Hành động ngôn từ xin lỗi và hồi đáp trong hội thoại tiếng anh và tiếng việt

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGÔ THỊ HIỀN TRANG APOLOGIES AND RESPONSES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CONVERSATIONS DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Danang, 2023 THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES NGÔ THỊ HIỀN TRANG APOLOGIES AND RESPONSES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CONVERSATIONS Major: THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Code: 9.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr LUU QUY KHUONG Danang, 2023 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pursuing a Ph.D study has been a long and challenging journey Many people have directly and indirectly influenced my academic study over the passing years It would have been impossible for me to finish my thesis without their enthusiastic support Although words will never be enough to express my gratitude to them, I would still like to express my thankfulness and appreciation to those who assisted me along the journey of writing this thesis First and foremost, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Lưu Quý Khương, a meritorious teacher for his invaluable advice, immense knowledge, enormous patience, and great support to me since I was a student at The University of Da Nang - University of Foreign Language Studies His guidance absolutely aided me to conduct theses for my Bachelor of Arts Degree, Master Degree, and now Doctoral Degree His support enabled me to accomplish this long academic path and attain my objectives in professional development My special thanks also go to my thesis committee members at the Faculty of English and Faculty of Foreign Language Teacher Education from the University of Foreign Language Studies – The University of Danang, and from other universities across Vietnam whose invaluable feedback and insight on proposals and drafts of this thesis strengthened the final version into a thesis I would also like to acknowledge The University of Danang for partly funding my doctoral thesis Last but not least, I am also thankful to my loving family including my husband Nguyễn Huy Quân with his whole-hearted support, my son Nguyễn Ngô Thành Long, and my daughter Nguyễn Ngô Thanh An for their positive energies to me, and my parents whose unconditional love for me lasts for every single passing day Without their endless help and support, I would never be able to accomplish this thesis ii STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or a part from another author’s thesis or document No other person’s work has been used without the acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Danang, October 2023 iii ABSTRACT Whenever an apology is made, interlocutors expect a return act of making responses These pragmatic acts of apologizing and responding to apologies are common activities in communication among interlocutors because using only either of these two crucial speech acts can hardly establish fully effective communication This doctoral thesis aims not only to investigate the pragmatic acts of apology and response strategies in English and Vietnamese film conversations in terms of gender and power; but also to analyze the similarities and differences of apology and response strategies in both languages The theoretical framework of this study was specified in the light of sociopragmatics That is, the conversation analysis by Schegloff (2007), pragmatic act theory by Mey (2006, 2013), the apology strategy taxonomy by Trosborg (2011), the response strategy taxonomy by Holmes (1990, 1995), and the direct and indirect speech act theory by Searle (1975) were employed to achieve the aims This study took a qualitative descriptive and contrastive design with the support of quantitative information It collected data from conversations extracted from socio-psychological film scripts and subtitles in English and Vietnamese which were released from 2015 to 2020 The results revealed the exchanges of apology and response strategies in terms of the influences of gender and power in each language This thesis also showed that two languages shared the similarities and differentiate both languages The thesis is hoped to make a contribution to the field of linguistics since it uncovered exchanges of a pair of speech acts of apologies and responses It also extended the apology taxonomy by Trosborg (2011) by adding mixed apology strategy and response taxonomy by Holmes (1990, 1995) with ironic acceptance, refusal plus, unsatisfied questions, direct apologizing and mixed apology response strategy The findings also provided practical assistance to learners of English and Vietnamese as foreign languages iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ii ABSTRACT .iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xiii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.5 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY 1.6 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS 1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY 1.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY 10 CHAPTER TWO ITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 13 2.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES RELATED TO APOLOGIES AND RESPONSES 13 2.1.1 Socio-pragmatic Studies .13 2.1.2 Contrastive or Cross-cultural Pragmatic Studies 18 2.1.3 Interlanguage Pragmatic Studies 25 2.1.4 Research Gaps from the Previous Studies 27 2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .30 2.2.1 Sociopragmatics in Speech Acts .30 2.2.2 Conversation and Film Conversation .32 2.2.3 Exchange in Adjacency Pair of Speech Acts 36 2.2.4 Speech Act and Pragmatic Act Theory 37 v 2.2.5 Language and Culture 55 2.2.6 Conceptual Framework of the Study 58 2.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY 60 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .61 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN .61 3.2 RESEARCH PLANS 63 3.3 RESEARCH METHODS 64 3.3.1 Qualitative Method 64 3.3.2 Descriptive Method 65 3.3.3 Contrastive Method 66 3.4 DATA COLLECTION 66 3.4.1 Sources of Data 66 3.4.2 Population, Samples, and Sampling 68 3.4.3 Data Collection Instruments .73 3.4.4 Data Collection Procedures 78 3.5 DATA ANALYSIS .79 3.5.1 Statistical Analysis Tool .79 3.5.2 Matrix of Collected Data 79 3.5.3 Data Analysis Procedure 81 3.5.4 Analytical Framework of the Study 83 3.6 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY .85 3.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY 86 CHAPTER FOUR APOLOGY AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH FILM CONVERSATIONS 88 4.1 EXCHANGES OF APOLOGY AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES 88 4.1.1 Direct and Indirect Apology Strategies 88 4.1.2 Direct and Indirect Response Strategies .110 4.1.3 Apology and Response Strategies 121 4.2 GENDER INFLUENCES ON APOLOGY AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES 131 4.2.1 Gender Influences on Apology Strategies in English Film Conversations 132 vi 4.2.2 Gender Influences on Response Strategies in English Film Conversations 132 4.2.3 Gender Influences on Exchanges of Apology and Response Strategies in English Film Conversations 133 4.3 POWER INFLUENCES ON APOLOGY AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES137 4.3.1 Power Influences on Apology Strategies in English Film Conversations 137 4.3.2 Power Influences on Exchanges of Apology and Response Strategies in English Film Conversations 139 4.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY 146 CHAPTER FIVE APOLOGY AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES IN VIETNAMESE FILM CONVERSATIONS .147 5.1 EXCHANGES OF APOLOGY AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES 147 5.1.1 Direct and Indirect Apology Strategies .147 5.1.2 Direct and Indirect Response Strategies .161 5.1.3 Apology and Response Strategies 176 5.2 GENDER INFLUENCES ON APOLOGY AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES 187 5.2.1 Gender Influences on Apology Strategies in Vietnamese Film Conversations .188 5.2.2 Gender Influences on Response Strategies in Vietnamese Film Conversations .189 5.2.3 Gender Influences on Exchanges of Apology and Response Strategies in Vietnamese Film Conversations 190 5.3 POWER INFLUENCES ON APOLOGY AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES193 5.3.1 Power Influences on Apology Strategies in Vietnamese Film Conversations .193 5.3.2 Power Influences on Exchanges of Apology and Response Strategies in Vietnamese Film Conversations 194 5.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY 202 CHAPTER SIX SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN APOLOGY AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FILM CONVERSATIONS 203 6.1 SIMILARITIES IN APOLOGY AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FILM CONVERSATIONS .203 vii 6.1.1 Similarities in Apology and Response Strategies in Film Conversations 203 6.1.2 Similarities in Gender Influences on Apology and Response Strategies in Film Conversations 210 6.1.3 Similarities in Power Influences on Apology and Response Strategies 214 6.1.4 Summary on Similarities in Apology and Response Strategies in Film Conversations .217 6.2 DIFFERENCES IN APOLOGY AND RESPONSES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FILM CONVERSATIONS 219 6.2.1 Differences in Apology and Response Strategies 219 6.2.2 Differences in Gender Influences on Apology and Response Strategies 222 6.2.3 Differences in Power Influences on Apology and Response Strategies 223 6.2.4 Summary on Differences in Apology and Response Strategies in Film Conversations .224 6.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY 228 CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 229 7.1 CONCLUSION 229 7.2 IMPLICATIONS .232 7.2.1 English Language Research Implications 232 7.2.2 Communication Implications 233 7.2.3 Pedagogical Implications 234 7.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE THESIS 236 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS 238 REFERENCES 240 APPENDICES 254 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A AC At.C AK AOR AP AS AR ARS BSE CA CEFR Di.S E EA EAOB ECFH EDOR EE e.g EOE EOLOI EOR EOS EV Ev.S Ex F FE FTA H IA Answer Acceptance Attacking complainer Acknowledgement Acknowledgment of responsibility Adjacency pairs Apology strategies Apology responses Apology response strategies Blaming someone else Conversation analysis Common European Framework of Reference for Languages Direct strategies Equal social power Explicit acknowledgment Explicit acceptance of the blame Expressing concern for hearer Explicit denial of responsibility Explicit explanation For example Expression of embarrassment Expression of lack of intent Expression of regret Expression of self-deficiency Evasion Evasive strategies Exchange Female Faculty of English Face-threatening act Higher social power Implicit acknowledgment