Giáo trình sinh học đại cương phần thực vật ths nguyễn mỹ nhung

BQ GlAO DUG VA DAO TAO TRVdNG DAI HOC DAN LAP Clju LONG Nguyen My Nhung Gido Trinh SINH HOC DAI CUONG • • Phan Thufc Vat • • Litu hdnh noi bo iHU'yifN I Vinh Long - 2009 ”L ••V|' -r • Ldl DE TVA Trirfrng Dai hoc Dan lap Cilu Long muon khing dinh la trung tam dao tao nguon nhan life co trinh cao cho khu vile dong bang song Cdu Long de phuc vu cho cong cube cong nghiep ho a, hien dai hoa dat nutfc thi phai nang cao chat lifting dao tao toan dien Mot nhtfng yeu to yeu la doi ngu thay co, he thong cac giao trinh va trang thiet bi day hoc Cung vdi cac nganh cac cap toan quoc dang day nhanh tien xay difng va cung co vi the xu the hoi nhap, trifting Dai hoc Dan lap Cufu Long dan tifng bifdc hoan thien de dtiting dau vdi nhtfng thach thtfc do, gop phan dtfa nen giao due dai hoc Viet Nam dtfng vtfng, ngang tam khu vtfc va the gidi Ke hoach xay dtfng ve mot Bo giao trinh stf dung cho cac giang vien lam tai lieu cti ban de giang day, cho sinh vien nghien ctfu tham khao hoc tap la nhu cau cap bach cua nha trtfdng An pham la giao trinh Sinh Hoc Dai Gifting - Phan Thtfc Vat cua Khoa Khoa Hoc Cti Ban, Trtfcfng Dai hoc Dan lap Cuh Long, ThS Nguybn My Nhung bien soan Lanh dao triftfng Dai hoc Dan lap Ctfu Long tran nhtfng cong hien, dong gop cua Quy thay co mo’i giang cung nhtf cac thay cd can bo - giang vien cti htfu cua nha trtfcfng Hy vong r^ng, mot khong xa TrUdng Dai hoc Dan lap Cufu Long se c6 day du mot Bo gido trinh hoan chinh dung nha trifdng Tran gidi thieu gido trinh den Quy thay co va cdc em sinh vien trirdng Dai hoc Dan lap Cutu Long ■ Vinh Long, thang 09 ndm 2009 Q HIEU TRtfdNG ThS Nguyen Cao Dat Chitcfng TO CHLfC CO THE THUC VAT BAC CAO CO MACH Chu trinh song mot co the thifc vat bac cao co mach dien hinh bao gom: hat duWc hinh vo qua cay bo me va gap dieu kien thuan Itfi thi se mam, tao cay non (hay cay mam th hat) Cay non Idn len, trd cay trtfdng thanh, phat trien hoa, tao hat mhi va chet, nho' hoan chu ky sinh trUdng va phat trien hang nam Cac te bao rieng biet cua cay khong boat dong mot each doc lap ma gibng nhif te bao dong vat, ditoc to chufc mo A MO THl/C VAT Mb la nhom te bao tUJng til cung thUc hien mot chiic nang ThUdng thi cac mb sdp xep vdi cau true goi la co quan ThUc vat co cac co quan co ban la: re, than, la, hoa, qua va hat Su phan chia cac co quan lam tang tfnh phde tap von co cua cac hoat dong song Mb thuc vat co the chia lam loai: mb phan sinh va mb chuyen hoa (mb vmh vien) Mb sb cap cua co the dau tien d thuc vat gom loai: mb phan sinh, mb co ban, mb bi va mb mach Moi loai mb gom mot hay nhieu loai te bao dac biet va cung thuc hien nhiem vu dac biet Mb thtf cap hinh va phat trien qua trinh sinh triidng thuf cap ve sau cua cay va khbng phai tat ca cac cay deu co mb thtf cap I- MO PHAN SINH: La mb dac biet ma te bao chi co nhiem vu phan cat de tao cac te bao mdi Cac te bao sinh tit mb phan sinh sau tAng tnfcrng, Idn len cd gap nhieu lan beta te bao da sinh nd, cac te bao biet hda de dam nhan nhiem vu chuyen biet va trd mo vinh vidn Thong thadng cac te bao cua mo chuyen hda khdng phan chia ntfa M6 phan sinh hien dien suot ddi song thUc vat vd chung ludn phan cAt de tao te b&o mdi nen 1dm cho cay khdng ngifng Idn len, day Id ddc tinh phan bidt thifc vat vd dpng vat Te bao cua mo phan sinh ndm mot vung dac biet goi la vung phan sinh Cac te bao mo phan sinh cd kfch thifdc nhd, vach te bao mdng bdng cellulose, te bao chat dam dac, nhan to va thuy the nhd, cac lap dudi dang tien lap 1) Mo phan sinh ngon, mo phan sinh stf cap: N&m d dau ngon re, dau ngon than, te bao mo phan sinh ludn phan cdt lam cho cay dai ra, sit sinh trifdng diftfc goi la sif sinh tnldng sef cap tao cP the dau tien cua thUc vat (hinh 1) Mb phan sinh ngon LChoi ben ~Bieu bi L6ng Mat Mb dan truyen M6 phan sinh b&n M6 dan truyenX Mb c3n ban -Ajl Re cai Long hut] IIM6 phan sinh ngon Hinh - Scf cau tao mot thifc vat bac cao cd mach Te bao mo phan sinh ngon c6 hinh da gidc, kfch thiTdc nho va tifcfng doi dong deu, sap xep xen ke va kbit nhau, khong chifa khoang nao ca Mo phan sinh ngon cho loai mo phan sinh sP cap: Mo phan sinh vd se cho 16p bieu bi, tien tiTOng tang (tuong tang non) hinh mach tru trung tarn, mo phan sinh cP ban cho mo cP ban cua vd 2) Mo phan sinh thtf cap - Ttfdng tang (Tang phat sinh): Cd nhiem vu sif phat trien thtf cap de tao cP the thuf cap cua thPc vat M6 phan sinh thtf cap lam vdng quanh than, rd va lam cho cay gia tang dufrng kmh (tang day) Sir sinh trirdng thtf cap khong xay tat ca thifc vat M6 phan sinh thur cap gdm cd thiTPng tang libe-gd va thPOng tang vd Te bao cua thPng tang cd hinh chu' nhat dep va lam mot Idp te bao, phan cdt theo hPdng tiep tuyen ve ca hai ben tiTPng tang lan liTPt cho vao vd cho ngodi hai loai mo khdc nhau, mo dPPc tiTPng tang se sap xep Idp va day dd nhan *Titofng tang libe-gd: (tang phat sinh libe-gd) nam gida mb go (xylem) va md libe (phloem), md se phan cat cho md gd thuf cap d ben va md libe thuf cap ben ngoai sat tiTPng tang TifPng tang libe-gd tao hau het cP the thuf cap cua thhc vat Do la md phan sinh hinh tru mdng cd re va than Thong thifbng tiiPng tang libe-gd difPc hinh thifc vat co si/ phat trien thuf cap d nhtfng cay STD (hai la mam) va cay hat tran (tiing bach) Mot each td’ng quat, tiTPng tang libe-gd tao hau het md go thd cap, md libe thuf cap dPPc tao it hPn va bi tach cimg Idp vo suot sif tAng trirdrng Mo g6 thtfr cap thifcfng dtfOc biet nhif la g6 Trong vung c6 hau on hda sir tao g6 theo miia la ket qud cua sir sinh triT&ng hAng nSm Sif phdt trien thuf cap cua day 1& dieu ddng ngac nhien: cay" Tule" each day 2000 nSm or Osaka - Mexico, c6 chu vi la 148 feet (45 meters) nhiTng chi cao 131 feet (40m) Cay Sequoia khong 16 BSc California co than cao 100m (328 foot tall) nhifng dirdng kmh 7m (23 feet) Tirqng tang libe-g6 thirdng tao go suot mua xuan va mua - Mua xu&n: thirdng am i/dt, titong tang libe-g6 tao go to, vdeh te bao mong goi la g6 mua xuan go sdm chuyen biet cho sq d&n truyen - Mua ha: kho, g6 di/qc hinh vdri te bao nhd, vach te bao day dSc biet cho sir nang dd Do sir khac gitfa g6 miia xuan v& miia ha, go thirdng cho thay ranh gidi va hinh nhOng vong goi la vdng tAng tnrdng (vdng hang n£m) ^TittXng tang vo (tang sinh ban, tang bi sinh) Te bao mo phan sinh cd hinh tru, nMm Idp vo cua than va re Nd se hinh Idp chu bi ben ngoai la Idp bao phu bao ve than va rd triTdng thanh, cac te bao edn duoc goi la te bao ban thirdng diTdc tarn them chat suberin ben ngoai vach te bao (do la nhdng te bao hoa ban) - Ldp chu bi bao gom: tiTOng tang vo (tang bi sinh), Idp vo va tang luc bi Ldp chu bi thay the ldp bieu bi bi bong suo’t qua trinh phdt trien thd cap - Mo libe (phloem) thtf cap se cho ldp tirong tang vo (tang sinh ban mdi) sau ldp vo bi lot Cac htfp chat y diftfc suf dung y hoc co truyen va hien tai thifcrng diltfc trich th vo cay - Dong phi, dan chuong nhai nhdnh non cua cay Neem (sau dau) co nguon goc th An do, de ngan chan sau rhng, ngoai cdc hop chat cay Neem co tdc dung sh phong trh sau benh cua vai loai trung pha hoai mua mang V , 'l' - , - Th the ky thuT XVI, dan dia phUotag Peru da sb dung cay Quinine de chha benh sot ret, va den nam 1930, dhcfc chat dhOc tach th cay Canh-ki-na va dhoc bien tren toan the gidi - Hien nay, nhieu duoc chat dhoc trich th vo cay cd the dieu tri vai benh ung thh, nd cd tac dung ngan ngha te bao phan chia" loan dong phan" Vi du: Vo cay thuy tung Thai Binh Duong Taxus bervifolia cd nhieu duoc chat va cdc duoc chat cung duoc tim thay b lohi Taxus la kim khdc cd sU ket hop vdi nam tren cay - Ldp da cua khoai tay lot la Idp ban: ban dung de dong nut chai rUOu nho den th vo cay xoai Dia Trung Hai, moi mhdi nam lai thu hoach ldp ban mot lan Tom lai sh phat trien thh cap cua cay :ung cap nhieu san pham khac nhh cao su, chewinggum, nhha cay, bia carton, soi nhan tao, thdc an gia sue tong hop, vat lieu lam kern, 19% loai cay cd go thh cap cho giay: Moi nam My san xuat 16,8 trieu m gd va ngUdi dan My tieu thu hang nam 500 pounds = 226,8 Kg giay (500 x 0,4536kg) chha tinh den 250.000 tan giay Idian hn, trieu tan giay bao va giay viet moi nam 3) Mo phan sinh chen: M6 duoc tim thay d giha than chinh cua cac cay than cd da trhdng (3 tre, true ho Hda ban (Poaceae) mo nam d dot cua than lam cho long dai va sh sinh trhdng dhOc goi la sh sinh trhdng gian tiet 84 1) Nudi cay te bao va mo: Ky thuat nuoi cay te b&o difac stf dung theo phitcfng phap nuoi cay vi sinh vat, dAc biet cac yeu to thich hop cho cac te bao thifc vat Ky thuat nuoi cay la mot giai doan chinh ky thuat di truyen de chuyen gen Stf nuoi cay mo bao gom sO "vi nhan giong" (micropropagation) trOc tiep tif mot cau true co to chute day du nhif mb phan sinh ngon, mb phan sinh ben nhanh non Qud trinh cung dOOc sd dung rbng rai de san xuat dau tay va khoai tay khbng cb b^nh virus Tuy nhien, nuoi cay mb te bao tif mb seo thifbng dan den sif dot bien gen hay dot bien so lOOng nhiem sdc the Cay dooc tao th nuoi cay mb seo thobng co cau true va sinh ly khbng binh thufrng Nen hien phutong phap nhan giong mdi thobng dutOc suf dung la nhan giong trife tiep tif phbi the he (somatic embiryo) 2) Nuoi cay phoi: a) Ciiu phoi: So lai giOa cdc loai thobng tao cay lai cb Ou the sO to hop di truyen, nhong cay lai lai thobng tao hot khbng song lau dope Sp nuoi cay in vitro de phdt trien phbi ttf noan cua cay lai da thu tinh theo phoong phdp ciiu phbi lai (cufu phbi) Vi du: sp lai giOa loM la: Trifolium ambiguum va Trifolium repens da dope suf dung de tao mot nguon giong cb mbi cho dong cb b New Zealand Loai cb Id cha me Id cdc cay thu phan, phbi binh thobng phdt trien tut hinh cau, hinh tim den hinh qud ngO Ibi trobng thdnh Tuy nhien phbi td cay lai giOa lodi dau sau thu phan tdng trobng nhanh, nhOng sau cham lai b giai hinh tim phbi cb khoang 1000 te bao Qud trinh phdt trien cua phbi bi ngOng lai la cac gen gay hai boat dong Chung hoat dong 85 nhu nhffng cai khoa ng&n ch&n sU cung cap chat dinh dudng de nuoi phoi Mot so’ ky thuat cufu phoi da suf dung th&nh cong Ghdp phoi lai vao noi nhu binh thudng da dune lay phoi Phoi cung cd the cay true tiep tren moi trUbng nhan tao vdi cac chat dinh dutfng dune cung cap theo yeu cau Ky thuat cdu phoi da tao duuc cay cd Id lai mdi b) Phoi the h^: Phoi soma la phoi duqc phdt trien tit nhffng te bao dinh dUdng Phoi the he cung cd the san sinh tir te bdo bieu bi cua try dudi Id mam cua hat nuoi cay moi trUcfng cd hormone, ddc biet Id cytokinin Cd the nuoi cay th te bao hat phan la nhUng te bao defn boi, tU tao cac dong dong hefp tuf ve mot tinh- trang nao se dd dang hon V TAG BONG CUA HORMONE THUG VAT Acid nhan va enzim: Acid nhan va enzim bao gom AON va ABN, cac acid nhan co vai tro quan trong sq lap ma di truyen va chiia dung cac gen dieu khien qua trinh sinh trilotag va phdt trien Cdc boat dong cua enzim cac gen dieu khien, dong thoi enzim bi tdc dong cua cdc yeu to’ moi tnrcfng: nhiet do, pH, ion kim loai nhu: Mn, Zn, Hg Chat dieu ho a sinh tnfdng: La chat c6 hoat tinh sinh ly hoc rat Idn mSc dii chi tao mot luqng rat nhd v& dieu hda toan bo cdc qua trinh sinh trudng cua thifc vat Chat dieu hda sinh trudng hay cac hormone co the hoat dong tai cho, c6 the dtfcfc van chuyen den mot te bao hay den mot phan khdc ben cay, ncfi qua 86 trinh sinh ly nao d6 dang xay M6i hormone chi anh hiforng den mot qud trinh sinh ly rieng biet, va ket qua la te bao hay mo co mot phan ting rieng biet Hien ngifcfi ta da biet sJ van dong cua nhom hormone: auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, acid abscisis va ethylen 1) Auxin: Viec phat hien auxin da di/qc Darwin (1880) khao sdt hien titong quang htfdng dong: ngon diep ti&u htfdng ve ncfi co anh sang vd ong cho rdng dnh sdng kich thich ngon diep tieu hirdng ve phla b&ng thi nghiem dcfn gian: dung mot ndp che dinh diep tieu thi diep tieu khong hitfng ve anh sang ntfa Pascal (1914 - 1919) khao sdt anh hddng tifcfng quan gitfa dinh diep tieu va phan ben difdi b&ng thi nghiem: tdi cdt ngon dinh ngon diep tieu thi diep tieu khong dai ra, neu gdn chop diep tieu bi cdt trd lai, vd neu de chop diep tieu nghieng mot ben thi ngon diep tieu se cong ve phia khong co chop diep tieu Cimg thdi gian do, Boysen - Jensen (1910 - 1913) thi nghiem ngdn each ngon diep tieu b&ng midng mica, ngon diep tieu khong dai ra, thay mica bdng agar thi ngon diep tieu se dai ra, lay mieng agar g^n len mot ngon diep tieu khac da bi cat chop, ngon diep tieu se dai Went (1928) thi nghiem cdt ngon cdc diep tieu ddt len khoi agar dnqc chieu sdng khoang Ih, sau lay cac khoi agar ddt len diep tieu co ngon bi cdt thi thay cac diep tieu sinh trirdng nhanh vd moc cong ve phia chieu sdng Ong suy la co mot chat hoa hoc nao da khuech tdn vdo khoi agar, vd ditoc ddt ten la auxin Sau do, Kogi (1934) da xac dinh diTOc cong thufe hoa hoc cua auxin vd ddt ten Id Indol acetic acid (IAA) 87 a) Ncfi thdnh lap cua auxin vd stf di chuyen cua auxin: Cac auxin diTtfc tong hop d cdc mo phan sinh, Id non, mam hoa, hot dang phdt trien Auxin xuat hien te bao dodi nhieu hinh thtfc khdc nhau: auxin to do, tien auxin vd auxin lien ket Trong cay, auxin di chuyen khong dinh hodng va di tcf te bao sang te bao khdc co le sif van chuyen tich cOc va can ndng lOOng, mot lOOng nho auxin di chuyen den cac co quan theo nho mo, tifOng tang, d than auxin di chuyen td dinh ngon than den phan gdc, d rd sif di chuyen cua auxin hodng tif ngon rd den than Tuy nhidn thodng it thay auxin chuyen tir dodi len hay theo chieu ngang b) ChiiCc ndng cua auxin: * Auxin co vai tro quan trong sO tang ddi cua vach td bao Ndng thich hop cho sif tang dai thay doi theo cac loai mo khac nhau, ndng qua cao cd the de che sif sinh trddng * Vai tro trung gian cua auxin quang hitting dong cua ctiy thi nghidm cua Frits Went (1928) cho thay ngon diep tidu giai phdng auxin, chat di chuyen xuong va kich thich sd t^ng dai cua didp tidu Tuy nhidn, cO che” phan ring cua quang hiTdng dong van chda biet ro, va ngiidi ta cho rSng co sd van dong tich cdc cua auxin ngon td phan ddOc chieu anh sang sang phan tdi, va sif tdng trddng bat xdng lam cho cay moc cong di Co le dnh sdng la nguydn nhan lam IdOng auxin tich tu d phia than noi khong co anh sang * Vai tro trung gian cua auxin dia hitting dong cua cdy Neu dftt mot chau cay ndm ngang vdng vai gib, sau thay than bat dau moc cong len Do la dia hddng dong am (nghich) lam than moc ngdOc lai hddng cua Ide Trong rd moc hddng xuong theo chieu cua Ide 88 Herman Dolk (ngifdi Ha Lan) khAm pha rang nong auxin cua te bao of phia difdi cua than nSm ngang t&ng, nong auxin d phia tren gidm Sif phan bd khong dong deu cua auxin kich thich te bao d phia dtfdi tang trtfdng nhanh hon nhufng te bao d phia tren va vi the than moc hiXdng len Re thi ngiroc lai, moc htfdng theo chieu life, mat dat nam ngang, phan cdc te bao d phia tren moc nhanh hem nhtfng te bao phia difdi, d6 rl moc hndng xudng Tuy nhien, cdc co che cung chtfa done biet ro * Auxin ngan can (lie ch$) sU tang tritdng cua choi b£n: d nhieu cay lam cho chung moc cham lai hay khong moc dooc nhiftig lai kich thich stf tang dai cua than chinh Vi the chdi ngon cd sO Ou the ngon (apical dominance), thirdng chi c6 cdc canh d xa ngon cd the tang tnfdng dooc neu chdi ngon done cat bd di, mot so chdi ben se tang trtfdng tao nhanh va chdi ngon cua nhanh lai ufc che cac chdi ben cua chinh nhanh Trong trot, cac cay canh va cay bui thodng done cat bd chdi ngon de cay cd nhieu nhanh va se cd nhieu hoa hon * Cac ling dung cua auxin: + Auxin ngan can trai va Id rung, do neu phun auxin len trai thi se giuf dope trdi tren cay den luc muon thu hoach Phun cac chat chdng auxin (auxin antagonist), thodng cd tdc dung ngOpc lai Vi du: trOdc thu hoach trdi bong ngOdi ta phun cac antiauxin de gay cam ting sp lap Idp te bao gay rung dodi ddy cua Id, 1dm rung sdm, nhd the thu hoach co gidi dd ddng hon + 2,4-D Id mot chat gan giong auxin, dope tong hop vd dope suf dung rong rai de diet cd Id rpng cdc dong cd Cay STD thodng nhay edm vdi chdt ndy hon nhufng cay DTD, dd vdi ndng dp thap cua 2,4D cd the diet cd dai STD md khong dnh hodng den DTD 89 2) Gibberellin: Ngtfdi Nhat tif lau quen thuoc vdi mot thdr benh tren cay lua: cay tang trtfdng theo chieu dai mot each bat thifdng, nhifng lai khong song diftfc den cay trifdng th^nh N&m 1962 E Xurosawa tim thay nhtfng cay cd nhidm mot loai nam ten la Gibberella fugikuroi, ong chdng minh r&ng neu nam bi diet thi cAy trd lai binh thildng Ong cung nhan thay nhifrig trieu chdng ttfcrng tif cho cay nhiem chat trich tef nam va ca chat trich ttr moi trifdng da nudi cay nam tren Sau nhieu nam nghien cdu ngtfcfi ta da phan lap va ket tinh mot chat tif Gibberella, duttc goi la Gibberellin Trong vdng 30 nam trd lai day cd hon 70 chat khde duttc phan lap tif nam va nhieu thifc vat cd hoa cung dtfefe xep vao gibberellin a) Ned thdnh lap vd stf di chuyen cua gibberellin: + Gibberellin: diftfc tao nhtfng mo edn non cua than va hat dang phdt trien Cd nhieu loai gibberellin nhifng tat ca deu cd ciing lo trinh sinh tong hop nhif nhifng hormone steroid cua dong vat cd xtfcrng song nhif estrogen va progesterol, va cung giong nhif chung gibberellin hoa tan lipid, do chung de dang di xuyen qua mang te bao va cd le la chifc ndng cua chung vao te bao la lam gen boat dong hay ngifpg hoat dong Gibberellin: difoc van chuyen qua mo go va mo libe, auxin difqc di chuyen tif te bao sang te bao khac mot edeh trife tiep nen gibberellin cd anh hifdng len toan bo cua cay chtf khong phai tdng viing nhif cua auxin b) Tdc d$ng cua gibberellin: + Gibberellin kfch thich stf phan chia te bao va giup cho.te bao tang dai, stf tdng dai cua long la sif gia tdng ve so liftfng te bao Co che tdc dong chifa diftfc hieu rd 90 Gibberellin: co the cam ting sir mam mot so hot, cam dng phoi d mot so hot sinh amilaz de thuy phan tinh bot dif trit, cam ting nhieu cay tang tnfdng nhanh chong va tro hoa, Rich thich sit phdt trien cua trdi d mot so loai Gibberellin gay nen str hinh mam cua nhtfng cay d&i trdng dieu kien ng£n c) ifng dung cua gibberellin: Co nhieu ufng dung thiTc tien cua gibberellin trdng trot Mot nhtfng ufng dung quan la dung de tang sir sinh san mach nha tif lua mach de lam ru’Ou bia GAs dirqc si/ dung de lam mam hot lua dong thbi tao enzim thuy giai nhufng chat diT truf hot amino acid va diTdng de mach nha GAs cung di/qc suf dung de Um tang Rich thich va chat laong cua nho Rhbng hot va cung dirqc dung Rich thich sir tang trirdng cua mot so qua Mot ufng dung Rhdc lam cho qua chin tre dirqc ap dung cho chanh va cdc loai Citrus Rhac Suf dung GAs thdng 11 va 12 nham Reo dai thu hoach, de cho nhtfng qua tren cay qua den thdng h& la luc ma nhu cau ve chung rat cao Rhi li/Ong cung cap thiTcmg la Rhong du 3) Cytokinin: Jablonski va SRoog (1954) nhan thay nhu mo cua cay thuoc Id chi phan cdt dirqc Rhi cac mo ndy gan mach dan truyen va ong cho r&ng cac te bao co chufa chat co Rha ndng giup te bao phan cdt, chat diTOc tdch va dtrqc ddt ten la Cytokinin a) Nori, lap va sit van chuyen cua cytokinin: Cytokinin di/qc tao ngon rd, chdi, Id non trang thdi dang phdt trien vd hqt dang mam Cytokinin dirqc van chuyen qua mo go tiT re len than 91 b) Chile nang: Cytokinin co tac dung len sif sinh trirdng cua cay giup tang cifdng sir tong hop AON va ARN te bao, dieu tiet sir sinh tong hop protein te bao, kfch thich sir t^ng dai cua te b&o cung nhiT sir chuyen hoa, nhtft la cho te bao phan chia Trong moi triTcrng nudi cay mo, sir can doi gitfa auxin va cytokinin se kfch thich lap callus, rd, chdi Ti le gitfa cytokinin va auxin co y nghia quan trong viec xdc dinh sir chuyen hoa cua te bao mdi, moi triTcrng nuoi cay so lirqng cytokinin nhieu hefn auxin thi phan la dirqc tao ra, neu auxin nhieu hon thi sir t&ng trirdng cua rd bat dau Su’ quan binh gitfa loai hormone xac dinh loai mo se phat trien cd nghia Id chung cd vai trd kiem soat ve hinh thdi cua cay Trong mot cay phat trien binh thirdng, cytokinin va auxin cd hoat dong phdi hop mot so” triTbng hop, d mot so' triicrng hop khac lai cd tdc dong doi nghich Vi du: Chung cd tdc dung ho tro sir thuc day te' bao phan c£t nhtfng lai cd tdc dong ddi nghich anh hirdng trdn sir tdng trirdng cua chdi ben: ca hormone deu anh hirdiig len sir t£ng tnrdng cua te" bao nhitag auxin chi kich thich sir tang dai cytokinin thuc day sir phan cat te' bao Cytokinin cd tac dung kfch thich sir bid'n doi cua nhtfng lap non nhtfng luc lap, giup chdi ben trdnh bdt str ire che' cua chdi ngpn, lam cham sir lao hda, dac biet la doi vdi la 4) Acid abscisis: a) Nott Iq-p va sit di chuyen: Hormone acid abscisis dtfOc xem la chat tfc che sinh triid’ng dtfoc tong hop tir Id trtfdng thanh, trdi va dtfOc sir van chuyen qua mo libe, nhu mo tir tren xud'ng 92 b) ChiiCc ndng: Chat diwc xem la ufc che tang tnrdng (chieu dai) cua te bao, ufc che sir hoa cua cay, cung edn la chat gay hien Wang mien trang cua choi, hat, anh hifdng den sif rung cua Id, qua va su gia coi cua te bao, de che stf tong hop ADN va cdc enzim Mdc du tif lau abscisis acid duqc xem la yeu to ngan can sU trtfdng thanh, nhiftig nhieu trUdng hap nd thqc sif cam dug cho sU tang tnrdng va phdt trien VI du: chung thuc day sif van chuyen nhang san pham cua quang hqp cho phbi phdt trien hot va cam ting sU tong hqp protein du trff hot Chung giup cac khau dong lai trdi kho Chi vai phut sau cay bat dau heo, nong acid abscisis cay tang len 10 lan, sU dong cdc khau giup cay chiu dqng kho han 5) Ethylen: Ethylen la chat khi, qud trinh trdi chin, la rung vd su gia coi cua cay deu co ethylen Chfnh ethylen tdc dong vao cac mb thuc day qua trinh lao hoa NgUbi ta cho la auxin bi oxi hba co tdc dung kfch thich sU phong thich ethylen nong thap ethylen co tac dung gia tang sq van chuyen dong nhUa nguyen cay, nhifng d ndng cao ethylen co tdc dung phan huy diep luc, tang cUbng su tong hqp caroten nen la xanh chuyen sang mau vang Ethylen giff mqt sb' vai trb chu ky dbi song cua cay bao gdm sU tang tracing, phdt trien va sq lao hoa hay chin cua qua Ethylen duqc tao cdc mb cdc mb gia hay sdp chin d trdi Ethylen cung thuc day sU rung cua Id, qua va hoa vh gop phan vho nhffng bien doi lam lao hba cay Hon ntfa, ethylen cb the giup phd vb thbi gian ngu cua chbi va hot cua mot sb loai va giup sq trb hoa b mot loai thqc vat khde nhu trUbng hqp qua khbm 93 VI TAG DONG DIEU HdA CUA HORMONE THl/C VAT Vdi tdc dung cua hormone neu tren, c6 the ket luan r&ng hormone ccr the there vat c6 tdc dong dieu hda cac qua trinh chinh co the nhiT sau: Auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin tac dong len sir phan cat cua te bao, khau dau tien cua qua trinh tSng triTotag, cd sir tham gia cua chung Auxin va gibberellin tac dong len sir sinh triTotag cua te bao, la giai doan thtf cua qua trinh tang trirdng, chiing thuc day te bao dai Cac hormone hien dien cay va tac dong pho”! hop va anh hirdng chuyen biet cua nd len tiTng phan cua cay, giup phdi hop va hop nhat sir phdt trien ca ve hinh thai va chu’c nang cua cay Qua trinh lao hda dan den sir chet sir tac dong cua nhffng chat gay lao hda khde nhau, ethylen la mot nhiing chat quan nhat Cac chat dieu hda sinh trirdng dirqc ap dung ndng nghiep: gidm sat sir rung trdi, kfch thich sir hoa, nhan giong vd tinh: giam canh, chiet canh, cay mo, ghdp cay, bien doi mau sdc cua vd trai, phd vd mien trang cua hot, chdi, viec suf dung cac chat tiTOng ddi don gian nhir thoa len cay, phun hodc ket hop vdi chat dinh diTOng Ndng cac chat dirqc suf dung thay doi theo loai va thuoc muc dich suf dung 94 95 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Bui Tan Anh, Vo V&n Be, Pham Thi Nga (2004), Gido trinh Sinh hoc dai citang A2, Tmdng Dai Hoc Can Thcr [2] Nguyen Bd (1975), Hinh that hoc thitc vat (tdp vd 2), NXB Dai hoc va THCN, Ha Noi [3] Vu Van Chuyen (1991), Bai gidng thitc vat hoc (phdn thitc vat dai citang), NXB Y hoc [4] Pham Hoang Ho (1970), Hien hoa bi tit, Trung tam hoc lieu, Sai Gon [5] Pham Hoang Ho (1974), Sinh hoc thitc vat, Trung tam hoc lieu, Sai Gon [6] Hoang Thi San, Phan Nguyen Hong, Nguydn Te Chinh (1980), Hinh thdi vd gidi phdu thitc vat, NXB Giao due [7] Nguyen Van Uyen va cac tac gia (1984), Nadi cdy m.6 thitc vat phuc vu ebng tac gidng cdy trong, NXB TP Ho Chi Minh [8] Avila, V L (1995), Biology, Investigating life on earth, 2nd Ed, Bookmark Pub, London [9] Campbell, N A (1996), Biology 4nd Ed, The Benfamin / Cummings Pub, Com., Inc, CA [10] Chapman V J (1976), Manarove vegetaion, J Cramer 96 97 MUC LUC Chifcfng 1: TO CHLfC CO THE THUG VAT BAG CAO CO MACH A Mo thifc vat I- Mo phan sinh 12 B- Co quan dinh difdng cua thifc vat 22 I- RE 22 II- Than 26 HI- La 32 Chifcfng 2: SU THIGH NGHI CUA THUG VAT 35 I- RS 35 II- Than 39 II- Mo chuyen hoa III- La 40 Chifcfng 3: SU HAP THU VA DAN TRUYEN TRONG CAY 45 I Sif hap thu te bao thifc vat 45 II Sif dan truyen cac chat htfu ccr 52 Chifcfng 4: SU SINH SAN VA CAC HINH TIlCC SINH SAN THUG VAT 55 A Khdi niem chung 55 B Cdc hinh thiic sinh san cua thifc vat 55 I Sinh san sinh difdng 55 II Sinh san vo tinh 58 III Sinh san hffu tinh 58 98 IV Sir sinh sdn thac vat co hoa 60 V Hat 70 VI Qud 72 VII Sa phdt tdn qua v& hat 73 Chirong 5: SU VAN DONG VA PHAT TRI^N CUA THUG VAT TAG DONG CUA HORMONE THI/C VAT 76 I Cac hinh thilc van dong sinh trUdng cua cay 76 II Quang ky va sif tro hoa 79 III Sir mien trang va mam cua hat 81 IV Tinh toan nang cua te bao thifc vat 83 V Tdc dong cua hormone thifc vat 85 VI Tac dong dieu hoa cua hormone thitc vat 93 95 Muc luc 97 Tai lieu th am khao