Giáo trình sinh học đại cương phần động vật ths nguyễn mỹ nhung

BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO TRUONG DAI HOC DAN LAP Ctfu LONG NguySn My Nhung Giao Trinh SINH HOC DAI CUONG • • Phan Dong Vat Lilu hanh noi bo nfSiGDAiHQC LAP • ’ 10^ Vinh Long - 2009 l I LCfl DE TVA Trtrcfng Dai hoc Dan lap Cufu Long muon khang dinh la trung tam dao tao nguon nhan life co trinh cao cho khu vife dong bang song Cdu Long de phuc vu cho cong cuoc cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat niidc thi phai nang cao chat lutfng dao tao toan dien Mot nhffng yeu to' yeu la doi ngu thay co, he thong cac giao trinh va trang thiet bi day hoc Cung vdi cac nganh cac cap toan quoc dang day nhanh tien xay dilng va cung co vi the xu the hoi nhap, trirdng Dai hoc Dan lap Cdu Long dan thng bifdc hoan thien de daong dau vdi nhu'ng thach thtfc do, gop phan difa nen giao due dai hoc Viet Nam ddng vQng, ngang tam khu vife va the gidi Ke hoach xay diTng ve mot Bo giao trinh sd dung cho cac giang vien lam tai lieu co ban de giang day, cho sinh vien nghien cdu tham khao hoc tap la nhu cau cap bdch cua nha trOo'ng An pham la giao trinh Sinh Hoc Dai Coong - Phan Dong Vat cua Khoa Khoa Hoc Co Ban, Trirbng Dai hoc Dan lap Cdu Long, ThS Nguyen My Nhung bien soan Lanh dao triTdng Dai hoc Dan lap Cufu Long tran nhtfng cong hien, dong gop cua Quy thay cd mdi giang cung nhiT cac thay co can bo - giang vien co hull cua nha trOd'ng Hy vong r&ng, mot khong xa TnT&ng Dai hoc Dan lap Ci^u Long se cd day du mot Bo giao trinh hoan chinh dung nha trifcfng Tran gidi thieu giao trinh den Quy thay cd va cac em sinh vien trifdng Dai hoc Dan lap Cdu Long Vmh Long, thang 09 nam 2009 Q HIEU TRLfdNG ThS Nguyen Cao Dat Chitong TO CIIL'C CUA CO THE DONG VAT BAG CAO • • • I CAU TAO CHUNG CUA CO THE THICK NGHI VCil MOI TRLfdNG SONG Cd the la mo to chute rat chat che, cac bo phan phoi hop vcri mot each tinh vi, boat dong mot each thong nhat Sif boat dong bat ky cua mot cd quan nao cua bat ky mot bo phan nao cua cd the bat ky thbi gian nao deu tddng dng vcri toan bo boat dong cua mot cd the hoan chinh Nguyen tac giup ta giai thfch mot each bien chiing moi quan he giufa cue bo va toan the Trong there te mbi boat dong cua cd the diTcri sit lanh dao thong nhat cua he than kinh deu tong hdp mot cd the hoan chinh Trong qua trinh song cd the khong ngtrng tac dong qua lai mot each phute tap vdi hoan canh chung quanh, tac dong qua lai bieu hien d qud trinh trao doi chat Cho nen sd tac dong qua lai gitfa cd the va ngoai canh lb dac tinh cd ban cua moi cd the, hdn ntfa cd the muon sinh ton va phat trien thirdng yeu cau mot ngoai canh nhat dinh, neu ngoai canh thay doi thi sd boat dong sinh ly phat sinh thay doi mot each tddng dng II CAC C0 QUAN TRONG CO THE Cd the dong vat ddde chia lam nhieu he cd quan Mbi he cd quan co mot chtfc phan rieng, duttc tom tat nhif sau: 1- He than kinh: he thong kiem soat viec dieu phoi chdc nang 2- Giac quan: dam nhan vai trb cam thu xa va cam thu gan 3- He tieu hoa: xd ly vh hap thu chat dinh dddng 4- He tuan hoan: la he tho'ng chuyen chor ben cua dong vat 5- He bai tiet: phong thich cac chat thai la ket qua cua qua trinh trao ddi chat, dieu hoa cac phan hoa hoc cua dich cd the 6- He noi tiet: cac tuyen va hormone cua chung co vai tro viec kiem sodt noi moi 7- He ho hap: co vai tro trao doi khi, thu nhan oxi, thai cacbonic 8- He mau va the dich: co nhiem vu nuoi va bao ve ccf the 9- He sinh due: co vai tro viec san sinh cac ca the mefi III CAC LOAI MO Mo la mot nhom te bao co cung cau true va chdc nang Co loai mo chfnh: 1) Bieu mo: Phu mat ngoai cd the, mat cac cd quan cd the hoac tao cac tuyen Bieu mo co nguon goc rat khac nhau, co the tit noi phoi bi, ngoai phoi bi hoac trung phoi bi Chung ditoc lien ket chat che vdi va khong co mach mau Chung difOc nuoi difdng nhb sir tham thau cac chat tif mo lien ket a Chii’c ndng chung: Bao ve, hap thu va che bien cac khoang (tieu hoa, bang quang, da ), lam ngan each moi triTcfng ngoai vdi cac phan cau tao khde cua cd the b Cdc loai bieu mo: *Bi$u mo phut dtfa vao hinh dang te bao ngtfbi ta chia ra: bieu mo sting (Idt), bieu mo khoi (vuong), bieu mo tru Dita vao so Idp, ngufri ta lai chia ra: bieu mo don, bieu mo tang, bieu mo gia tang (hinh la) 130 B Ola ‘ fe14kp D Hinh la Cac loai bieu mo Hinh lb Cac loai bieu mo tuyen A Bieu mo det; B Bieu mo khoi l.Tuyen ong; 2.Tuyen ngoai tiet; C Bieu mo tru; D Bieu mo rung Tuyen pha *Bi£u mo tuyen: (hinh lb) Bieu mo tuyen: gdm cac te bao tuyen co nhiem vu tong hop va bai xuat cac san pham dac hieu goi la cdc chat tiet Dtfa vao cac chat tiet, ban chat cua cac chat tiet va chile nang cua chung, ta phan tuyen noi tiet va tuyen ngoai tiet Tuyen ngoai tiet: cdc chat tiet co ong dan be mat hoac dan vao mot khoang rieng cua co the Tuyen noi tiet: co chat tiet dac hieu la hormone va ngam thang vao mau Doa vao each sap xep cua te bao ngObi ta lai chia ra: bieu mo don bao, da bao hay chum da bao 2) Mo lien ket: Mo lien ket la mo tao va gift cho co the cd hinh dang, chung lien ket cac co quan vdi va tham gia cau tao phoi, gan, bao he thong than kinh Mo lien ket la mo chtfa nhieu mach mdu de nudi nd va cac mo khac M6 lien ket gbm nhilng loai chinh: - M6 lien ket chinh thtfc (mo lien ket) - Mo lien ket x6p - Mo lien ket d&c: mo sun va mo xiTOng - Mo mach: mau, bach huyet *Thanh ph&n cua mo lien ket gdm mot lion hop la: (hinh 2) - Chat nen: bao quanh mot so te bao khac nhau, nguyen bao sqi, tiet collagen va polysaccarit - Cac dai thifc bao: tan cong vi sinh vat xam nhap - Cac te bao phi: giai phong histamin qua trinh viem - Titong bao : tong hop khang the, dam bao mi§n dich bang the dich - Te bao m3: de dif tril m3, tao n£ng luOng, chuyen doi hormone sinh due, chuyen hoa nifdc chat can ban ttfcmg bao dai thifc bd TB md stfi chun mastobao^-' ■I' nguyen ban sqf ■ TB noi mo mach mdu TB cd trcta Hinh Cau true cua mo lien ket 3) Mo coT: Co kha nang co duoi hon cac te bao khac, chiu trach nhiem van dong cho phan Idn cac dpng vat bac cao - Ccf van cung vdi he xtfcfng (ccr bam xiftJng): dieu khien van dong cua co the - Co tron (nam d ong): ong tieu hoa, mach mau, ong sinh due (tuf cung) - Co tim: cau tao nen qua tim, co tim co cau tao nhif co van nhifng boat dong gidng co tron ViTa cd tinh chat cua co van (co bop manh, nhanh) vifa cd tinh chat cua co tron (co bop tif dong) 4) Mo than kinh: La cac te bao than kinh cd kha nang thu nhan kich thlch va truyen xung dong than kinh rat nhanh Mo than kinh la loai mo phan hda cao cd kha nang cam ting chon loc ddi vdi kich thfch cua moi trOcrng va dieu khien sit hoat dong cua cac co quan co the 118 Mo hoi mdi tiet hcri kiem, ve sau lai chuyen acid, vi lan mot so' acid beo d§ bay hcri, co mui dac biet, hinh tir chat md tuyen nhcfn tiet 0,4 - 1% mo hoi gom cac chat khoang, NaCl, KC1, mot it photphat, sunphat, cdc chat ba htfu ccf : ure, acid uric, creatinin, acid hippuric va NH3 Da tiet mo hoi lam nhe mot phan viec cho than 119 Chitorng 11 HE • SINH DUC • Sinh san la mot nhtfng dac tfnh dac trifng cua ngufri de dam bao sir bao ton ve noi gidng cua ngirdi, nham tao cac the he chau de thay the cho cac the he cua ong ba, boz me da chet di nhieu nguyen nhan: tuoi gia, benh tat, tai nan, chien tranh Vi vay chtfc nang sinh san la nhu cau tat yeu khong the thieu diftfc cua moi ngiTcri I Cd QUAN SINH DUC NAM GI(Jl 1) Cau tao: Ccr quan sinh due nam gidi gdm cac bo phan chinh sau: tinh hoan, tinh hoan phu, ong dan tinh, quy dau, cac tuyen sinh due phu (cowper, tuyen tien liet, tui tinh) (hinh 32) Doi tinh hoan thudng phat trien xoang bung, nhimg d ngiXbi va mot so" dong vat co vu trade sinh hoac sau sinh cac tinh hoan tut vao biu Biu la mot cai tui da cP the tao nen Xoang biu la mot phan xoang bung va thong vdi xoang bung nhb ong ben Sau tinh hoan da theo ong ben tut vao biu thi ong ben dinh lai nhb mo lien ket Tinh hoan phai tut vao xoang biu la de tao dieu kien can thiet cho sif hinh tinh trung Neu nhif tinh hoan d lai xoang bung thi tinh trung se khong diTtfc tao vi nhiet xoang bung cao hern - Tinh hoan nang chtrng 20-30 g, vda lam nhiem vu sinh tinh viTa cd chute nang noi tiet Tinh hoan dtrqc bao mot bao lien ket chSc mau trying due gdm Idp: Idp ngoai la mot mang lien ket sqi ch&c, Idp la mang lien ket sqi xop cd nhieu mach mau Mdi mot tinh hoan cd khoang 1000 ong sinh tinh, 120 gitta cac ong sinh tinh la cdc te bao mo ke co vai tro tiet cac hormone sinh due difc co tac dung sir hinh cac dac diem nam tinh - nieu quan b^ng quang tui tinh ong dan tinh xitong mu tuyen tien liet — mb ciTcfng (the hang) F xoang mau v \ mb cifcfng (the xdp) tri/c trang hau mdn tuyen Cowper nieu dao quy dau bao quy dau w® biu mao tinh hoan tinh hodn Hinh 32 Ccf quan sinh due cua nam gidi - Thanh cua ong sinh tinh diftfc cau tao d phfa ngoai bdi mot Idp co trefn, la Idp te bao dac biet cd kha n&ng sinh san tinh trung d cac ong di va ong thu tinh, Idp gom cac te bao bieu bi cd long cd dong theo mot chieu de hifdng dan tinh trung di vao ong dan tinh - Tif mdi phan phu tinh hoan cd ong ddn tinh di vao biu qua ong ben vao xoang bung, di ludn qua phan dildi bong dai va vao ong tiet ml’d’c tieu - Ong tiet mfde tieu (nieu dao) la ong di td bong dai ngoai, d dan ong ong di xuyen qua ditefng vat (penis) d day chung dtfqc bao bcri the hang M6 the hang cd cau tao xdp, 121 bi hifng phan sinh due cac mo tfch day mau nhb sir nd rong dong mach phan bo' Do vay ma ditong vat binh thifdng voh rat mem da trd nen cufng, to va bat thang do chung co the dong vai tro cua co quan giao cau - Khi giao cau, tinh triing chda 2-3 ml tinh dich se chui vao am dao cua cai - Cd loai tuyen khac tham gia tao tinh dich Trong dng d&n tinh gan ch6 vao ong tiet niTdc tieu cd mot ddi tui tinh tiet chat dich, tiep theo d mien dng tiet m/d’c tieu thoat khdi bong dai cd cac tuyen tien liet (d ngirdi cac tuyen dinh lai va tao mot tuyen la tuyen tien liet prostate) Tuyen tiet chat dich qua cac dng nhd vao dng tiet mrdc tieu Tiep theo ntfa d gdc the hang cua dong vat cd ddi tuyen: tuyen cowper, tiet chat dich de them vao tinh dich Tui tinh va tuyen cowper tiet chat dich cd tinh Idem, tuyen tien liet tiet chat long mau trang cd miii dac biet Tinh dich cd chtfa glucoza va fructoza (de dinh diTdng cho tinh trung) he dem va cac chat nhay dung de " bdi tron" cac dng ma tinh trung phai di qua 2) Chtfc nang: Tinh hoan cd chile nang sinh ly quan la: sinh san tinh trung va tao hormone sinh due nam gidi a Sii sinh san tinh triing: mdi tinh hoan gdm nhieu dng sinh tinh Ong sinh tinh la noi cd cdc te bao sinh san cac tinh triing Tinh triing difdc san sinh tir tud’i day thi cua nam gidi Mdi lan xuat tinh -3 ml tinh dich (gdm tinh triing va tinh dich) chtfa khoang 200 tri^u tinh triing O bd 4-5 ml khoang 4-10 ti tinh triing, Itfn 20-40 ml khoang 100-200 trieu tinh triing So' tinh triing nhieu nhifng mdi hop td chi can mot tinh triing, tinh triing cd nhieu de dam bao di/qc sif 122 tuyen chon tinh triing ifu tu nhat tdi trutfc tien cube chay dua de den vdi trtfng Tinh trung diTOc san sinh suot nam, tinh trung co kha nang song td cung va dng dan tnlng cua nu1 khoang 3-5 (hinh 33) Tinh trung co cac phan: dau, co, than, duoi Tinh trung di chuyen nhb qu^y duoi Trong moi trufrng acid cua am dao le tinh trung chi song difqc mot thbi gian rat ng^n, nhifng tinh dich von kiem cho nen da trung hoa ditqc tinh acid cua am dao Tinh trung la mot te bao rat yeu, rat nhay cam vdi thay ddi cua nhiet do, pH ty the nhfin the dinh Doan giufa (I Dau Duoi (roi) Cau true cua tinh trung Y W* AB C Hinh 33 Cac loai tinh trung bat thiTcfng A Tinh trung binh thifcrng; B-l Tinh trung bat thitbng; B Tinh trung chtfa trtf&ng thanh; C Tinh trung co cau tao hinh thai hoc bat thifcfng; D Tinh trung gia; E Tinh trung thoai hoa 123 b San sinh hormone sinh due nam gidi: cac te bao ke cac tinh hoan bat dau boat dong tiet hormone sinh due nam: testosteron II CO QUAN SINH DUG ND* GlOl 1) Cau tao (hinh 34): pheu ong dan trilng buong trilng nieu quan 6ng dan trifrig tang ccr til cung niem mac til cung co til cung trile trang hau mon bang quang // xitcfng mu nieu dao am dao am vat-^_' mang trinh — moi be - moi Idn - 1- SczJilts Hinh 34 Cd quan sinh due nA - Buong tnlng nam ditfi xoang bung va chung diftfc cd dinh bdi cac day chang Moi buong trtfng dai khoang cm va co dang hinh bau due Khi rung, trilng red vao mot voi Fallope di qua phan phinh cua ong d^n trtfng va dAa den da - Da con: la ccf quan hinh qua le la ned phat trien cua phoi cho tdi de Da thirbng co klch thutfc bang ndm tay, nam d trung tarn xoang bung, sau bong dai, da co co rat day va co 16t bieu mo nhay rat giau mach mau Da lien lac vdi am dao qua vong co la cd da 124 - Am dao: la ong co cau tao ccf di tuf da ngoai va la noi thu nhan tinh dich (luc giao cau) va cung la ncti de de - Am ho: tap htfp tat ca cdc ccf quan sinh due phia ngoai cua nu*: moi Idn, moi be, doi ve nuf - Am vat: phia trutfc ccf quan sinh due bang hat dau (tifcfng difefng difefng vat nam) cung chtfa the hang va hitag phan cung tfch day mau - Sau am vat la 16 dai chi de thoat nifdc tieu - Lo am dao: 16 binh thifcfng dirqc che befi mang trinh (la mot mang mo lien ket mong cd chufa cac stfi chun va sqi keo, mang ditoc choc thung luc giao cau dau tien) 2) Chtfc nang sinh ly: Mot em be gai defi cd khoang 300.000 bao noan (trdng), nhifng den tuoi day thi chi khoang 400 - 500 bao noan cd the trifdng va chin dcfoc Buong trilng cd chile nang chinh la sinh san cac te bao tnlng va cac hormone sinh due cua ntf gidi O ngufri nff day thi, moi thang trilng chin va rung mot trilng goi la chu ky noan Chu ky noan cua ngifcfi 28-30 Trilng rung vbi Fallope hdng lay roi difa den ong d&n tnlng, ong din tnlng vtfa lam nhiem vu d^n trdng vtra la nefi gap gd de thu tinh Sau rung, neu tnlng khdng thu tinh se thoai hda va thai ngoai (theo mau kinh) Cho trtfng rung, de lai te bao phat trien the vang, the vang tiet progesteron cd kha nang gay cac bien doi d da chuan bi dieu kien de ddn trilng Ngoai the vang can trd sif chin cua trdng mdi Sau trilng chet the vang cung thoai hda, neu tnlng thu tinh the vang ton tai cho den de 125 Tinh triing vao ccr the nit co tmh kiem trung hoa acid am dao nil Co kha nang thu tinh 24 - 48h Sau rung, trdng co kha nang thu tinh 24h III SINH DE CO KE HOACH VA TRANH THU THAI 1) Tranh thu thai (ngan khong cho tinh trung gap triing): - Tinh vong kinh Ogino — Knauss: Giao hop khoang thdi gian an toan de tranh thu thai, trifdng hop chi dung kinh nguyet deu Vi du: Chu ky kinh nguyet 30 ngay, triing rung vao 15 Th 11 - 19 la thbi gian khong an toan Tit 20 -30 la thcri gian an toan Th 01 - 10 la thdi gian an toan Ngoai cd nhiing phOOng phap khdc: dat vong, bao cao su, thuoc ngifa thai 2) Cac bi^n phap ngiing de (ap dung doi vdi cac cap vd chong da du con): a That ong dan tinh nam: (ngting vinh vidn) Khoet mot 16 nhd dr biu, dung mdc thuy tinh keo ong d£n tinh ngoai roi buoc va cat ngang Te bao ke tinh hoan v£n tiet hormone nam nen hoat dong sinh due khong bi bien loan hoac giam Tinh triing bi chan doefng nen giao hop khong thu tinh diioc b That ong dan trting d nit: Nuf muon ngifng de vinh vien chi can that nut ong dan triing: triing se khong xuong ddOc da ma tinh triing cung khong lien lac diTOc vdi triing nffa 126 ■ 127 TAI LIEU THAM KHAo [1] Bui Tan Anh, Vo Van Be, Pham Thi Nga (2004), Gido trinh Sinh hoc dai citong A2, Trtf&ng Dai Hoc Can Tho [2] W D Phillips, T J Chilton, ngtfcri dich Nguyen Ba, Nguyen Mong Hung (2000), Sinh hoc (tap 1), NXB Ciao Due, Ha Noi [3] Dinh Que Chau, Diftfng Htfu Long (1997), Gidi phdu sinh ly, NXB Y hoc, Ha Noi [4] Phan Trong Cung, Le Manh Dung (1991), Sinh hoc dong vat, NXB Dai hoc va Giao due chuyen nghiep, Ha Noi [5] Pham Thi Minh Dilc, Chuyen de sinh ly hoc (1997), NXB Y hoc Ha Noi, 1997 [6] Trinh Hull Hang, Sinh hoc co the dong vat (1994), NXB Y hoc, chi nhdnh TP HCM [7] Nguyen Dinh Giau, Sinh hoc dai citang (1997), Tu sach Dai hoc Khoa hoc Ttf nhien TP HCM [8] Le Quang Long (1986), Sinh ly dong vat vd ngildi, Tap vd 2, NXB Giao Due, Ha Noi [9] Know, B., P Ladiges, B Evans (1994), Biology, McGrawHill Book Company, Australia [10] Keeton, W T & J L Gould (1993), Biological Science, 5th Ed W.W Norton & Company, New York, London [11] Pechenik, C H & W T Keeton (1995), Biology, An exploration of life, W.W Norton & Company, New York, London 128 129 MUC LUC Chiang TO CHtfC CUA CO THE DONG VAT BAG CAO I Cau tao chung cua ccr the thich nghi vdi moi trufrng song II Cac co quan co the III Cac loai mo Choong HE THAN KINH 10 I Sif tien hoa cua he than kinh 10 II Te bao than kinh va chile nang sinh ly 11 III Chile nang cua he than kinh 21 IV He than kinh trung ifOng 22 A Tuy song 22 B Nao bo 25 V He than kinh ngoai bien 31 Chtrong CAC GIAC QUAN 35 I Co quan thu cam anh sang: Mat 36 II Co quan thinh giac 43 III Co quan khilu giac 46 IV Co quan vi giac 47 V Co quan xue giac 48 ChOOng HE VAN DONG 50 I Vai tro chile phan he co co the 50 II Cau tao chung cua co 51 III Cau tao va chile nang cua co van 53 IV Cau tao va chile nang cua co trOn 55 130 V Cau tao va chile nang cua co tim 55 Chirong HE NQI TIET 56 I Y nghia sinh hoc cua he noi tiet 56 II Dinh nghia hormone 56 HI Dai ctrong ve hormone 57 IV Cac tuyen noi tiet chu yeu va chile nang 59 V Co che tac dung cua hormone 66 Chirong HE MAU VA THE DICH 67 I Chile nang sinh ly 67 II Cac phan cua mau 68 A Huyet tiTOng 68 B Hong cau 72 C Bach cau 75 D Tieu cau 76 III Nhom mau 77 IV Sir dieu ho a mdu ccf the 79 Chirong HE TUAN HOAN 80 I Chile nang cua he tuan hoan 80 II Cau tao chung: (thu va ngircfi) 80 III Hoat dong cua tim 82 IV Sif hoat dong cua he mach 87 V Dieu hda hoat dong tim mach 90 VI Sir tuan hoan bach huyet 91 Chirong HE HO HAP 92 I Y nghia sinh hoc cua ho hap 92 131 II Cau tao chung 92 III Sir trao doi or phdi va mo 94 IV Sir dieu hoa boat dong ho hap 96 ChiTOng HE TIEU HOA 99 I Chile nang cua-ong tieu hoa 99 II Cau tao chung 99 III Sir tieu hoa thilc an 102 IV Sir hap thu cac chat dinh diTOng 108 A Cac co quan hap thu thde an 108 B Co che hap thu cac chat dinh diTOng co the 110 Chirong 10 HE BAI TIET 113 I Y nghia sinh hoc 113 II Cau tao cua co quan tao nirdc tieu va bai tiet niTdc tieu 113 III Sir tao nirdc tieu 115 IV Sir thai mrdre qua tieu tien 117 V Sir tiet md hoi 117 Chirong 11 HE SINH DUG 119 I Co quan sinh due nam gid'i 119 II Co quan sinh due ni? gidi 123 III Sinh de cd ke hoach va tranh thu thai 125 Tai lieu tham khao 127 Muc luc 129 132