Tóm tắt: Kinh tế, văn hóa huyện Lâm Thao (tỉnh Phú Thọ) từ cuối thế kỷ XIX đến năm 1945

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

- -NGUYEN TRUONG SON

ECONOMY AND CULTURE LAM THAO DISTRICT (PHU THO PROVINCE) FROM THE END OF THE 19TH TO

HA NOI-2024

The work is completed at: Faculty of Philology - Hanoi University of

Education

Science instructors:

Opponent 1: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Minh Duc

Opponent 2: Assoc Prof PhD Ha Thi Thu Thuy

Opponent 3: Dr Tran Xuan tri

The thesis will be defended at the University-level Thesis Evaluation

Council held in Hanoi National University of Education at … hour … date …

month… year…

The thesis may be found at the library: National Library, Hanoi

or Library of Hanoi National Univesity of Education

PREAMBLE

1 Reasons for choosing topics

Economy and culture are basic issues associated with the development process of acountry and nation, and are also a measure of the level of civilization Economic andcultural differences at different stages of a human community in history often bear the mark

of the times; reflects extremely diverse and rich characteristics

Up to now, research on Vietnam's economy and society on the scale of a country, alocality, and a region in different periods has become a topic of interest to many domesticand foreign researchers The country is interested in learning There have been many worksthat have addressed this issue from different angles, formats, and reflections in a collection

of works, a monograph, a treatise, or a thesis or dissertation

At the end of the 19th century, the French colonial invasion of Vietnam wascompleted and Vietnam officially became a French colony until 1945 During the colonialperiod, the economy and culture had many changes due to Newly introduced elementsappear However, depending on the characteristics of each region and each locality, thatchange may be somewhat different If in urban centers or large economic centers, thechange is very clear and profound; But in rural, mountainous, and ancient areas, change issomewhat slower, and many traditional elements tend to be preserved quite intact

Lam Thao district, Phu Tho province (under the French colonial period, it was calledSon Vi district, later Lam Thao district) is an ancient land It can be said that this land has arich history and is the most central and developed area of Phu Tho province from past topresent Rarely is there an area that has both Prehistoric and Early Historical cultures, all ofwhich are typical and important archaeological sites that represent the country such as: Son

Vi Culture (belonging to the late Paleolithic period), Son Vi Culture (belonging to the latePaleolithic period), Phung Nguyen culture (belongs to the early brass period), Go Munculture (belongs to the late brass period) ; This is also an area closely related to Dong SonCulture and the first primitive state center space named Van Lang during the Hung Kingperiod During the monarchy, this was also the most developed area in all aspects of ancientPhu Tho (including the Upper part of Son Tay district/town/province, the Lower part ofHung Hoa district/town) compared to other districts of the province Therefore, the villages

in Lam Thao land are imbued with the history and culture of the Red River civilization with

many material and spiritual values and unique characteristics of ancient Vietnameseresidents During the French colonial period, the land of Son Vi - Lam Thao was alsoaffected by changes in the nation's history, set in the context of the colonial period, and thecolonial exploitation of the French colonialists.

From research on the land of Lam Thao, we can find many unique features, economicand cultural characteristics of an ancient land in the northern midland and mountainousregion So, what are those characteristics? Under the French colonial period, with thecolonial policy of the French colonialists, how did the economy and culture of this landdevelop and change?

Explaining the above issues will not only contribute to restoring the picture of theeconomic and cultural life of Lam Thao district in general, but also create a basis foridentifying the unique features of an ancient land in the past during the French colonialperiod of Phu Tho province in particular and the northern midland region in general

For the above reasons, the author chose the topic "Economy and culture of Lam Thaodistrict (Phu Tho province) from the late 19th century to 1945" as the topic of his PhDthesis

2 Objectives and research missions

2.1 Target

The thesis aims to clarify the development process; The transformation of the economyand culture of Lam Thao land, Phu Tho province during the period from the late 19thcentury to 1945 On that basis, the thesis aims to point out the economic and culturalcharacteristics of Lam Thao district during this period

2.2 Mission

- An overview of the process of formation and changes in personality and natural andsocial factors affecting the development of Lam Thao district in the period from the latenineteenth century to the year 1945

- To restore and re-enact economic activities, cultural life and analyze the economic andcultural changes of Lam Thao district in the period from the late nineteenth century to theyear 1945

- Comment and evaluate the economic characteristics and highlights of Lam Thaodistrict and the typical and outstanding features as well as the trends of preservation andchange in the cultural life of Lam Thao district in the late period 19th century to 1945

3 Object and scope of the study

About space:

In fact, the old districts of Lam Thao district, Son Tay province (Son Vi, Thanh Ba, PhuNinh) were separated into separate districts as early as 1891 when the new Hung Hoaprovince was established In 1919, the colonial government abandoned the name of Son Vidistrict and changed its name to Lam Thao district At that time, Lam Thao district only hadcommunes and villages, equivalent to the old Son Vi district By decree No 63/SL datedNovember 22, 1945 of the Government on the organization, powers and working methods

of the Administrative Committees at all levels, Lam Thao district was renamed Lam Thaodistrict Therefore, in the period from after 1891 to 1945, the space of Lam Thao districtcorresponded to Son Vi district

Within the framework of available resources, the thesis only focuses on the followingcommunes: Do Nghia, Son Duong, Xuan Lung, Vinh Lai, Cao Xa (now Cao Mai, Son Vi,Cao Xa, Tu Xa communes) , Vinh Lai, Ban Nguyen, Kinh Ke, Hop Hai, Son Duong, XuanLung, Xuan Huy, Son Vi, Tien Kien, Thach Son) and some communes such as Hy Cuong,

Ha Thach, Thuy Van, Thanh Dinh, Chu Hoa cut to Viet Tri City and Phu Tho Town from

1945 to present

Regarding content: Because the collected sources of data are scattered and unevenbetween contents and periods, the topic mainly focuses on researching a number of areas ofLam Thao district from the late 19th century to 1945 like:

Regarding the field of land, public land only refers to public land in the Cai Luongcommune regulations of the 1930s - 1940s (including bidding fields, worship fields, and someother public lands), combined with Comparison of land in the Gia Long directory in 1805.The agricultural economic situation is mainly limited to presenting the situation ofgrowing food crops, industrial crops, some other important crops (betel, areca nut, palm)and the situation of animal husbandry

Regarding the handicraft industry, the occupations of painters, weavers, and oil pressesare mainly introduced.

Regarding material cultural life, we only focus on housing, food, clothing, andtransportation Regarding cultural and spiritual life, we only mention beliefs (fertility,ancestor worship, worship of gods and people with meritorious services to the village),religion (Buddhism, Christianity) Architectural art only talks about some famous temples,communal houses, pagodas, mausoleums, and shrines with high artistic value

Regarding customs, traditions and limited festivals, some customs are presented such as:smoking waterpipes, dyeing teeth black, eating betel and areca nuts, funerals, weddingsalong with village performances such as: wrestling and fighting festivals army, brushfestival, basket praying festival, epidemic running festival, buffalo fighting festival, pigcatching festival Folk arts only refer to stage arts (Vi singing, Quan Quan singing, Xoansinging, Bach Dan Chi Nghiep performances, puppet dancing, dragon and snake dancing)

4 Research Methodology and Methods

The thesis uses the dialectic of historical materialism to study historical conditions,content, characteristics and impacts of economy and culture in Lam Thao district, Phu Thoprovince from the end of the century XIX to 1945

The thesis is done on the basis of using a combination of many typical research methods

of historical specialties such as historical methods, logical methods, statistical methods,analysis, synthesis, comparison, projection of documents In which, two main methods arethe historical method and the logical method

Logical method:

Logical method is a method that uses scientific arguments to examine, research,generalize, and explain historical events From there, evaluate, draw conclusions, point out the

nature, inevitable tendencies, and movement laws of history Therefore, on the basis ofreconstructing the overall economic and cultural situation of Lam Thao district from the end

of the nineteenth century to the year 1945, the author draws the characteristics, positive andnegative impacts, and for economic and cultural life in the French colonial period in this land

In addition, the thesis also uses other auxiliary methods such as:

Statistical method: This method is to collect documents, process and refine evidence and

important documents Thereby, it shows the current situations, changes and causes ofchanges in the agricultural, handicraft and commercial industries over the years or a definedperiod of time

Methods of collecting and processing documents: In fact, the economic and cultural

situation in Lam Thao district from the end of the nineteenth century to the year 1945 isrecorded in many different historical sources For example, with the same content about thecultivated land, according to Mr Guariaud Guariaud, the French-Vietnamese educationinspector in Phu Tho province wrote in 1932 and the book “Phu Tho province geography”

by Pham Xuan Do (written in 1939) all talked about soil quality and plants to adapt to thatsoil in the area of Lam Thao district There is also a lot of information overlapping betweenthe two documents above That requires the writer to compare, check the coincidence ordifferences in the sources to choose a evidence for the thesis

The method of comparison and comparison: This is an important method that helps the

author from a specific event to draw generalized points and evaluate a problem From there,

we can assess the significance, changes and impacts on the economic and cultural situation

of Lam Thao district from the end of the nineteenth century to the year 1945

Systematic approach: The villages in Lam Thao district as well as other Vietnamese

villages include many elements that are always moving and changing, so to study thevillage, it must be put in a common link, considering it as a model movement and change intime Therefore, in order to clarify the problems of each factor that constitutes the village'sclose relationships, the thesis has used a systematic method, that is, studying each factorforming the linkage, from there the system identifies the close relationships, the interactionbetween the internal factors, draws the operating mechanism as well as the characteristics ofeach village

Field and interview method: This is a very important method to supplement the missing

or not documented in other documents Through the way of taking photos, recording,

filming, recording relics, festivals reality still exist today in the land of Lam Thao.Interview with the old people who lived before 1945 in Lam Thao district, this is the source

of the "late" material, describing authentically the economic and cultural life of this land atthat time

5 Contribution of the thesis

The thesis is a systematic, detailed study of the geographical boundaries and administrativeunits, natural conditions, population and social organization of villages and communes in anarea equivalent to today's Lam Thao district These documents help learn and research localhistory of Lam Thao district from the late 19th century to 1945

The thesis is the first systematic and comprehensive study of the economy and culturefollowing the historical process of Lam Thao district from the late 19th century to 1945 On thatbasis, the thesis highlights the Characteristics of the economic and cultural development of LamThao land from the late 19th century to 1945

The research results of the thesis will be a useful reference source for research andteaching of local history and culture, contributing to traditional education in high schoolsand some agencies , museums, cultural tourism in Lam Thao - Phu Tho as well as the localpeople where the author lives

6 The structure of the thesis

In addition to the introduction, conclusion and references, appendix, the content of thethesis is divided into 5 chapters:

Chapter 1: Overview of research situation and research materials

Chapter 2: Factors affecting the economy and culture of Lam Thao district (Phu Thoprovince) from the late 19th century to 1945

Chapter 3: The economy of Lam Thao district, Phu Tho province from the end of thenineteenth century to the year 1945

Chapter 4: Culture of Lam Thao district, Phu Tho province from the end of thenineteenth century to the year 1945

Chapter 5: Comments on the economy and culture of Lam Thao district (Phu Thoprovince) from the late 19th century to 1945

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ANDRESOURCES

OF RESEARCH THESIS 1.1 Overview of the research situation

1.1.1 The works indirectly related to the thesis.

* Foreign research projects:

From the late nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, there were anumber of works such as: La Commune Annamite au Tonkin (An Nam Village in Tonkin,1894) by P.Ory; The book L’Economie Agricole de l’Indochine (Indochina AgriculturalEconomy, Hanoi, 1932) by Y.Henry; In particular, P.Gourou in the book Les paysans duDelta Tonkinois (Northern Delta Farmer, Paris, 1936) Since the August Revolution in 1945,with works such as: Samuel L Popkin: The Rational Peasant The Political Economy ofRural Society in Vietnam

* The studies of the authors in the country.

Vietnamese customs (1915) of Phan Ke Binh The first book that studied Vietnamesevillages from Macxit's point of view was The Problem of Plow People (1937) by Qua Ninhand Van Dinh (ie Pham Van Dong and Vo Nguyen Giap) Since the August Revolution in

1945, the issues of socio-economic issues in rural areas and Vietnamese villages have beennoticed Some opening works of this period are: Vietnamese village (1959) by NguyenHong Phong, Vietnamese Village (1968) by Toan Anh Especially two books of VietnamRural in history compiled by the Institute of History [Volume I: 1977, Volume II: 1978].From 1986 up to now, there are many works such as: Learning about Vietnamese village(1990) edited by Diep Dinh Hoa about the structural integration aspects of the economy,culture, society of the villages, in that cited some specific villages; or Vietnam Villagesome socio-economic issues (1992) by Phan Dai Doan author, in-depth works on differentaspects of Vietnamese village such as: Vietnam Traditional Cultural Village (2001) ofEditor-in-chief, Vu Ngoc Khanh, especially work by Phan Dai Doan such as The work ofVietnamese Village is pluralistic and coherent (published 2006) Some research works ontypical reformist conventions such as: “The management apparatus of Vietnamese villages

in modern times the "main reformed house of the French colonial government" in "Farmersand Rural Vietnam in modern times", volume 1 of Duong Kinh Quoc (1990) The book

"Covenants and village management" by Bui Xuan Dinh…

1.1.2 Works directly related to the content of the thesis.

* The research works on Hung Hoa, Phu Tho provinces

At the end of the nineteenth century, there was "Notice sur la province de Hung Hoa"(Geography of Hung Hoa province) Some works by Ngo Vi Lien such as: "Nomenclaturedes communes du Tonkin: Classées par cantons, district, ou Chau ”(Nomenclature ofNorthern Cities: Classified by Total, Government, District, or Chau) published in 1928 In

1999, translated and published into book:“ Names of villages and geography of Bac Kyprovinces: Tuyen Collection of geographic works in Vietnam / Ngo Vi Lien The book "PhuTho province chi" (published April 1939) by Pham Xuan Do, Author Vu Kim Bien withworks such as village culture of Hung Vuong ancestor land (Unesco Center information -calendar documents history and culture in April 1999); The tradition of keeping the country

of the people of the ancestral land; History of Binh Phu province (1981) Geography of theancestor land of the author Ngo Quang Nam and Xuan Thiem (1986),…

* The works directly written about the land of Lam Thao

The book "The Archaeological Site of Phung Nguyen" by Hoang Xuan Chinh and NguyenNgoc Bich, published in 1978; The History of the Party Committee of Lam Thao Districtcompiled by the People's Committee of Lam Thao District in 2002; Master thesis "PhungNguyen Village (Kinh Ke - Lam Thao - Phu Tho) from the nineteenth century to 2010" byNguyen Truong Son was protected guard at Hanoi University of Education in 2012

1.1.3 Sources of materials for researching the topic:

Issues that have been researched:

Traditional Vietnamese village has been and is attracting many scientists interested inresearch The study of traditional Vietnamese villages has been carried out in many differentdirections: Vietnamese village in each region: the Northern Delta, Central Coast, and South;agricultural villages, craft villages, trade villages; village formation and development,economy and culture of the village; village heritages with strengths and weaknesses in thehistory of building and defending the country, etc Specific studies on villages were alsocarried out, enriching the picture of Vietnamese village's appearance (Duc Tu, Da Nguu,Hien Luong, ) A large number of works on traditional Vietnamese villages have beenpublished This is convenient for the author in the process of researching the topic

Villages in Lam Thao district are written through statistics, small studies mainly onarcheology, communal monuments, temples, pagodas, festivals The documents the author

found have not been synthesized successfully studied the monograph project in the district.Therefore, from the official documents, local documents, indigenous peoples, the gods, the gods,customs, conventions are stored in libraries, research institutes, archives about villagesbelonging to districts of Lam Thao district is the basis for the author to complete the thesis.

Issues that need further research: For the case of Lam Thao district from the end of the

nineteenth century to the year 1945, through documentary contact, the author found that:Lam Thao district consists of ancient riverside villages, mixed with low hills, with apeak of 3 mountains in Hy Cuong, gradually sloping hills and then to the plain south of thedistrict This is the region of origin of the Vietnamese people with 3 relics representing 3Vietnamese cultures, namely Son Vi culture (Son Vi commune), Phung Nguyen culture(Kinh Ke commune) and Go Mun culture ( Tu Xa commune), especially the historical relic

of Hung Temple (Hy Cuong commune) So this is a place that attracts researchers,especially archeology interested in learning Over thousands of years of exploring, buildingand fighting to protect villages, people in Lam Thao land are always aware of theresponsibility to protect the village institution, local culture and customs

In research works on Lam Thao, the authors have focused on researching archaeologicalsites, unique festivals, or general research projects in Son Tay and Hung Hoa provinces.Currently, there is no specific research work on the structure, economic and cultural changes

of villages in Lam Thao district from the time of founding the country to the present,especially the period from the late 19th century to 1945 However, the research materials ofprevious authors have left behind many rich and highly valuable sources while solvingmany problems of the thesis

Even the author's own Master's thesis is a work that has initially systematicallyresearched Phung Nguyen village and Son Duong canton (7 communes) However, thethesis still has some limitations, which is that it does not thoroughly cover the economic andcultural situation from the late 19th century to 1945, but only pieces together originaldocuments found on geographical records, legends, and spirit , village regulations anddocuments on archeology, the elderly, as well as only comparing part of Gia Long 1805directory of Son Duong canton and stating some events related to the history of part of LamThao district To comprehensively understand the process of formation, development andtransformation of Lam Thao district from the late 19th century to 1945, systematic,thorough and thorough research is needed

Thus, in the case of Lam Thao district from the late 19th century to 1945, the newresearch stopped at a few descriptive issues about the economy and culture in somecommunes of Lam Thao district, Phu Tho province this paragraph Through this thesis, theauthor hopes that with materials referenced from different sources, he will continue tosupplement the study of villages, not only in description but also in-depth assessment ofcharacteristics as well as economic and cultural conservation value in Lam Thao district inthe thesis.

1.2 Sources of research materials for the topic

Main sources of historical and geographic documents, local journalism Data sources toarchive economic reports, minorities in Phu Tho province during the French colonial period;Source materials, customs, convention Resources of divine, divinity, inscription,civilization Field resources Resources for direct interviews with the elderly

of information and special economic data

However, because the sources are still scattered and not thorough and complete, theauthor also used local fieldwork sources and interviewed a number of elderly people wholived before 1945 in the Lam area Thao

CHAPTER 2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ECONOMY AND CULTURE OF LAM THAO DISTRICT (PHU THO PROVINCE) SINCE THE LATE 19TH CENTURY

UNTIL 1945.

2.1 Geographic location, personality changes, natural conditions

Geographical location: According to the map in the book "Geography of Bac Ky

Provinces" by Ngo Vi Lien in 1930, in the section of Phu Tho province, Lam Thao in theNorth borders Phu Ninh district and Phu Tho province, the East bordering Hac district Triand Son Tay province (far from Thao river), the west and the south are bordered by TamNong district, separated by Thao river

2.1.2 Personality change: Lam Thao is an ancient land, with archaeological relics:

Son Vy, Phung Nguyen, Go Mun Hung Vuong period belonged to Van Lang capital From

179 BC to the X century, it belonged to Gia Ninh and Thua Hoa districts The Ly, Tran, andLate Le dynasties until 1891 belonged to Son Vy district, Son Tay town and Son Tayprovince In 1891, it belonged to Son Vy district, Lam Thao district, Hung Hoa province In

1903, it belonged to Phu Tho province In 1919, the name of Son Vy district was removedand it was renamed Lam Thao After the August Revolution in 1945, it became Lam Thaodistrict, Phu Tho province

2.2 Natural condition

Terrain and land: Lam Thao is in the apex area of the Red River triangle, the

topography is hilly sloping from the Northwest to the Southeast from Hung Temple to ThaoRiver, so it has both midland and nature plain substance Northwest direction: Topography

is mainly low hills

Climate, Rivers: Lam Thao climate is tropical, monsoon, hot and humid, with cold

winters like the delta provinces The climate and seasonal rainfall are similar to those in thedelta, with no sacred forests such as Thanh Son, Yen Lap, Phu Ninh and Chau Doan Hung.Song Thao: flowing around the district like an ax Thao River, Da River and Lo Rivermerge in Viet Tri, flowing down and down and is called Red River

2.2 Population and administrative and social organizations

Population: In Lam Thao, only Vietnamese people live The population and population

density in Lam Thao is much higher than that of Phu Tho province (150 to 500 people / km2compared to 80 people / km2 of the province's average; and 5 to 17 times higher than that of otherprovinces) mountainous and midland districts in the Phu Tho province)

Administrative and social organizations: The self-governing apparatus of the

villages in Lam Thao is relatively tight and complete from top to bottom This governing apparatus is called the Council of Ages, comprising of the Sisters, the ChiefJustice, the mandarins, the former chiefs, the commune chief, the old men aged 60 andover.The village translators include: Ly Truong, Deputy Ly, Weekly Session, Auditor.Socialorganizations include village, lane, border organization, lineages organization

self-2.3 French rule policy and impact on Lam Thao district

Political policy: using divide and rule policy: On September 8, 1891, France established

a new Hung Hoa province (predecessor of Phu Tho province), Son Vy district (former name