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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION - - NGUYEN TRUONG SON ECONOMY AND CULTURE LAM THAO DISTRICT (PHU THO PROVINCE) FROM THE END OF THE 19TH TO THE YEAR 1945 Major: Vietnamese History Code: 9.22.90.13 SCIENCE AND HISTORY DOCTORAL THESIS SUMMARY HA NOI-2024 The work is completed at: Faculty of Philology - Hanoi University of Education Science instructors: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyễn Canh Minh 1 Assoc Prof PhD Phan Ngoc Huyen 2 Opponent 1: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Minh Duc Opponent 2: Assoc Prof PhD Ha Thi Thu Thuy Opponent 3: Dr Tran Xuan tri The thesis will be defended at the University-level Thesis Evaluation Council held in Hanoi National University of Education at … hour … date … month… year… The thesis may be found at the library: National Library, Hanoi or Library of Hanoi National Univesity of Education PREAMBLE 1 Reasons for choosing topics Economy and culture are basic issues associated with the development process of a country and nation, and are also a measure of the level of civilization Economic and cultural differences at different stages of a human community in history often bear the mark of the times; reflects extremely diverse and rich characteristics Up to now, research on Vietnam's economy and society on the scale of a country, a locality, and a region in different periods has become a topic of interest to many domestic and foreign researchers The country is interested in learning There have been many works that have addressed this issue from different angles, formats, and reflections in a collection of works, a monograph, a treatise, or a thesis or dissertation At the end of the 19th century, the French colonial invasion of Vietnam was completed and Vietnam officially became a French colony until 1945 During the colonial period, the economy and culture had many changes due to Newly introduced elements appear However, depending on the characteristics of each region and each locality, that change may be somewhat different If in urban centers or large economic centers, the change is very clear and profound; But in rural, mountainous, and ancient areas, change is somewhat slower, and many traditional elements tend to be preserved quite intact Lam Thao district, Phu Tho province (under the French colonial period, it was called Son Vi district, later Lam Thao district) is an ancient land It can be said that this land has a rich history and is the most central and developed area of Phu Tho province from past to present Rarely is there an area that has both Prehistoric and Early Historical cultures, all of which are typical and important archaeological sites that represent the country such as: Son Vi Culture (belonging to the late Paleolithic period), Son Vi Culture (belonging to the late Paleolithic period), Phung Nguyen culture (belongs to the early brass period), Go Mun culture (belongs to the late brass period) ; This is also an area closely related to Dong Son Culture and the first primitive state center space named Van Lang during the Hung King period During the monarchy, this was also the most developed area in all aspects of ancient Phu Tho (including the Upper part of Son Tay district/town/province, the Lower part of Hung Hoa district/town) compared to other districts of the province Therefore, the villages in Lam Thao land are imbued with the history and culture of the Red River civilization with 1 many material and spiritual values and unique characteristics of ancient Vietnamese residents During the French colonial period, the land of Son Vi - Lam Thao was also affected by changes in the nation's history, set in the context of the colonial period, and the colonial exploitation of the French colonialists From research on the land of Lam Thao, we can find many unique features, economic and cultural characteristics of an ancient land in the northern midland and mountainous region So, what are those characteristics? Under the French colonial period, with the colonial policy of the French colonialists, how did the economy and culture of this land develop and change? Explaining the above issues will not only contribute to restoring the picture of the economic and cultural life of Lam Thao district in general, but also create a basis for identifying the unique features of an ancient land in the past during the French colonial period of Phu Tho province in particular and the northern midland region in general For the above reasons, the author chose the topic "Economy and culture of Lam Thao district (Phu Tho province) from the late 19th century to 1945" as the topic of his PhD thesis 2 Objectives and research missions 2.1 Target The thesis aims to clarify the development process; The transformation of the economy and culture of Lam Thao land, Phu Tho province during the period from the late 19th century to 1945 On that basis, the thesis aims to point out the economic and cultural characteristics of Lam Thao district during this period 2.2 Mission - An overview of the process of formation and changes in personality and natural and social factors affecting the development of Lam Thao district in the period from the late nineteenth century to the year 1945 - To restore and re-enact economic activities, cultural life and analyze the economic and cultural changes of Lam Thao district in the period from the late nineteenth century to the year 1945 - Comment and evaluate the economic characteristics and highlights of Lam Thao district and the typical and outstanding features as well as the trends of preservation and change in the cultural life of Lam Thao district in the late period 19th century to 1945 2 3 Object and scope of the study 3.1 Research subjects The thesis researches the economic and cultural situation of Lam Thao district from the late 19th century to 1945 3.2 Research scope Regarding time: the thesis focuses on researching the period from the end of the 19th century (1891) when the old Son Vi district was separated (corresponding to today's Lam Thao district) until 1945 About space: In fact, the old districts of Lam Thao district, Son Tay province (Son Vi, Thanh Ba, Phu Ninh) were separated into separate districts as early as 1891 when the new Hung Hoa province was established In 1919, the colonial government abandoned the name of Son Vi district and changed its name to Lam Thao district At that time, Lam Thao district only had communes and villages, equivalent to the old Son Vi district By decree No 63/SL dated November 22, 1945 of the Government on the organization, powers and working methods of the Administrative Committees at all levels, Lam Thao district was renamed Lam Thao district Therefore, in the period from after 1891 to 1945, the space of Lam Thao district corresponded to Son Vi district Within the framework of available resources, the thesis only focuses on the following communes: Do Nghia, Son Duong, Xuan Lung, Vinh Lai, Cao Xa (now Cao Mai, Son Vi, Cao Xa, Tu Xa communes) , Vinh Lai, Ban Nguyen, Kinh Ke, Hop Hai, Son Duong, Xuan Lung, Xuan Huy, Son Vi, Tien Kien, Thach Son) and some communes such as Hy Cuong, Ha Thach, Thuy Van, Thanh Dinh, Chu Hoa cut to Viet Tri City and Phu Tho Town from 1945 to present Regarding content: Because the collected sources of data are scattered and uneven between contents and periods, the topic mainly focuses on researching a number of areas of Lam Thao district from the late 19th century to 1945 like: Regarding the field of land, public land only refers to public land in the Cai Luong commune regulations of the 1930s - 1940s (including bidding fields, worship fields, and some other public lands), combined with Comparison of land in the Gia Long directory in 1805 The agricultural economic situation is mainly limited to presenting the situation of growing food crops, industrial crops, some other important crops (betel, areca nut, palm) and the situation of animal husbandry 3 Regarding the handicraft industry, the occupations of painters, weavers, and oil presses are mainly introduced Regarding material cultural life, we only focus on housing, food, clothing, and transportation Regarding cultural and spiritual life, we only mention beliefs (fertility, ancestor worship, worship of gods and people with meritorious services to the village), religion (Buddhism, Christianity) Architectural art only talks about some famous temples, communal houses, pagodas, mausoleums, and shrines with high artistic value Regarding customs, traditions and limited festivals, some customs are presented such as: smoking waterpipes, dyeing teeth black, eating betel and areca nuts, funerals, weddings along with village performances such as: wrestling and fighting festivals army, brush festival, basket praying festival, epidemic running festival, buffalo fighting festival, pig catching festival Folk arts only refer to stage arts (Vi singing, Quan Quan singing, Xoan singing, Bach Dan Chi Nghiep performances, puppet dancing, dragon and snake dancing) 4 Research Methodology and Methods The thesis uses the dialectic of historical materialism to study historical conditions, content, characteristics and impacts of economy and culture in Lam Thao district, Phu Tho province from the end of the century XIX to 1945 The thesis is done on the basis of using a combination of many typical research methods of historical specialties such as historical methods, logical methods, statistical methods, analysis, synthesis, comparison, projection of documents In which, two main methods are the historical method and the logical method Historical method: This is an important method to restore and recreate the picture of the economic and cultural situation of Lam Thao district from the end of the nineteenth century to the year 1945 Using historical methods helps to present the content of the topic according to chronological order Through this method, the economic and cultural situation of Lam Thao district is placed in the overall historical context, highlighting the content and impacts on the economic, cultural and social life of the district it helps to learn and evaluate an objective and accurate way Logical method: Logical method is a method that uses scientific arguments to examine, research, generalize, and explain historical events From there, evaluate, draw conclusions, point out the 4 nature, inevitable tendencies, and movement laws of history Therefore, on the basis of reconstructing the overall economic and cultural situation of Lam Thao district from the end of the nineteenth century to the year 1945, the author draws the characteristics, positive and negative impacts, and for economic and cultural life in the French colonial period in this land In addition, the thesis also uses other auxiliary methods such as: Statistical method: This method is to collect documents, process and refine evidence and important documents Thereby, it shows the current situations, changes and causes of changes in the agricultural, handicraft and commercial industries over the years or a defined period of time Methods of collecting and processing documents: In fact, the economic and cultural situation in Lam Thao district from the end of the nineteenth century to the year 1945 is recorded in many different historical sources For example, with the same content about the cultivated land, according to Mr Guariaud Guariaud, the French-Vietnamese education inspector in Phu Tho province wrote in 1932 and the book “Phu Tho province geography” by Pham Xuan Do (written in 1939) all talked about soil quality and plants to adapt to that soil in the area of Lam Thao district There is also a lot of information overlapping between the two documents above That requires the writer to compare, check the coincidence or differences in the sources to choose a evidence for the thesis The method of comparison and comparison: This is an important method that helps the author from a specific event to draw generalized points and evaluate a problem From there, we can assess the significance, changes and impacts on the economic and cultural situation of Lam Thao district from the end of the nineteenth century to the year 1945 Systematic approach: The villages in Lam Thao district as well as other Vietnamese villages include many elements that are always moving and changing, so to study the village, it must be put in a common link, considering it as a model movement and change in time Therefore, in order to clarify the problems of each factor that constitutes the village's close relationships, the thesis has used a systematic method, that is, studying each factor forming the linkage, from there the system identifies the close relationships, the interaction between the internal factors, draws the operating mechanism as well as the characteristics of each village Field and interview method: This is a very important method to supplement the missing or not documented in other documents Through the way of taking photos, recording, 5 filming, recording relics, festivals reality still exist today in the land of Lam Thao Interview with the old people who lived before 1945 in Lam Thao district, this is the source of the "late" material, describing authentically the economic and cultural life of this land at that time 5 Contribution of the thesis The thesis is a systematic, detailed study of the geographical boundaries and administrative units, natural conditions, population and social organization of villages and communes in an area equivalent to today's Lam Thao district These documents help learn and research local history of Lam Thao district from the late 19th century to 1945 The thesis is the first systematic and comprehensive study of the economy and culture following the historical process of Lam Thao district from the late 19th century to 1945 On that basis, the thesis highlights the Characteristics of the economic and cultural development of Lam Thao land from the late 19th century to 1945 The research results of the thesis will be a useful reference source for research and teaching of local history and culture, contributing to traditional education in high schools and some agencies , museums, cultural tourism in Lam Thao - Phu Tho as well as the local people where the author lives 6 The structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion and references, appendix, the content of the thesis is divided into 5 chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of research situation and research materials Chapter 2: Factors affecting the economy and culture of Lam Thao district (Phu Tho province) from the late 19th century to 1945 Chapter 3: The economy of Lam Thao district, Phu Tho province from the end of the nineteenth century to the year 1945 Chapter 4: Culture of Lam Thao district, Phu Tho province from the end of the nineteenth century to the year 1945 Chapter 5: Comments on the economy and culture of Lam Thao district (Phu Tho province) from the late 19th century to 1945 6 CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ANDRESOURCES OF RESEARCH THESIS 1.1 Overview of the research situation 1.1.1 The works indirectly related to the thesis * Foreign research projects: From the late nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, there were a number of works such as: La Commune Annamite au Tonkin (An Nam Village in Tonkin, 1894) by P.Ory; The book L’Economie Agricole de l’Indochine (Indochina Agricultural Economy, Hanoi, 1932) by Y.Henry; In particular, P.Gourou in the book Les paysans du Delta Tonkinois (Northern Delta Farmer, Paris, 1936) Since the August Revolution in 1945, with works such as: Samuel L Popkin: The Rational Peasant The Political Economy of Rural Society in Vietnam * The studies of the authors in the country Vietnamese customs (1915) of Phan Ke Binh The first book that studied Vietnamese villages from Macxit's point of view was The Problem of Plow People (1937) by Qua Ninh and Van Dinh (ie Pham Van Dong and Vo Nguyen Giap) Since the August Revolution in 1945, the issues of socio-economic issues in rural areas and Vietnamese villages have been noticed Some opening works of this period are: Vietnamese village (1959) by Nguyen Hong Phong, Vietnamese Village (1968) by Toan Anh Especially two books of Vietnam Rural in history compiled by the Institute of History [Volume I: 1977, Volume II: 1978] From 1986 up to now, there are many works such as: Learning about Vietnamese village (1990) edited by Diep Dinh Hoa about the structural integration aspects of the economy, culture, society of the villages, in that cited some specific villages; or Vietnam Village some socio-economic issues (1992) by Phan Dai Doan author, in-depth works on different aspects of Vietnamese village such as: Vietnam Traditional Cultural Village (2001) of Editor-in-chief, Vu Ngoc Khanh, especially work by Phan Dai Doan such as The work of Vietnamese Village is pluralistic and coherent (published 2006) Some research works on typical reformist conventions such as: “The management apparatus of Vietnamese villages in modern times the "main reformed house of the French colonial government" in "Farmers and Rural Vietnam in modern times", volume 1 of Duong Kinh Quoc (1990) The book "Covenants and village management" by Bui Xuan Dinh… 7 2.1.2 Personality change: Lam Thao is an ancient land, with archaeological relics: Son Vy, Phung Nguyen, Go Mun Hung Vuong period belonged to Van Lang capital From 179 BC to the X century, it belonged to Gia Ninh and Thua Hoa districts The Ly, Tran, and Late Le dynasties until 1891 belonged to Son Vy district, Son Tay town and Son Tay province In 1891, it belonged to Son Vy district, Lam Thao district, Hung Hoa province In 1903, it belonged to Phu Tho province In 1919, the name of Son Vy district was removed and it was renamed Lam Thao After the August Revolution in 1945, it became Lam Thao district, Phu Tho province 2.2 Natural condition Terrain and land: Lam Thao is in the apex area of the Red River triangle, the topography is hilly sloping from the Northwest to the Southeast from Hung Temple to Thao River, so it has both midland and nature plain substance Northwest direction: Topography is mainly low hills Climate, Rivers: Lam Thao climate is tropical, monsoon, hot and humid, with cold winters like the delta provinces The climate and seasonal rainfall are similar to those in the delta, with no sacred forests such as Thanh Son, Yen Lap, Phu Ninh and Chau Doan Hung Song Thao: flowing around the district like an ax Thao River, Da River and Lo River merge in Viet Tri, flowing down and down and is called Red River 2.2 Population and administrative and social organizations Population: In Lam Thao, only Vietnamese people live The population and population density in Lam Thao is much higher than that of Phu Tho province (150 to 500 people / km2 compared to 80 people / km2 of the province's average; and 5 to 17 times higher than that of other provinces) mountainous and midland districts in the Phu Tho province) Administrative and social organizations: The self-governing apparatus of the villages in Lam Thao is relatively tight and complete from top to bottom This self- governing apparatus is called the Council of Ages, comprising of the Sisters, the Chief Justice, the mandarins, the former chiefs, the commune chief, the old men aged 60 and over.The village translators include: Ly Truong, Deputy Ly, Weekly Session, Auditor.Social organizations include village, lane, border organization, lineages organization 2.3 French rule policy and impact on Lam Thao district Political policy: using divide and rule policy: On September 8, 1891, France established a new Hung Hoa province (predecessor of Phu Tho province), Son Vy district (former name 11 of Lam Thao district) merged to Hung Hoa province The provincial apparatus, in addition to French mandarins, also has Vietnamese mandarins At the top of the counties under the province are the Tri-prefectures and Tri-districts In French villages, major reforms were carried out To politically suppress the people, the French colonialists set up a court system in the provinces that differentiated between French and Vietnamese people France also strengthened its military and police apparatus Economic policy: French colonialists increased exploitation such as monopolizing the purchase of agricultural products: sumac and bamboo Land was appropriated by landlords, along with taxes, labor, floods making people's lives miserable Regarding transportation: France built a number of roads, railways, and waterways through Lam Thao district Dykes and irrigation: the French and local people built, protected, and repaired dikes and irrigation systems Culture, education, health policy: culture, especially Cai Luong Huong; In education, Confucian exams are gradually abolished and learning the national language is encouraged, but classes are small; There are a small number of medical facilities CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 2 The geographical position of Lam Thao district is the transition area from midland to plain, the topography is very diverse: there are low hills, alternating with "poisons" alternating to the plain and alluvial flats along rivers With residents in Lam Thao only Vietnamese living, large population and population density in the highest area of Phu Tho province, the villages have been settled for a long time Therefore, residents here have explored and have many production experiences passed down Moreover, this place belongs to the capital city of Van Lang of Hung Kings, so it has preserved the long-standing and distinct traditional culture, the original culture of the Vietnamese people Political, economic, transport, irrigation, cultural, educational, and medical policies of the French colonialists were aimed at dividing and conquering, striving to exploit and exploit for high profit economically and serves the colonial government People's lives were increasingly impoverished, national and social conflicts became more and more deep, causing the resistance wars and revolutionary movements to take place very excitedly to regain the right to independence and autonomy for the people in Lam Thao, as well as for the country Thus, with geographical locations, natural conditions, residential and social traffic, we show 12 an overview in Lam Thao district of Lam Thao district, Phu Tho province before 1945 Since then, there are premise and conditions to preserve, shape and develop the district's economy and culture from the late nineteenth century to before 1945 CHAPTER 3 THE ECONOMIC OF LAM THAO DISTRICT OF PHU THO PROVINCE FROM THE LATE 19TH CENTURYTO 1945 3.1 The land situation from the late nineteenth century to before 1945 * Private fields: In addition to communal public land, which accounts for a very low rate in the villages of Lam Thao, the rest is part of private land, which accounts for a very large proportion In Vietnam, since the 11th century, private land gradually developed and existed in parallel with communal public land * Public land fields * Bidding fields: The fields are auctioned off for the growers to get their profits and pay part of the output to the village work The field is usually divided between the yearly bidding items alternately The number of fields auctioned was uneven among the villages Villages with abundant cultivated land often have a large amount of public land divided at auction such as Son Duong village (26 acres), Van Diem (16 acres), Cam Thanh (29 acres) There is a special village like Son Luu with only 19 acres of land, which is also public fields or Phu Lam Thao Street has no fields so there is no public field Remaining public field villages from a few acres to a few samples auctioned for the people or plowed alternately plowed over time * A field of worship: This field is usually reserved for those who take care of or serve a communal house, a temple, a pagoda for worship purposes This part of public land is mainly reserved for the treasurer to look after the communal house and temple In the temples, in the villages where there are monks, they are divided among monks to cultivate, if not, the celebrant, the monk or the people cultivate The product obtained is only for the spiritual work of the village * Some other public land: Divided to some other members to give the professional a job of the village like in Quynh Lam village divided “1 piece of yard for the trumpet worker” Or served for the village's flavor: “1 the military zone grants moisture from old to young ”divided by the armor * Abandoned public land fields: Not much cultivation is possible, these fields are not 13 granted by the military, especially in some villages of the northern hilly and mound areas and the village with the Thao river sand alluvium in the south of Lam Thao district Thus, the land situation in Lam Thao at the end of the nineteenth century to before 1945 was still dominant, with private cultivated land occupied the vast majority, public land still accounted for a very small proportion in the land structure of the villages 3.2 Agricultural situation 3.2.1 Crop * Food crops Rice: in Lam Thao district as well as other lands, rice is always given top priority with two types of sticky rice and non-glutinous rice with different uses Field land is divided into wet rice and seasonal rice, in which seasonal rice accounts for the majority of good crop yields Flowers: maize, cassava, sweet potato Maize is a staple food crop grown in Lam Thao district, especially in the alluvial grounds along the river Lam Thao is also a large maize growing area in Phu Tho province, so impacts of the market as well as in Phu Tho province, especially market prices, directly affect the area and yield of maize here Cassava is a very important food crop and is familiar to the people of Lam Thao district from past to present In Lam Thao district, cassava land is grown in rotation with sugarcane, improving the soil and achieving the highest farming efficiency Sweet potatoes are grown in rotation with rice In short, due to the tropical monsoon climate, the topographical diversity of Lam Thao district: from low hilly mounds, "stubs" in the ravine, to the fertile plains as well as large alluvial flats along the Thao River, as well as the most concentrated population in Phu Tho province, has created conditions for agricultural and food crops to develop in this land * Industrial plants Lam Thao district has low hills and plains, alluvial riverside soil, as well as the population in the most densely populated area in Phu Tho province, so the need to facilitate the planting of industrial crops for daily life such as food, processing, construction, handicrafts while increasing crops and adding income for people Even some industrial crops are the main income after rice for families in many villages in the district's large industrial crops Industrial crops of special kind such as gardenia are grown and traded not only in the province and outside the province, but also are the main source of trade with 14 foreigners such as China and Japan before 1945 Some Main industrial crops in Lam Thao district such as: Sugarcane, peanuts, mulberry trees, legumes (beans), gardenia * Other crops: betel, areca, palm tree In summary, cultivation in Lam Thao is of both midland and delta nature, and there is a clear distinction between the cultivated lands corresponding to the types of trees In the hilly area north of the district, it is suitable for growing perennial industrial crops such as paint and palm, rice is grown in low-lying and muddy ravines With low mounds and riverside beaches suitable for growing food crops, short-term industrial crops In the lowlands, food crops and short-term industrial crops are grown, as well as vegetables and crops intercropped Lam Thao land does not have large plantations, so production is still fragmented, the main household is 3.2.2 Breed Breeding cattle: Raising cattle is popular in villages in Lam Thao district, mainly for pulling power and fertilizer for agriculture, making use of abandoned grasslands for breeding - Raising pigs, chickens and ducks: Quite developed, providing enough for local living and products exported to other provinces However, it is still heavily self-sufficient, self-sufficient in breeding, that is to make use of residue bran, by-products from gardens and fields - There are also a number of other husbandry jobs such as beekeeping, silkworm raising, fishing and fish farming In short, due to the favorable topographical conditions of Lam Thao district: from low hilly mounds, "stubs" in the ravine, to the fertile plains as well as large alluvial flats along the Thao River so there is also a variety of animal husbandry here such as cattle, poultry, beekeeping, silkworm cocoons, fishing and fish farming Lam Thao district has more fertile land than many other districts in Phu Tho province, so the agriculture here is also more developed 3.3 Handicraft At the end of the nineteenth century, the local handicrafts were very fragmented, the value was not much and they were only sub-sectors In the early twentieth century, Lam Thao had many famous handicraft production villages in the region Paint worker: Most of the painters in Lam Thao are those who grow paint, sell paint and are also painters They are in daily contact with paint, so they know how to proportion and 15 apply paint to be the most beautiful and durable Oil press: Trau oil pressing profession is very focused in Lam Thao, because it is an indispensable by-product for the preparation of paint Xuan Lung commune is one of the four largest oil press facilities in Phu Tho province Silk spinning, weaving: Silk spinning mainly sells raw materials The most famous weaving is Guap fabric (Tu Xa commune), which is widely used by the people In short, traditional handicrafts developed in many villages have existed for a long time With some villages in Lam Thao specializing in some products, and sold in regional markets, most of them are still self-sufficient in households 3.4 Commercial Lam Thao district is a place with very convenient traffic conditions, including roads, waterways and railways In addition, agriculture and handicrafts develop depending on the advantages of land, cultivation and husbandry as well as handicrafts in each village in Lam Thao district, along with diversified roads, so businesses here also have development conditions from the end of the nineteenth century to before 1945 In addition to the inner- village and district markets, there were also markets for trade with outside the province and with foreign countries CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 3 Thus, the land situation in Lam Thao at the end of the nineteenth century to before 1945 was still the majority private land, this land was in the hands of several landlords in each village Farmers with little or no land have to work as hired labor or tenant for landlords Public land division specifically for village work, spending, and external relations Fields are often divided among those who worship and directly govern communal houses, pagodas, shrines, temples Due to favorable natural conditions, diverse types of land, population, society, Therefore, the agricultural economy in Lam Thao can be diversified in terms of plants and animals Handicrafts are still small, mainly serving consumption needs in the district, there are some famous occupations such as trapping oil, carpentry, weaving, making black incense creating extra income during leisure time Especially the painting profession, these are the people who grow paint, trade paint and mix paint as well as paint painters, this is a particular feature of Lam Thao district which is different from some other districts of Phu Tho province and country CHAPTER 4 CULTURE OF LAM SPORTS DISTRICT OF PHU THO 16 PROVINCEFROM THE END OF THE 19THCENTURY TO 1945 4.1 Material culture House The land of Lam Thao has no ethnic minorities, so the housing is plain in nature Bamboo for house construction is bamboo, bamboo, budwood often soaked before making, usually wood is oval Poor walls are often covered with earth, better off than covering with bamboo and wood, and roofs with palm leaves The rich have a type of wooden house "roofed with tile", usually jackfruit wood, ironwood and can be built into two houses, the upper house and the lower house (horizontal house) are joined together to form a worker ruler Like a bamboo house, a bungalow can make one room with two wings, three rooms with two wings or five rooms Eat and drink, dress and transportation The meal structure is still rice, unlike many other districts in Phu Tho province, people in Lam Thao grow rice in the large plain in the south of the district, and the "stubs" between the hills Rice has non-glutinous rice to eat daily meals, make tai cakes, rice cakes; Sticky rice is mentioned in Fragrance wishes for all villages to make sticky rice, make banh chung, thick cake on Tet holidays, worship, village work Eat and drink - dress - stay is one of the three survival needs of human beings Since Lam Thao has no ethnic minorities, like other residents in the Red River Delta in terms of dress and dress for both men and women, the colors are usually brown and black, suitable for farm work and look cleaner There is also a custom of dyeing black teeth with ant wings that both protect teeth and beautify 4.2 Spiritual cultural life Beliefs Traditional beliefs: The beliefs that worship the real life, the stylistic practice of performing the act of sexuality How to howling The procession of "Mr Khiu Ms Khiu", Thanh Dinh commune The procession of "King Ong King Ba" is at Phung Nguyen Ancestor worshiping beliefs Faith of worshiping gods, people with meritorious services Worship of the water god Long Uyen, Ha Thach commune Worshiping "god of si tree" in Son Vy commune Buddhism: Buddhism flourished in Lam Thao from the Ly and Tran dynasties until later Buddhism is chosen by many Lam Thao people to follow their spiritual orientation in 17