ethical, and caring level of individual person in society If in the past, the study of people in literature is often focused on personality and soul, then attention to the body is also a way to pay attention to people more comprehensively Since ancient times, literature and art have used the body as a means of expressing human thoughts and feelings But the bodies in that literature have a clear change through the ages, through creative personalities and through literary genres , under the control of the notions of the body, of the person That makes the appearance of the human-centered world picture in literature has changed from time to time In the chapters I and II, the thesis outlines the research on the body in the world and in Vietnam, thereby affirming that the body has a decisive role in human life and is always present in all fields field, both physically and mentally The thesis has initially summarized and generalized some of the most basic features such as theoretical foundations of the body in literature The dissertation also systematizes a number of issues about the body in Vietnamese poetry to see that, at any stage, the body has its own way of expressing depending on the aesthetic conception of each period Thereby initially comparing the body in poetry in different foolish times, pointing out unique steps without being repeated In chapters III and IV, the thesis step by step clarifies the characteristics of the body and the principles of body construction in Vietnamese poetry after 1986 On the characteristics of the body in after 1986 poetry, the thesis explores the body from three angles: the natural body, the social body and the individual body with its meanings Natural feeling expresses the voice of the individual who wants to return to his original being, to face himself in the most original The social body expresses the voice of the lyrical subject of civic consciousness and responsibility towards the past, the present, and the human destiny in contemporary life The individual soul expresses the voice of the lyrical subject affirms his own ego, affirms the unique and different individual ego On the principle of body construction, the thesis studies some basic principles governing the building of the image of the body The deep understanding of these constructivist principles helps the dissertation to gain a broader, comprehensive and insightful view of the object and seek for the similarities among compositions which are considered a rebellious trend and style, but seem to have no similarities In general, through the body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986, the research has pointed out a close relationship between the lyrical subject and the world The lyrical subject uses his body to perceive the world through feeling and expressing his concerns about reality, the world and the humans, and at the same time expressing the values, sustainable humanitarian treatment, both expressing the desire to liberate oneself, and expressing feelings of doubt, alienation, and loss of faith in physical existence Removing more or fewer classical norms in the aesthetic conception of people, the body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986 is shown as the process of establishing new human values about humans of Vietnamese literature in its endless flow ... the soulless flesh, while the "thân thể" carries the full meaning of life and expression - In this paper, ? ?thân thể? ?? “miêu tả thân thể? ?? are also distinguished ? ?Thân thể “(body) including eyes, nose,... In the dissertation, the words ? ?thân thể? ??, “cơ thể? ??, ? ?thân xác” are used to convey the same meaning ‘body’ However, the term? ?thân thể? ?? is more favored because ? ?thân xác” (originally long used... and body issues in Vietnamese poetry sice 1986 Chapter 3: Some types of bodies in Vietnamese lyrical poetry after 1986 Chapter 4: Some principles of body construction in Vietnamese lyrical poetry