Politics The Basics, 4th Edition Tai Lieu Chat Luong POLITICS THE BASICS 4TH EDITION This highly successful introduction to the world of politics has been fully revised and updated in collaboration wi[.]
Tai Lieu Chat Luong POLITICS THE BASICS 4TH EDITION This highly successful introduction to the world of politics has been fully revised and updated in collaboration with a new co-author, Nigel Jackson of the University of Plymouth The new edition builds on the reputation for clarity and comprehensive coverage of the previous editions It explores the varieties of political systems, the main political movements and key issues at the beginning of the twenty-first century New to the fourth edition: • • • • • • comparison of quantitative and qualitative methods more international examples greater discussion of non-Western concepts of politics the problem of voter apathy and lack of trust in politicians more discussion of the ‘war on terrorism’ extended analysis of the role of the Internet in politics including blogs, search engine censorship and e-democracy • analysis of further key concepts such as genocide and policy networks • more links to web pages including case studies, further questions to explore and additional learning activities Accessible in style and topical in content, this book assumes no prior knowledge of politics These features make it ideal reading for general readers as well as for those who are just beginning to study politics at undergraduate level Stephen D Tansey has taught Politics at the universities of Ife (Nigeria), Exeter and Bournemouth, for the Open University and the WEA He is the author of Business, Information Technology and Society (also published by Routledge) Nigel Jackson has worked as a parliamentary agent for a UK political party, for an MP and as a parliamentary lobbyist Teaching at the University of Plymouth, his research interests are in political communication and political marketing, especially online Also available from Routledge THE ROUTLEDGE DICTIONARY OF POLITICS DAVID ROBERTSON FIFTY MAJOR POLITICAL THINKERS (SECOND EDITION) IAN ADAMS AND R.W DYSON FIFTY KEY FIGURES IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY BRITISH POLITICS KEITH LAYBOURN FIFTY KEY THINKERS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS MARTIN GRIFFITHS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE KEY CONCEPTS MARTIN GRIFFITHS AND TERRY O’CALLAGHAN THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO FASCISM AND THE FAR RIGHT PETER DAVIES AND DEREK LYNCH INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE BASICS PETER SUTCH AND JUANITA ELIAS POLITICS THE BASICS 4TH EDITION stephen d tansey and nigel jackson First edition published 1995 Second edition published 2000 Third edition published 2004 Fourth edition, 2008 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa © 1995, 2000, 2004 Stephen D Tansey; 2008 Stephen D Tansey and Nigel Jackson We, Stephen Douglas Tansey and Nigel Jackson, hereby assert and give notice to our right under section 77 of the Copyright Design and Patents Act 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Tansey, Stephen D., 1942– Politics : the basics / Stephen D Tansey and Nigel Jackson — 4th ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index Political science I Jackson, Nigel A II Title JA66.T35 2008 320—dc22 2007038803 ISBN 0-203-92919-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 10: 0–415–42243–4 (hbk) ISBN 10: 0–415–42244–2 (pbk) ISBN 10: 0–203–92919–5 (ebk) ISBN 13: 978–0–415–42243–7 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978–0–415–42244–4 (pbk) ISBN 13: 978–0–203–92919–3 (ebk) TO THE NEXT GENERATION – ESPECIALLY ELIOT, TOBY, FREYA AND JAKE CONTENTS List of illustrations Preface Acknowledgements xi xiii xix Politics This chapter Politics in everyday life What is politics? Approaches to the study of politics Traditional scholarship Social science and politics Schools of political science Theories, models, paradigms Radical and postmodernist criticism Conclusion Recommended reading Websites 1 12 15 18 19 23 23 24 Systems This chapter States and societies Politics without the state: tribal societies Feudalism States without nations: kingdoms States without nations: empires Nations and states The nation state and sovereignty 26 26 26 27 31 33 36 38 39 viii CONTENTS Politics between states Politics beyond the state: international institutions Multinational enterprises and ‘globalisation’ Politics as a universal activity Recommended reading Websites 40 41 42 47 48 48 Concepts This chapter Human nature and politics Is the state necessary? Why should i obey the state? The nature of authority What is justice? Individualism versus collectivism Rights: natural, human, legal Equality Positive and negative freedom Analysing political concepts Recommended reading Websites 50 50 50 52 54 56 57 60 61 62 64 65 67 68 Ideologies This chapter Ideology ‘Right’ versus ‘left’ The old right: monarchism The radical right: Nazism and fascism Marxism Leninism and Stalinism Other Marxisms Radicalism Radical theism – Catholic, Protestant and Islamic Ecology as political radicalism Feminism as political radicalism Liberalism Conservatism Thatcherism and neo-conservatism Christian democracy Socialism and social democracy Communitarianism and the ‘third way’ Recommended reading Websites 69 69 69 71 72 74 76 77 79 81 81 84 86 89 92 94 95 97 99 101 102 CONTENTS Processes This chapter Political identity Political socialisation and political culture Localism, nationalism, religion and ethnicity Racial and ethnic conflict Dominance, assimilation and social pluralism Elites, classes and political pluralism Political change Coups d’état and revolutions Terror and terrorism Class conflict in the twenty-first century Post-industrial politics: the information polity? ‘North’ versus ‘South’? Conclusion Recommended reading Websites 103 103 103 104 107 110 112 114 117 120 121 123 125 129 133 134 134 States This chapter Types of state Democracy, the welfare state and the market Forms of representative democracy Military autocracy Civil autocracy Totalitarian governments Nazi government Soviet government Islamic government – breaking the mould? Multi-level government European political institutions Local government Conclusion Recommended reading Websites 136 136 136 139 142 146 148 150 151 152 153 155 159 164 168 168 169 Democracy This chapter How can government be ‘democratic’? Participation and direct democracy Choosing rulers Electoral systems The executive 170 170 170 171 173 173 175 ix 266 REFERENCES Voltaire, 1756, ‘Essai sur l’histoire générale et sur les moeurs et l’esprit des nations’, Paris Weiner, Myron, 1962, The Politics of Scarcity: Party Politics in India, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press Weldon, T D., 1953, The Vocabulary of Politics, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Penguin Wheare, K C., 1951, Modern Constitutions, Oxford, Oxford University Press —— 1963, Federal Government, 4th edn, London, Oxford University Press Whittaker, David (ed.), 2001, The Terrorism Reader, London, Routledge Williams, Gavin (ed.), 1976, Nigeria: Economy and Society, London, Rex Collings Williams, Philip, 1964, Crisis and Compromise, Harlow, Longmans Wittfogel, K., 1957, Oriental Despotism, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press Wollstonecraft, Mary, 1985, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Penguin World Bank, 2006, Global Economic Prospects 2005, Washington DC, online at http://www.worldbank.org Woodcock, George, 1975, Anarchism, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, Penguin Wring, D., 2007, ‘Focus Group Follies? Qualitative Research and British Labour Party Strategy’, Journal of Political Marketing 5(4): 71–97 INDEX The italicised entries refer to the Key Concepts activists 191, 192, 238–9 accelerated pluralism 116, 238 Acton, Lord 64, 168 administrative courts 180, 184–5 Afghanistan 121, 123,154, 155 Africa 36, 138: civil autocracy in 149; military autocracy in 146–7 African-Americans 111–112 AIDS see HIV / AIDS Albania 109 al-Gadahfi, President 149 algorithm 127 Allardt, E 107, 119 Allison, G.T 41, 220, 222–4 Almond, G 15, 20, 105, 107 Al-Qaeda 121, 122, 123 American Revolution 61, 146 Amin, General 41 anarchism 31, 52–4, 73, 89 Andreski, S 131 Animal Liberation Front 122 apartheid 38, 88, 112, 122 apparatchiks 80 Arab identity 84 Arendt, H 150 Aristotle 9, 171 Argentina 76, 121, 123 armed forces: coups 120; government by 146–8 assimilation 112 Ataturk, Kemal 147 Athens, classical 138, 171–2 Australia 38 authoritarianism, capitalist 80, 188 authority: nature of 56–7; in tribal societies 30 autocratic states 136–8: civil autocracy 148–50; military autocracy 146–8 AWB 76 Bachrach, P 22, 209, 226 Baader-Meinhoff gang see Red Army Faction balance of power 40 Ball, John 82 Banfield, E.C & L.F 159 Bangladesh 43, 236 Baratz, M.S 22, 209, 226 bargaining: inter-organisational 222; in politics 6; political bargaining model 222–4; political stability 119; tribal societies 29–31 Barker, Sir E 185 Barratt, S 226 BBC 199–201, 244 Belgium 39 Bell, D 99, 126 Benedict, R 51 268 INDEX Benn, S.I 63 Bentham, J 57, 58 Berlin, I 65 Bemstein, C 198 Beveridge, Lord 92 Beveridge Report 92, 141 bias, mobilisation of 22 Black Shirts (S.S.) 151 Blair, Tony 97, 98; government of 197 blind rule implementation 220 Bloch, M 33 Bohannan, P 28 Bokassa, Emperor 149 Bolsheviks 78, 152 books (as sources) 241–242 Bosnia 83 bourgeoisie 20, 116, 124 Bradford 107–8 Brandt Report 129, 132 Brazil: 43; military role in 147; socialization 106; tribal groups in 27 Brinton, C 120 Bristol 110 Britain see United Kingdom British Empire 36; triangular trade in 110 Brown, Gordon 189, 231 Brown versus the Board of Education of Topeka (1954) 112, 183 Brown Shirts (S.A.) 154 Brunei 153 Bryce, J.B budgetary process: legislative 178; local government 167 Buddhism 109 bureaucracy 37, 217–220 Burke, E 86, 93 Bush, George W 41, 82, 95, 123 Campbell, Alistair 193 Canada: 38, 39; & Quebec 109 capitalism: democracy, welfare state and 139–141; liberalism and 90–2; Marxism and 76–81; radical feminism 89; shift from democracy to authoritarianism 80, 188 Castro, F 78 Cater, D 186 Catholic Church / catholicism: Christian Democracy 95–7,109; feudalism 31–2; monarchism 33, 72; political identity and 109, 111 ‘cause’ groups 197 CDROM 244–5 Central African Empire / Republic 149 centralisation: decision-making mechanisms 226–8; democracy 187–9, 204 see also democratic centralism centralised planned economies 212 CERN see Europen Organisation for Nuclear Research channels, information 197–200 charismatic leadership 56 Charles I, King 64 ‘chattering classes’ 209 chiefs 29, 30 see also ‘Native Administration’ Child Support Agency 226 China 43, 78, 235: communism 129–30, 139; empire 36–7; local government 164, 166; mandarinate 37 Chirac, J 161 Christian Democracy 95–7, 100, 103 Christian fundamentalism 82, 95 churches 33, 96, 216 see also Catholic Church CIA (Central Intelligence Agency, USA) 41 Citizens Advice Bureaux 216 Citizen’s Charters 233 Civic engagement 237–8; civic disillusionment 6–7 Civil Rights Act (US) 112, 140 civil service 162, 177, 233 see also bureaucracy civil society 138; international 236 INDEX class: conflict 10, 20, 77–8, 123–5; elites, political pluralism & 115–6; post-industrial politics 125–8; welfare state and distribution 234–6 classical rational actor model 40–1 Clinton, W 99, 100, 101, 176 closed systems of thought 70 Colas, Alejandro 236 Coleman, J 15, 105 collectivism : individualism vs 60–61, 72; & socialism 20, 98; see also totalitarianism colonialism 36: and race 37–8, 110 Colombia 43 Commager, H.S 82, 118 Command Papers 243 common law 180 communication: democracy and 204; Internet 203; interest groups 195–7; mass media 197–202; political communication 189–90; ‘spin’ and political marketing 193–4; technology 125–9 see also political parties communism 76–81, 152–3 see also Marxism communist (Eastern) bloc 78–9, 123, 145 Communist Manifesto 20, 21, 77 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 78, 152–3 communitarianism 99–101 competition, perfect and imperfect 214 concepts, political 10, 15–7, 21–2, 50–68 concertation 97, 188 Confederation, American 163 conflict: class 10, 20, 76–9, 123–5; feudalism 33; human nature 50–2; radical criticism 19–23; tribal societies 29–30 Congress (USA) 178 Congress Party of India 104 consensus 6, 89; in tribal societies 29, 51 see also cooperation consent 54–5 Conservative Party (UK) 93–4, 95 conservatism 73, 92–5; Thatcherism as radicalism 94–5; consociational systems 142, 144 constitutionalism 89, 181–2 constitutions 181–5; rights and 61–2, 90, 182–5; US 90, 180, 182–5 consultation 185–7, 195–7 see also concertation Consumers’ Association 197 contracts 55 ‘convention’style constitutions 145 conventions 182, 191; local government 166 cooperation 6, 215–7 see also consensus cooperative federalism 159 cooperative movement 97 cooptation 187 corporatism 186–7, 190, 197 corruption 111, 147 Country Indicators for Foreign Policy 14 coups d’etat 120–1 court politics 34 Cranston, M 62, 65 ‘creeping Americanisation’ 45 Crick, B 4, 5, 7, 136–9, 150 Cromwell, Oliver 120 Crusades 82 Cuba 78, 139; missile crisis 41, 220 cult of personality 78, 150 culture: empires and 36–8; globalisation 44–5; political 104–7 Czech republic 160 Dahl, R.A 7, 116 Dahrendorf, R 125 Dalton, R J 96 Darfur 42 databases, online 245 Dawson, R.E 105 269 270 INDEX De Gaulle, C 144, 161 De Jouvenal, B 4, 5, 210 De Maistre see Maistre, Compte De De Tocqueville, Alexis debt moratorium 236 decentralised systems 158 decision-making mechanisms: choice of 210–1; federalism, devolution and decentralisation 155–9; market 212–5; voluntary co-operation 215–7 see also policy-making ‘deep ecology’ 86 degree courses 247 deism 61 democracy 170–208, 139–41; facade democracy 148; forms of representative democracy 142–6; liberal democratic states, numbers of 139; obedience to state in 54–5; pluralism 114–7; quasi-democracy 148; republican regimes 137; US constitution and 90, 180, 181, 182; welfare state, market and 139–41; see also Christian democracy democratic centralism 78, 145 Derbyshire, I & J 143, 144 deterritorialization 46 Deutsch, K 15 developing countries see ‘South’ Dicey, A.V 63, 183 dictatorship of the proletariat 78 Diggers 82 direct democracy 171–3 Disraeli, B 93 Distribution: market decisionmaking 210–11; social policy 234–6 see also justice and equality divine right of kings 74 Djilas, M 80 Dobu (of New Guinea) 52 Doctors, representation of 196 dominance 112–4 Dowse, R.E 16, 146 ‘dual executive’ (EU) 161 see also hybrid systems Duvalier, President 149 dynastic politics 34–5, 149 Eastern Europe 78, 145; fall of communism 123 see also Communist Bloc Easton, D 4, 17, 106 Eberhard, W 36 Ecole National d’Administration (ENA) 184–5 ecology 84–6 ‘economists’ 17 economy 232 Edelman, M 226 Edwards, L 120 effectiveness 232 efficiency 232 Egypt 155 elections 173–5: communication and political parties 189–93 electronic referenda 172, 203 elite theory 57, 114–7 empires 36–8: and race 110 ENA see Ecole National d’Administrqtion energy resources 128 Engels, F 65, 76, 78, 89 English Civil War 50, 118 environment: & political radicalism 84–6 equality 62–3; & liberalism 91; socialism 97–9 ethnic cleansing ethnicity 107–12; dominance, assimilation and social pluralism 112–4 Etzioni, A 99 Europe 38: Christian democracy in 95–7; feudal 31–3 European Constitutional Convention 164 European Court of Human Rights 159 European Declaration of Human Rights 184 INDEX European Economic Community (EEC) 159–60 see also European Union European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) 159 European Parliamentary Union 159 European Union 42, 159–64; Commission 161; corporatism in 186–7; Council of Ministers 161–2; Court of Justice 162; dual executive 162; Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) 161; future 163–4; Parliament 162, 163; single currency in 161; subsidiarity 157; three pillars of 162 see also under individual countries evaluation of public policy 232–4 Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) see European Union executive 143, 144, 175–6; definition of 175; France 144; rule making by 176; UK 177; USA 176–7 experts, scientific/technical 126 Eysenck, H 51 family: government by 34–5 fascism 74–6 federal systems 158–9 feminism, radical 10, 21, 86–9 feudalism 31–3 Firestone, S 89 Five Giants 92, 141 ‘floating voter’ 125 Fogarty, M.P 96 Foucault, M 22 France: colonialism 38, 113; Council of State and ENA 184–5; ‘creeping Americanisation’ 45; Declaration of the Rights of Man 61, 182; electoral system 174; European Union 160; First National Assembly 71, 145; Louis XIV and Church 33; Paris 1968 80; regional identities 38–9; Resistance 122; Revolution 61, 120: sovereignty 39; statist approach 213; universal suffrage 140 freedom/liberty 64–5, 90; four freedoms 141; see also individualism French Revolution 61, 118, 124 Friedman, M.& R 95 Friedrich, C 150 Frissen, P 186 Fudge, C 226 Fulani (of Northern Nigeria) 28 functionalist approach 10, 15–6, 20 fundamentalism 81–4; Christian 82; Islamic 82–4, see also Wahhabist Gadahfi, Colonel see al-Gadahfi, President Gaebler, T 236 ‘Gaia hypothesis’ 85 game theory 5–6 Gandhi, M.K 130 Gbadamosi, T.G.O 83 Germany 43, 44; CDU 96; communitarianism 99; electoral system 174; European Union 163; Nazism 74–6, 150, 151; statist approach 213 Gerth, H 5, 27, 37, 56, 218 Gettysburg address 170 Ghana 146 Gibbins, J 22 globalisation 42–7 Gluckman, M 28 Goldman, E 53, 89 Gorovitz, S 59 Governance 229–31 government: autocratic 146–50; democratic forms of 142–6; impact on everyday life 1–3; Islamic 153–5; levels 155–9; military 146–8; Nazi 151–2; Soviet 152–3; and state 38–9 see also state Gramsci, A 79 Greece: classical 138, 171–2; European Union 160 271 272 INDEX Green, T.H 91 green movement 84–6 Greenleaf, W.H 82 Greenpeace 197, 239 ‘groupuscules’ 80 Guatamala 43 Gunn, L.A 220, 224 Haiti 149 Hamilton, A 118 Hansard 243 Hattersley, R 67 Hausa kingdoms 35 Havel, Vaclau 138 Haworth (Yorks.) 107 Hayek, E A 94 Hegel, G.W 64, 75, 77 Heidegger, M 64 Hindu 103–4, 110 HIV/AIDS 44 historical dialectic 77, 124 Hitler, A 74–6, 150, 151 Ho Chi Minh 78 Hobbes, T 50, 51, 55, 61, 64 Hobhouse, L 91 Hogwood, B.W 220, 224 Holocaust 75–6, 112 Holy Roman Empire 32 ‘homelands’ 112 Hood, C 225 House of Commons 178 House of Lords 178 Hoxha, E 78 human rights 61–2 Hussein, Saddam 149 Hungary 160 hybrid systems 142, 144 Idealists, English 91 Identity 103 :development of 103–5; ethnic 110–12; political 103; national 38; racial 110–12 ideology 69–71; end of 99; radicalism and 81 implementation, policy 225–8; local management 228–9 incrementalism 222–4 independence 145–6 Independent Commission on International Development see Brandt Report India 104, 109 individual political action 238–9 individualism: vs collectivism 5, 60–1, 72; decision-making mechanism 210–1, 213–5; ‘rational choice’ theorists 17 Indonesia 43, 88 Information Polity 125–9 information technology: democracy 172 globalisation 43; post-industrial politics 125–29 see also Internet Inkatha 103 institutional approach 10, 11–2 Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI – Mexico) 104 integration, racial and ethnic 112–4 interest groups 195–9, 215–7 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBM) 220 international institutions 41–2 international poverty line 235 international law 40 international politics 40–1 International Standards Organisation (ISO) 42 International Telecommunications Union (ITU) 42 International Working Men’s Association 77 Internet 13, 128, 172, 202–4, 246–7 interorganisational bargaining 219–228 Iran 154–5 Iraq 148 Anglo-American Invasion of 41, 121, 161 Ireland 175, 179; Northern Ireland (Ulster) 34, 109, 155 Irving, R.E.M 96 Islam: fundamentalism 82–4; political appeal 82; Islamic INDEX government 153–5; Koran 82, 83, 153, 154; madrasas (Islamic schools) 123; Sh’ite 153–4; Sunni 153–4; Taliban 154; Ummat (community of the faithful) 83, 153; Wahhabist 123, 154; zakat 153 see also Afghanistan, Al-Qaeda, Brunei, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia Israel 109, 174, 181 Italy 75, 166 Jamaica 43 Jan Sangh 103–4 Janus Japan 43, 44 Jennings, Sir I 185 Jewry, European 112 Jodice, D 14 Johnson, N 141 Jones, M.A 111 Jordan 154 judicial review 112, 180 judiciary 179–81: and common law 180; and napoleonic tradition 180–1 see alse judicial review justice 57–60 Kalahari 28 Keynes, J.M 92 Khomeini, Ayatollah 83 Kim-Il-Sung, President 149 kingdoms 33–5, 72–4, 176 kings, divine right of 74 kleptocracy 131 Knight, B 217 nights 31 knowledge workers 126 Koran 82, 154 Korea, North 139, 149 Kosovo 109 Kropotkin, Prince P 53 Kuhn, T 19 !Kung 28 Kuwait 35 Labour Party 97–9, 99–101, 191–2 Labour Representative Committee (LRC) 97 Lancashire 108 Lasswell, H 5–6 Latin America 130 : civil autocracies 149; coups 123; military government 146–7 see also Brazil etc law: authority and 54–5; common 180; feudal 31–2; justice 57; state as institutionalisation of law 54–5; tribal societies 28–9 league tables, school 233–4 Lees-Marshment, J 194 Left, the 71–2, 80, 97–9: classifying 71–2; human nature 51 legal rights 61–2, 182–5 legislation 177–9; European Union 161 legislature 142–5, 177–9: bicameral 179; budgetary process 178; government and 142–5; social composition 179; soviet 145, 152; staffing of 178 legitimacy 38–9, 41 56, 62, 72, 96, 98, 120, 156–7, 171, 175, 176, 185, 204, 216 LeGrand, J 63, 236 LeMarchand, R 34 Lenin, V I 50, 77–8, 120 Leninism 77–9 Leo XIII, Pope 157 Levellers 82 Liberal (Democratic) Party (UK) 90, 99, 175, 192 liberal democratic states see democracy Liberal Party (NY) 90 liberal social policy 235 liberalism 70, 89–92, 71; obedience to state 54; Thatcherism 95 Libya 149 ‘light anthropocentric’ ecology 85 Lincoln, A 170 Lindblom, C.E 219, 222, 226 Lipset, S.M 146 273 274 INDEX Littunen, Y 107, 119 Liverpool 110 Lloyd George, D 92 lobbyists, professional 197 local government 164–8: budgeting 167–8; centralisation in UK 187–9; China 164, 166; elected mayors 165; France 165, 166; Italy 166; Nigerian ‘Native Administration’ 164; participation in 239; parties and politics in 166; policy implementation 225–8; Independent groups in 166; Soviet Union 164; ‘Ultra Vires’ 167; USA 164–8 local management of policy 228–9 localism 107–8 Locke, J 50, 51, 54, 61, 64, 69, 90 lords 32: House of Lords 179 Lovelock, J 86 Maastricht Treaty 162 Machiavelli, N 50 MacPherson, C.B 171 Maistre, Comte de 51 Malaysia 42, 43, 112 Malaysian Chinese Association 103 managing local public policy 228–9 Mandarinate 37 Mandela, N 56–7 Mandelson, P 193 Mangham, I 223 Mao Zedong 78 Marcuse, H 151 market mechanisms: decision-making 212–15; problems 213–5; Thatcherism 94–5 marketing, political 193–4 Marshall, L 28 Marx, K 20, 76–8, 97, 124–5, 127 Marxism 10, 20–2, 69, 76–7, 79–80; class conflict 119, 123–5; ideology 69; Leninism and Stalinism 77–9; and socialism 97; Marxist feminism 89 mass media see media mayors, elected 165 McClellan, D 71 Mckenzie, W.J.M 173 McGrew, T 45, 46 McLuhan, M 44 Mecca 83 mechanisms see decision-making mechanisms Medecins Sans Frontieres 217 media 197–202; spin and political marketing 193–4; sources 242, 244 Michels, R 115 migration 108 Miliband, R 21, 79, 188 militants 192 military government 146–8 Milgam, S 13 Mills, C Wright 5, 7, 27, 37, 56, 114–5, 218 Mill, J.S 9, 90 Mitchell, D 28 mobilisation of bias 22 models 18–9; policy-making 217–222 Modernising Government 231 Moloney, K 116, 197, 238 monarchic states 33–5, 72–4, 176 monarchism 72–4 Monet, J 160 More, T 51 Morison, S.E 82, 118 Mormonism 82 Mosca, G 115, 119 Most, J 54 MRP (Mouvement Republicain Populaire) 92 multinational enterprises 42–7 Murdoch, R 200 nanny state 95 Napoleon 120, 184 Nasser, President 149 ‘Native Administration’ (colonial Nigeria) 164 INDEX nation-states 38–9: globalisation 42–7; relations between 40–1; sovereignty 39 National Association of Citizen’s Advice Bureau 217 National Health Service (NHS) 67, 216, 230, 236 national interest 40 National Rifle Association 217 National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) 216 national will 39 nationalism 84, 107–110 see also nation-states NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) 42, 156 natural rights 61–2 nazism 74–6, 150, 151–2 negative freedom 64–5 negative income tax 235 neo-conservatism 94–5 Nepal 35 Netherlands: local policy networks 186; multinationals 44 Nettl, P 16 Neustadt, R.E 227 New York 108 New Zealand 38, 181 newly independent states 145–6 newspapers 200–2, 242 NICs (Newly Industrialised Countries) 131 see also South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan etc Nietzsche, F W 51,75 Nigeria: civil war 147; Kingdoms of 33–4; military government in 147; ‘Native Administration’ 164; National identity and ethnicity 39; Nigerian National Democratic Party 104; Tiv 28–30 NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) 86 Nkrumah, K 146 Nixon, R 176, 198 Norris, P ‘North’ vs ‘South’ 129–32 Northern Ireland 34, 109, 145, 155; Real IRA 122 Oakeshott, M 94 obedience to state 54–5 ombudsman 184 on-line data-bases 245 ‘One Nation’ conservatism 93 oneparty systems 145–6; local 166 see also nazi government, soviet government Open University 244 opinion polls 202 ‘optimising’ behaviour 222 organisational politics 220–4 organisational process model 222 Orwell, G 79, 97 Osborne, D 230 Oxfam 217 Pahl, R.E 187 Palestine 122 panArabism 84 Papua New Guinea 27 paradigms 18–9 Pareto, V 7, 114, 115, 119 Parkinson, C.N 221 Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration (Ombudsman) 184 parliamentary systems 142–3, 177–9 parliamentary papers 243–4 Parsons, T 5, 16, 131 participation 171–3, 238–9 parties see political parties Partido Revolucionari Institucional (PRI) (Mexico) 102, 149 patronage 35 ‘perfect implementation’ 227 performance indicators 232–4 permanent campaign 194–5 personality, cult of 78, 150 persuasive definitions 66 Peters, R.S 63 piecemeal social engineering 79 planning, centralised 212–3 275 276 INDEX Plato 1, 7, 65; feminism 86: justice 59 plebiscite 172 Plessey versus Ferguson (1896) 112, 183 pluralism : accelerated 116, 238, political 10, 20, 114–7, 185–6, 190, 204, social 112–4 Poland 31, 160 policies, public 209–40 :distribution of wealth and income 234–6; implementation of public policy 225–8; incrementalisn 222–4; managing local 222–3; performance indicators 230–4; process 185–7; rational policy-making 217–220 political action, individual 238–9 politics associations 248 political bargaining model 222–3 political change 117–132: causes 118; class conflict in twenty-first century 123–5; coups d’etat and revolutions 120–1; European Union 159–64; globalisation 42–7; ‘North’ vs ‘South 129–32; postindustrial politics 125–9 political communication see communication political identity see identity political instability 130–1 political marketing 193–4 political parties 191–3, 103–4; local party systems 166 political pluralism 10, 20, 114–7, 185–6, 190, 204 political science 12–7 political systems 15–7, 26–49 political theory 11, 50–68 politics: approaches to studying 7–23; defining 3–7; in everyday life 1–3; courses 247; curricula Popper, K 15, 18, 58: ideology 69, 70 populism 171 Portugal 43, 160 positive freedom 64–5 postindustrial politics 125–129 postmodernism 22–3 power: authority and 56–7; balance of 40; defining 4–5; fractionated 221 pragmatism 81, 99 presidential systems 142–5 Press Complaints Commission 201 Pressman, M 226 pressure groups 195–7, 216–7 PRI see Institutional Revolutionary Party privatisation 230–1, 233 process issues 133 professional groups 196 profit motive 20, 214 proletarian revolution 20, 124 proletariat 20, 124–5; dictatorship of 78 proportional representation 174–5 Proudhon, P.L 53 public opinion 202 public sector pay 233 Pye, L.C 105 QUANGO 2, 196, 230 Quebec 109 Race 110–2: dominance, assimilation and social pluralism 112–4; Nazism 75–6, South Africa 76, 113 radical criticism 8–9, 19–23 radical feminism 21, 86–9 radical theism 81–4 radicalism 81; ecology as 84–6; Thatcherism, as 94–5 radio 197, 199 Rae, D.W 174 rational choice theory 17 rational legal authority 56 rational policy-making 217–20; problems of 220–1 Rawls, J 57–60 readings (in legislative process) 177 Reagan, R 35, 95 Real IRA 122 INDEX Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhoff) 122 redistribution 133: welfare state 235–6 see also distribution referendum 172 Reformation 33 Reiner, B 22–3 ‘reinventing government’ 230 Renaissance citystates 138 Republican Party (India) 104 Republican Tradition 100 republican states 137–9 see also democracy resource allocation see decision making mechanisms revolutionary change 120–1; anarchism and 53; coups and revolutions 120–1; proletarian revolution 20, 124, Ricardo, D 90 Right, the 125: classifying 71–2; Old Right 72–4; Radical Right 74–6 see also fascism, Nazism, conservatism, neoconservatism, Thatcherism rights 61–2: constitutions and 182–5; equality 62–3; liberalism 90–2 Rio Earth Summit 85 riots, urban 45 Rhodes, R 230 Roman Empire 36, 38, 120 ‘romantic’ ecology 85 Rome, Treaty of 160 Roosevelt, F.D 141 Rose, R 133 Rousseau, J J 64, 156 Rowbotham, S 89 Royal Dutch Shell 43, 44 Royal National Institute for the Blind 197 Royal National Lifeboat Institution 216 Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) 216 Royce, J 91 rulers, choosing 173 see also elections rules, blind implementation of 215–6 Russell, B Russia 144 Rwanda 112 S.A (Brown Shirts) 151 Said, E 83 Sampson, Anthony 140 Sandel, M 100 Sarkozy, N 189, 213 Sartre, JP 79 ‘satisficing’ behaviour 222 Saudi Arabia 35, 154; see also Wahhabist Saunders, P 140 Schapiro, L 78, 159 Schattschneider, E.E 22 school league tables 233–4 Scholte, J.A 46 Schopenhauer, A 75 ‘scientific’ ecology 85 Scotland 34, 108, 155, 174; Scottish Nationalist Party 103 Seckinelgin, H 44 secret (title) societies 30 ‘separate but equal’ doctrine 112 see also apartheid Serbia 76, 109 Senate (USA) 178 service-provision by voluntary organisations 215–7 Shaka, Chief 30 Shaw, G.B 98 Sherif, M 104 Simon, H.A 222 simple societies 28 Singapore 131 Singer, P 55 Single European Market (‘1992’) 161 single transferable vote 175 slavery 110 Slovakia 160 Smith, Adam 90 277 278 INDEX social democracy 97–9 social market 211 social pluralism 112–4 social policy: distribution of wealth and income 234–6; and equality 62–3 social rights 62 social science 8–9, 12–15 see also polical science socialisation, political 15, 104–7 socialism 69, 70, 97–9 socialist; social policy 235 ‘South’ (‘underdeveloped’ countries; third world) 83; ‘North’ vs 129–32 South Africa 38, 56, 76, 113, 122, 144 South America see Latin America South Korea 131 sovereignty 39, 74 Soviet Union 78, 152–3, 159: centralised planning 212–3; communism 77–9; Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 78, 152; government of 152–3; one-party democracy 150; revolution 120, 123–5 see also communist bloc, Russia Spain; joins EC 160; monarchy 74 ‘spin’ and political marketing 193–4 SS (Black Shirts) 151 Stalin 77–8, 120 Stalinism 77–8 state 212: classification 136–9; definition 27; liberalism and 90–1; models of 18; nation-states 38–9; necessity of 52–4; obedience to 54–5; politics without 26–31; states without nations 36–8 stereotyping 104 Stiglitz, J 46 ‘stipulative’ definitions 66 subsidiarity 157–1, 160, 167–8 substantive criteria 231 Sudan 42 Suffian, T.M 112 suffrage movement 87 Sweden 33, 184, 198 Switzerland 96,114, 144, 172 systems 16, 26–7: approach 16–7 Taiwan 131 Tajfel, H 104 Taliban 154, 155 Tansey, S.D 10, 44, 142, 203, 228 Tanzania 146 Tasmania 38 Tawney, R.H 82 taxation; redistributive effects 234–6 Taylor, C.L 14 technology: economic resources for research and development 163; impact on future 127; experts 125–6; and totalitarianism 150; transfer 132 see also information technology teledemocracy 171 television 193, 199–201, 244 territory 28, 31 terror 121–3, 149–51; war on 22 terrorism 22, 121–3 Thatcher, M 95, 187 Thatcherism : as radicalism 94–5 theism, radical 81–4 theories 18–19 Third Way 99–101, 188–9 ‘Three Pillars’ (EU) 162 title societies see secret societies Tiv society 28–30 Tocqueville, A de Tontons Macoute (Haiti) 149 Tolstoy, L 51 top-down policy making 226 totalitarian states/totalitarianism 136–7, 150–3 trade unions 96, 186–7, 195–6, 233 traditional scholarship 8, 9–12 triangular trade, 110 tribal societies 27–31 Trotsky, L 80 TSO (The Stationary Office) publications 243 INDEX Tullock, G 17 Turkey 105, 147 Turner, J 104 ‘Two Swords’ doctrine 73 ‘ultra vires’ 167 Unidentified Flying Object 239 Unilever 44 United Kingdom ( including ‘Britain’): centralisation 187–9; comparable in part with ‘South’ 131; communitarianism 99–101; conservatism 92–5; corporatism 186–7; distribution of wealth and income 234–6; electoral systems 173–5; and European Union 160–2, 163; interest groups 195–9; judiciary 179–81; kingdom 34; local government 164–8; market economy 213; media 197–202; localism and ethnicity 107–8; political parties 191–3; politics curriculum 8, 247–8; socialism and New Labour 97–9, 191–2; sovereignty 39; subsidiarity 157–8; universal suffrage 87, 140; ‘unwritten’ constitution 181, 183–4; voluntary organisations 195–7, 216–7; welfare state 141 see also British Empire, English Civil War, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales United Nations 40: General Assembly 4; Security Council 41–2 United States of America (USA): African-Americans 111; assimilation 112; Christian fundamentalism 82, 95; Civil Rights Act 1965 112, 140; communitarianism 99–101; ‘Confederation’ 163; congress 178; conservatism 94–5; Constitution 181–2; co-operative federalism 159; corporatism 186–7; democratic choice in 173; direct democracy in states 172; elections & Internet 203; electoral system 173; invasion of Iraq 2003 121, 160; judiciary 180, 182; legislature 177–9; local government 164–8; market economy 213; media 198–9; ‘multinational’ companies 43–4; neoconservatives 94–5; political parties 192–3; politics curriculum 8; President G W Bush 95; President Clinton 99, 100, 101, 176; President F D Roosevelt 141; President Nixon 176, 198; presidential system 142–3, 146; race and ethnicity 110–12; Senate 178; universal suffrage 87,140; urban riots 45; voluntary organisations 217; WASPS and agenda-setting 111, 209 see also American Revolution ‘United States of Europe’ 160, 163 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 62 Universal Suffrage 87, 140 University of the Third Age 216 Ummat (community of the faithful) 83, 153 urban riots 45 utilitarianism 58 values: policy-making 225, 236; political science 9, 20 Venice 138 Verba, S 105 Verney, D 142–5 Versaille, Treaty of 38 videos 234 Vincent, A 85, 98 violence: coups and revolutions 120–1; holocaust 75–6; state use of 55; terror 79, 121–3, 149–51, 152; terrorism 22, 121–3,150–4; voting: behaviour 124–5 279 280 INDEX Wahhabist 123, 154 Wales 34, 155, 174 War 121; on terror 22 WASPS (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) 111, 209 Weber, M 6, 27, 28, 38, 56–7, 218, 219–220, 222: authority 54; bureaucracy 218 welfare state: democracy, capitalism and 141 distribution of wealth and income 235–6 Wheare, K.C 181 Wildavsky, A 226 Winkler A.M 187 Wittfogel, K 37 Wittgenstein, K 22 Wollstonecraft, M 87 women: exploitation of 87–9; right to vote 87, 140 see also feminism Women’s Royal Voluntary Service 216 Woodcock, G 52, 53 Woodward, B 198 Wordsworth, W 84 World Bank 47, 156, 231 World Trade Organisation 47, 156, 231 Yeltsin, B 144, 172 Yorkshire 107–8 Yoruba kingdoms 32–4 Youth Training Scheme 228 Yugoslavia, 42, 109, 163 zakat 153 Zoroastrian 154 Zim, H 53 Zimbabwe, 109 Zionism, 109 Zulu 30, 56: Inkatha 103; Kingship 34, 56 Zuni 51, 52