Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. Giáo dục và khoa cử đại việt từ năm 1527 đến năm 1592. CƠ SỞ ĐÀO TẠO SAU ĐẠI HỌC VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PHAN DANG THUAN EDUCATION ANH EXAMINATION OF DAI VIET FROM 1527 TO 1592 Specialized field History of Vi.
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PHAN DANG THUAN EDUCATION ANH EXAMINATION OF DAI VIET FROM 1527 TO 1592 Specialized field: History of Vietnam Code: 22 9013 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN HISTORY Ha Noi - 2023 The thesis is completed at: Graduate Academy of Social Sciences Scientific instructor: Assoc Prof Dr : Vu Duy Men Prof Dr : Dinh Khac Thuan Referee 1: Prof Dr : Vu Van Quan Referee 2: Prof Dr : Dinh Quang Hai Referee 3: Prof Dr : Phan Ngoc Huyen The thesis will be defended by the Academy-level Thesis Examination Committee met at the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences at hours minutes, on day month… year… The thesis can be found at: INTRODUCTION Urgency of the reseach topic During the development of the nation's history, the Vietnamese monarchies always attached great importance to education and organized examinations to select talented people to serve the court Talking about the role of Vietnamese intellectuals in the past, Than Nhan Trung summarized the 1442 exams in the epitaph built at Van Mieu Quoc Tu Giam Thang Long as follows: "Sage is the source of the nation's energy If the principle is prosperous, the country will be strong and prosperous If the principle is depleted, then the state will be weak but lowly" [166, p.136] The history of Vietnam from 1527 to 1592 was a special period of coexistence of two opposing governments: the Mac Dynasty and the Le Trung Hung Dynasty In order to build and strengthen the apparatus, the two governments tried their best to attract the talents After replacing the Le dynasty, besides using some old mandarins of the early Le dynasty, the Mac dynasty organized examinations to select talented people to serve the court During the 65 years of reigning in Thang Long, the Mac dynasty organized 22 examinations, passing 483 doctorates, including university degrees such as: Poinsettias Do Tong, Trang Trinh Nguyen Binh Khiem, Poinsettias Giap Hai, … The Le Trung Dynasty also organized examinations, including Che Khoa exams, 45 PhDs passed, such as Dinh Bat Tuy, Phung Khac Khoan, Nguyen Van Giai, etc The history of education and examinations Dai Viet from 1527 to 1592 was an important period in the education and examinations history of Vietnam In particular, the academic education of the Mac dynasty can be considered as a milestone in the history of education for the monarchy of Vietnam In parallel with the academic education of the Mac dynasty was the education of the Le Trung dynasty in the period 1554 - 1592, the achievements during this period contributed significantly to building and consolidating the government in the early Renaissance Therefore, the education of the Mac and Le Trung dynasties from 1527 to 1592 will help us better understand the history of this period To learn lessons from the past, "Dai Viet Education and Examinations from 1527 to 1592" is a practical topic that the graduate student chooses as the subject of this dissertation Purpose and research missions of the dissertation 2.1 Research purposes On the basis of research on education and examinations of the Mac and Le Trung dynasties, the dissertation will clarify the educational organization and examinations of Dai Viet (1527 - 1592) From there, the contribution of Confucian education and faculty in this period can be seen in the development of the nation's history 2.2 Dissertation missions To achieve the above goal, the dissertation will perform the following tasks: - Analyze the situation and the historical context of Dai Viet (1527 - 1592) and how it affected education and examinations in this period - Briefly present the objectives of Dai Viet education and faculty (1527 - 1592) Learn about educational policies as well as the school system from the central to local levels, the study program, and the examination regime of both the Mac and Le Trung dynasties to point out the similarities and differences in the Confucian education system of the two governments - Present and analyze the Confucian examinations of the Mac and Le Trung dynasties through the exam rules and the process of organizing examinations Thereby contributing to clarifying the characteristics of the Confucian faculty of each government - Analyze the components and limitations of Confucian education in Dai Viet from 1527 to 1592 Through it, we see the role and influence of the Confucian intelligentsia selected through the bachelor's degree on social development in many aspects, especially in the field of politics and culture Research subject and scope 3.1 Research subject The object of the dissertation is to study the Dai Viet education and examination in the period from 1527 to 1592, fact and contribution of education to Dai Viet society in this period In the dissertation, we survey the Dai Viet education situation in specific contents such as: the school system from central to local; Educational content and exams; types of examination; Typical example of teacher and student From there, showing up the characteristics of education and examinations in this historic period as well as the contributions of the Confucian class to politics, economy, diplomacy, and culture In order to have an objective and general view, the thesis will put the Dai Viet elective education, period 1527 to 1592, in the relation to the previous education and examinations period, which is the early Le period, to point out the characteristics and contributions of Confucian education to Dai Viet from 1527 to 1592 in particular, and to Vietnam history in general In this dissertation on education and training in Dai Viet from 1527 to 1592, we only focus on Confucian education, not on the issue of martial arts, which have been also hold by the feudal monarchies, but we would like to talk about it on another occasion 3.2 Research scope The scope of time: This thesis will focus on the period from 1527 to 1592, when the Mac dynasty was found until 1592 when the Mac king withdrew from Thang Long and ended the situation in the South Northern dynasty, also ended the academic career of the Mac in Thang Long (1592) Spatial dimension: Research topic on education and examinations of Confucian Dai Viet includes both the controlled land of the Mac and Le Trung dynasties Methodology and research methods To solve the scientific problems, the author of the dissertation uses a dialectical methodology, historical materialism while standing on the point of view of the Marxist historical stance as well as the point of view of the Communist Party of Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh's thought on history The author uses the following basic research methods: Historical and logical methods to fulfill the research purpose In addition, the dissertation also uses statistical and comparative methods to set up illustrative tables as well as to draw objective and accurate assessments Dissertation contributions The dissertation presents, in an objective and honest way, the education of Dai Viet from 1527 to 1592, including education and examinations of the Mac dynasty (1527 - 1592) and the Le Trung dynasty (1554) – 1592), from the school system, the study program to the exam content The dissertation has clarified the achievements of the Dai Viet examination from 1527 to 1592 as well as the contributions of the professors in this period The dissertation will supplement materials for the research and teaching of educational institutions and examinations of the Mac and Le Trung dynasties Theoretical and practical significance of the dissertation On the basis of methodology, scientific research methods and reliable sources, the dissertation provides research results on Dai Viet Confucian education and faculty from 1527 to 1592, contributing to understanding more about the history of Confucian education in our country The dissertation "Education and examination of Dai Viet from 1527 to 1592" shows the dialectical relationship between education and examination and the needs of social development, between the organization of the imperial examination and the policies of the State That relationship is reflected in the social context, which is an important factor that sets the demand for education and exams to train talents for the government apparatus; On the contrary, it is the group of Confucian intellectuals who have been used by the State and appointed to different positions, with their talents and enthusiasm, have made important contributions to the development of the nation and people in all areas of politics, economy, military, culture, and education At the same time, the dissertation will provide materials for the research, teaching, and learning of the history of Confucian education in the monarchy in general, and the study of historical issues in the period from 1527 to 1592 in particular Dissertation layout The dissertation in addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References, Appendix contains four chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of sources and research situation Chapter 2: Confucian education in Dai Viet from 1527 to 1592 Chapter 3: Dai Viet Confucian examination from 1527 to 1592 Chapter 4: Achievements and limitations of Dai Viet education and examination from 1527 to 1592 Chapter OVERVIEW OF RESOURCES AND SITUATION OF THE RESEARCH 1.1 Reference materials The reference materials used in the dissertation are the ancient bibliographic sources of Vietnam and China; The steles dated to Mac dynasty and the epitaph of the Le Trung dynasty related to the education from 1527 to 1592, the family genealogy of the university graduates of this period 1.1.1 Domestic resources The historical sources used in the dissertation include ancient bibliographies as well as epitaphs, genealogies, and ordinations of a number of university graduates in this period First of all, the books are posted, Dai Viet Dynasty Calendar Dang Khoa Luc is called Liem district Dang Khoa Luc, Quang Binh Khoa Luc , Tu Liem district Dang Khoa chi,… These registers record the hometown as well as the year of passing the university level However, the authors explained that because the ancestors of the university professors lived with virtue, they could find a place to place their graves on the academic road without showing their hard work and efforts To carry out the dissertation, the author used materials from a number of chronicles such as: The Complete Annals of Đại Việt by Ngo Si Lien and historians of Le dynasty, The History of Đại Việt (also known as “The History of the Le Dynasty” of Le Quy Don, Imperially Commissioned Itemized Summaries of the Comprehensive Mirror of Việt History of the National History of the Nguyen Dynasty, the Vietnamese historian In addition to the above materials, the author of the dissertation also uses epitaph, ordination and genealogy such as Dai Nam Kinh Bac town Duong Thi the pha, Duong Tribe The genealogy of the family history, the genealogy of the Bui family in Thuong Trung, Vinh Tuong, Vinh Phuc, the genealogy of the Dinh family in Hung Trung, Hung Nguyen, Nghe An, 1.1.2 Chinese sources Along with Vietnamese historical sources are the ancient Chinese bibliographies related to Dai Viet (1527 - 1592) such as Minh shi Luc , Minh Su , Shu region Chu Tu Luc, Viet Kieu Thu by Ly Van Phuong, In addition, we can also mention a number of other documents such as Hoang Minh's decree, An Nam lai Uy map book, and Dong Tay Duong survey… 1.2 Research situation 1.2.1 Researchers in our country 1.2.1.1 Monographs on science education Faculty education is an important topic in the study of Vietnamese history Many monographs on education and examinations have been published such as: Understanding Vietnamese education before 1945 by Vu Ngoc Khanh, Vietnamese cultural history of intellectual activities in the 1427-1802 era by Dam Van Chi, Vietnamese academics (1075-1919) by Ngo Duc Tho (editor), Education and examination in Vietnam by Nguyen Q Thang, Confucian education and training in the Le Dynasty in Vietnam through Han documents Nom by Dinh Khac Thuan, Mo Trach village of science, ancient culture village of Vu Huy Thuan (editor), Quoc Tu Giam and Vietnamese wisdom by Do Van Ninh, Epitaph of Doctor of Literature - Quoc Tu Giam Thang Long, Ngo Duc Tho (editor), History of Vietnamese education from the 10th century to 1858 by Vu Duy Men… These works have helped the dissertation author to have more multi-dimensional perspectives on education and science Confucianism 1.2.1.2 Research papers on undergraduate education published in journals and conferences Entering the twentieth century along with the decline of the Confucian education system, some authors in articles in newspapers such as Tri Tan and Nam Phong mentioned Confucian education and examinations in our country such as: Duong Ba Trac's study of exams in our country, Nam Phong Magazine No 23 in 1919; A brief review of Vietnamese examinations by Tran Van Giap, etc The situation of education and examinations in the Mac dynasty by Nguyen Huu Tam, (Journal of Historical Research No 6, 1991), Faculty education from 1527 to 1592 has been mentioned in a number of specialized scientific journals and in Proceedings of scientific conferences, at the scientific conference of the Mac Dynasty held in 1994, Faculty education also received the attention of researchers with the following papers: Some issues about intellectuals in the Mac period by Le Van Lan; A few points about the behavior of intellectuals of the Mac period through some new documents of Nguyen Duc Nhue; An essay on the subject of the doctoral examination in the year of the Goat 1583 of the Mac dynasty by Nguyen Tuan Thinh; Thoughts on the ideological life of the Mac dynasty of Nguyen Minh Tuong, Confucian education and exams in Dong Kinh under the Mac dynasty by Dinh Khac Thuan, Han Nom Journal, No 6(79), 2008, Education policy of Vietnam The Mac Dynasty in the Hong Duc Charity Letter by To Ngoc Hang, Past - Present Magazine No 385 August 2011 Tran Thi Vinh in the Journal of Historical Research has articles on education in the Mac dynasty and Le Trung hung: Faculty of appointment and recruitment of mandarins to work in the state government of the Mac Dynasty No 1(465) in 2015 ), Faculty of appointing and recruiting mandarins to work in the state government under Le Trung from 1554 to 1787 (No 12(476) in 2015), Faculty of Confucian Studies of Mac Dynasty (1527 - 1592) (No 9(521) in 2019) 1.2.1.3 Dissertations and dissertations on science education Initial study of the scholarly literature of the early Le dynasty, the dissertation of Deputy Doctor of Literature by Nguyen Van Thinh, Hanoi, 1996; The influence of Confucian thought on education on the field of education - Vietnamese examinations from the 11th to the 15th century, Doctor of Philosophy dissertation by Pham Thi Quynh, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Hanoi, 2013; Academic education in the Mac period (from 1527 to 1592), Master dissertation of History by To Ngoc Hang, defended in 2011 at Vinh University In the works we have mentioned above, for the content of Dai Viet's education from 1527 to 1592, the authors mainly focused on the examinations: the number of examinations, the number of passes of the faculties exams, pass rankings, etc The contents of education, achievements and contributions of academics have not been mentioned or analyzed or clarified 1.2.2 Research situation abroad Confucian education in Vietnam is a topic that always attracts foreign researchers, especially scholars from Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan (China), such as: Influence of Vuong Gioi Nam's Chinese university admission system to Vietnam, Tran Van's study of the examination system in Vietnam At the International Scientific Conference "The Faculty of Confucianism in Vietnam (1075-1919) - 100 years of looking back" in 2019, a number of international scholars also had discussions on this topic such as: Chinese Qualifications – View from the North by Prof Minchael Fiedrich (University of Hamburg); Confucian education as a social strategy in the highlands of northern Vietnam in the 18th century: focus on Lang Son province by Dr Yoshikawa Kazuki; Confucian intellectuals in the borderless world of the bibliography of Prof Kathlene Baldanza (Pennsylvania State University); Comparison of books used in professional studies of the two countries Vietnam and Korea: Taking the sections of the three books of the Vinh Lac Dynasty as the center of Prof Hua Di Linh (Chinese Culture University); The system of examination and education of Vietnamese Confucianism under the pen of Thai Dinh Lan (1801 - 1859) Taiwan by Prof Tran Ich Nguyen (National Founding University of Kinmen); How Confucius's Analects Was Learned During the Nguyen Dynasty by Prof Teiji Kosukegawa (Toyama University); Education, nationalism and the Confucian examination system in Vietnam and Taiwan by Prof Tuong Vi Van (National-founded Thanh Cong Along with the school system at the central level is the system of schools in the parish, the government, the district, which is in charge of the teacher, the instructor Learning methods and teaching content in religious schools, government and districts also follow the pattern in Quoc Tu Giam Pupils who attended schools in the government and town had a certain level, so they learned to teach books, practice writing and commenting 2.4 Private education 2.4.1 Classes of the Village Masters A private school is a school that is undertaken by masters or established by people in a village to teach the children of the people in the village This type of school is not organized and managed by the State, but people take care of themselves, so it is often called Huong Hoc (village school) Students in these schools are of different ages and levels Although it is called Huong study, the content of the study is fully guaranteed to meet the conditions for taking the exam 2.4.2 School of famous teachers The teachers' schools can be mentioned: the school of Mr Nguyen Binh Khiem, the school of Mr Tran Bao, the school of Mr Duong Phuc Tu, the school of Mr Nguyen Khac Kinh, the school of Mr Nguyen Su Lo, the school of Mr Phung Khac Khoan , 2.5 Study document For new students, the learning materials are Tam Tu Kinh, Minh Dao Gia Tuong, Minh Tam Bao Giam, Au learning Five Language Thieves, Nhat Thien Tu, Ngu Thien Tu, Hieu Kinh For university level, students will use the books: Tu Thu, Ngu Kinh, Ngoc Duong Grammar, Van Van Thong Reference, Van Hien and Cuong Muc Sub-conclusion of chapter At the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century, the Le dynasty was weak, in crisis, the factions fought and killed each other, peasant uprisings broke out everywhere In 1527, Mac Dang Dung abolished the early Le Dynasty and founded the Mac Dynasty The birth of the Mac dynasty faced opposition from some former Le gods under the banner of "Phu Le destroy Mac", giving rise to the situation of the South - North dynasties lasting more than 60 years The political and social context has influenced education and examinations The Mac Dynasty and the Le Trung Hung Dynasty both focused on education Confucianism is still the official ideology of the State The organization of the school system and learning materials is still basically inherited from the early Le Dynasty However, a special feature of this period is that in addition to Quoc Tu Giam in Thang Long, there was also a school in Duong Kinh of the Mac dynasty for children of the Royal Family and mandarins; In Thanh Hoa, the Le also had a Quoc Hoc school Chapter VIETNAM UNIVERSITY WINNERS FACULTY FROM 1527 TO 1592 3.1 Exam rules and conditions Candidates who want to participate in the contest must be "guaranteed" by the head of the commune about their moral character, and must submit a certificate stating their three generations of background In special cases, such as children from families who work as singers or in families who are having a great funeral, they will not be allowed to take the exam Before taking the exam, the candidates must pass the test by the quartet test The exam is held once a year, the person who passes is called the student, the first one is called the head of the country These students are exempt from the hassle of translation and are eligible to sit for the Huong exam 3.2 Faculty of the Mac Dynasty 3.2.1 Huong Exam Huong Exam is an exam held in different religions Subjects: Subjects participating in the Huong exam include candidates who have passed the local examination, are "guaranteed" by the commune chief about their moral character and clear background, as well as those who have passed the exam Generate maps in previous exam courses Exam schools: The Huong exam schools in the Mac dynasty were held in all religions across the country such as: Hai Duong, Son Nam, Tam Giang, Kinh Bac, An Bang, Tuyen Quang, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Thuan Hoa The content of Huong's exam consists of four periods (four schools), candidates who pass the first term can enter the second term, pass the second term to enter the third term, and pass the third term to enter the fourth term Marking: Candidates' exams are graded and classified according to the ranks: superior, average, ranked, and listed The exams ranked in the list will be eliminated, the rest will be counted as passing to enter the next exam Those who pass three periods (from the first to the third period) are called Born Only those who pass four terms and have the degree of Huong Cong can take part in the Association exam 3.2.2 Doctoral Exam 3.2.2.1 Competition Subjects: Participants in the contest include candidates who have passed the exam Huong, the student student Quoc Tu Giam, the Confucian student Chieu Van Quan and the Tu Lam Department as well as the descendants of the Royal Family, if they are qualified, are eligible to participate Exam time: Similar to the early Le dynasty, in the Mac dynasty, every year before the Huong exam, the next year the Hoi and Dinh exams The festival and the communal exam are held in the years of the Dragon the Dog - the Ox - the Mui, and an exam is held every three years Venue: The contestant returned to the capital to participate in the competition, but the historical records not specify the location of the contest hall in the early Le dynasty as well as the Mac dynasty in Thang Long citadel Exam content: The content of the Hoi exam is basically the same as the Huong exam but at a higher level The Competition Competition in the Mac Dynasty still followed the regulations in the 6th year of Hong Duc (1475), the contest consisted of periods as follows: "The first period, about the Four Books: Dissertation 3, Mencius 4, Trung Dung topic , plus topics Test takers choose questions that cannot be missed Regarding the Pentateuch, each sutra has topics, and Spring and Autumn has topics The second period, poetry and prose, one each Poetry uses the poetic form of Tang Lu, the rich uses the form of Ly Bach In the third period, screening and presentation of each genre is presented In the fourth period, the book is questioned, the title of the book asks about the different meanings of the scriptures, history and the content of the general's strategy The official examination of the Association of the Mac dynasty as well as the early Le dynasty, was still basically the same as the official of the Huong exam, including: De tone, Tri pay tribute, Judgment, Monopoly, Thu book, Di Phong, Dang Luc, Poison, Scratch Week… 3.2.2.2 Dinh Exam Dinh Exam is also known as Electrical exam, Electrical exam This exam was held in the courtyard of the Palace, and the questions were set and marked by the king to classify those who passed the exam Those who pass the Dinh exam will be recognized for their doctoral degree, the passing rank is ranked as follows: - The first person in charge of the Doctor's office, including the top 3, is called the Tam Khoi: + The First Doctor is the first name (Standard) + The first and second name of the Doctor is up to the second name (label list) + The First Doctor has been updated to the Third Name (Thunder Hoa) - Second Armored Doctor comes from (Royal Armor) - The Third Armored Bronze Doctor comes from 3.2.2.3 Doctor passed under the Mac dynasty In the process of studying the documents on the examinations of the Mac dynasty, we found that there was a similarity in the number of examinations, but in the number of doctors, there was a difference between the documents Even in the same book, with the same author, the number of PhDs listed in the overview and details is not consistent In the dissertation, we base on historical sources such as: Dai Viet Thong History, Dai Viet History of Toan Thu, Trieu Dynasty Calendar, Type Chi, Dai Viet Calendar Dynasty Dang Khoa Luc, Quoc Trieu Huong Khoa Luc Phan Huy On's district calendar of the reign of the dynasty also said that the total number of doctors of the Mac dynasty was 483, which was exactly the same as the Dai Viet historical record of the complete book Therefore, we find that the number of doctors in the Mac dynasty recorded in the Dai Viet history book is reliable Out of 65 in Thang Long, the Mac dynasty organized 22 exams and passed 483 PhDs 3.2.3 Eastern Cavalry Exam The Eastern Cavalry Exam was held on the courtyard of Van Tho Palace, organized by the king himself Historical documents not specify the times of the Eastern Pavilion exams as well as the time period of the Eastern Pavilions held by the Mac dynasty However, based on a number of documents such as Dang Khoa Luc, Dai Viet Thong History, History of the Dynasty, Ch'i Ch'an Calendar, inscriptions, etc., it is said that quite a few great faculty members of the Mac Dynasty had passed the Eastern Cac exam 3.2.4 Remuneration policy and university use The Mac Dynasty still maintained the legal status of the early Le dynasty, including the policy of treating university graduates To the new doctors, King Mac gave many graces such as the name-calling ceremony, the listing ceremony, the banquet Not only the new doctors are given grace, but their parents who have contributed to their upbringing are also honored 3.3 Faculty of the Le Trung dynasty 3.3.1 Huong Exam Huong Exam is a local exam, usually held in the previous year of the contest However, due to difficulties in the early career, the Le Trung family opened Che Khoa and then held the Huong exam In 1558, Thai monk Trinh Kiem just started taking a stance on the Huong exam in Da Loc commune, Yen Dinh district If the Mac dynasty held the Huong contest in the locality, the Le Trung family mainly held the Huong contest at the palace in the West of Thanh Hoa The Huong Exam of the Le Trung dynasty is similar to the Mac's, including periods (four schools), candidates who pass the 1st term can enter the 2nd term, the 2nd term can enter the 3rd exam, and the 3rd exam by can enter the 4th exam The general exam questions for each period are as follows: • Term 1: Kinh Nghia exam • Term 2: Poetry exam, Phu • Term 3: Screening, Cheating, and Forming Exams • Term 4: Literature exam 3.3.2 Doctoral Exam Unlike the Mac dynasty, which regularly organizes the doctoral exam every years, the Le Trung family organizes the exam in both forms, namely the Che Khoa exam and the Doctorate exam Che Khoa Exam Che Khoa Exam in our country began in the reign of Le Trung Hung, in 1554 when the Le Dynasty was newly restored in Thanh Hoa Students have to pass the four schools in the Huong exam to participate in the Che Khoa exam For the PhDs who passed the Chemistry exams: - First Armor Che Khoa's origin - Second Armor Dong Che Khoa came from Doctoral Exam The Doctoral exam consists of the Assembly exam and the Dinh exam This is a national exam organized by the imperial court in the capital However, the exams for the Association and the Court of the Le Trung Hung dynasty before 1592 were held at the Palace of Van Lai in Thanh Hoa The Le Trung Dynasty from 1554 to 1592 organized examinations, including Che Khoa exams taking place in the following years: 1554, 1565, 1577; and official examinations in the years: 1580, 1583, 1589, 1592; get 45 people 3.3.3 Remuneration policy for passers Le Trung hung's house also has many preferential policies for those who pass, such as: naming ceremony, list, banquet, honorary status, and be appointed to the government apparatus depending on the passing rank: Status Formerly awarded the position of Thi Thi, the rank of Thi Thu, the rank of Detective, the position of Thi Che, and the position of Hoang Giap the position of Principal; and Doctorate, after the revival, began to give the position of Supervisor Dinh Bat Tuy passed the First rank of Che Khoa in the year of Giap Dan (1554) and was only awarded the title of "Academy of Physics" After passing, Phan Tat Thong was also appointed to work at the Academy Nguyen Van Giai, who passed the first exam in the Canh Thin year (1580) in the 3rd year of Quang Hung, was also ordained to the Academy of Recurrence Thus, after passing the exam, the PhDs were mainly held the position of the Academy of Sciences Administered, but after a period of time, depending on his talents and contributions to the court, he was promoted to different positions Sub-conclusion of chapter The purpose of Confucian education is to train a "gentleman" from the Confucian point of view Therefore, the content of the contest revolves around the classics of Confucianism with a focus on "three diamonds, five commons" The Mac Dynasty and the Le Trung Dynasty both focused on examinations The Mac Dynasty held 22 examinations, passing 483 doctors, including 11 Poinsettias, such as Do General, Nguyen Thien, Nguyen Binh Khiem, and Giap Hai Although it took until 1554 to organize the first Che Khoa exam, it was also possible to organize exams (3 Che Khoa exams, official exams), 45 PhDs, maybe such as Dinh Bat Tuy, Nguyen Van Giai, Phung Khac Khoan Chapter ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS OF VIETNAMESE SCIENCE EDUCATION FROM 1527 TO 1592 4.1 Achievements of Dai Viet elective education from 1527 to 1592 4.1.1 Training a team of Confucian intellectuals Education in Dai Viet (1527-1592) has achieved many achievements, the number of PhDs who have passed 29 examinations (22 examinations in the Mac dynasty, examinations in the Le Trung