Kinh nghiệm đối phó với các vụ kiện bán phá giá của ấn độ, thái lan và bài học cho việt nam

GIANG HIEN LUONG X A X TRtfONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN BDoOcaca DAI HOC KTQD I TT thong tin thuvien • PHONG LUAN AN -TUL1EU GIANG HIEN LVONG ~ X r F T ~ KINH NGHIEM DOI PHO VOI CAC VU• KIEN • • bAn phA giA cua an do, thAi lan VA BAI HOC CHO VIET NAM • • Chuyen nganh: Kinh te doi ngoai LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH t£ • • th NGVO’I HVONG DAN KHOA HOC: GS.TS DO DUC BINH HA NOI, NAM 2012 fl LO’I CAM DOAN Toi cam doan rang, luan van Thac sy kinh te chuyen nganh Kinh te doi ngoai voi de tai “Kinh nghiem doi voi cac vu kien ban pha gia cua An Do, Thai Lan va bai hoc cho Viet Nam” la cong trinh nghien cuu cua rieng toi Nhung so lieu su dung bai dugc chi ro nguon trich dan tai danh muc tai lieu tham khao Ket qua nghien cuu ban luan van la trung thuc va chua duoc cong bo bat ky cong trinh nghien cuu nao tu truOc toi Tac gia luan van Giang Hien Luong MUC LUC • • LOI CAM DOAN MUC LUC DANH MUC CAC CHU VIET TAT DANH MUC BANG, HINH TOM TAT LUAN VAN LOI MO DAU a •» a CHUONG 1: NHUNG VAN DE CO BAN VE DOI PHO CAC VU• KIEN • CHONG BAN PHA GIA DOI VOI MOT QUOC GIA x r r r r _ x x _ 1.1 Tinh hinh kien ban pha gia va doi voi viec bi kien ban pha gia tren the gioi nhung nam gan day 1.1.1 Vi cac doanh nghiep thuc hien ban pha gia hang xunt khau 1.1.2 Khai niem ve ban pha gia .6 1.1.3 Dac diem cua hanh vi ban pha gia 1.1.4 Tac dong cua ban pha gia .9 1.2 Dac diem cua cac vu kien chong ban pha gia tren the gioi 11 1.2.1 Cac vu kien thunng nham vao nucc co nen kinh te ddnn ppattrien 11 1.2.2 Phan ung day chuynn 14 1.2.3 Cac mrUc ddan dpha trien thuUnn dphi didi matvvi dan de dnn dkiH t e phi thi truOng ( NME) cac vu kien ban pha gia 15 1.2.4 Thuc chat viec ap thue chong ban pha gia cung la mot hinh thuc bao ho thuong mai cua nucc nhap khau 19 1.2.5 Khung thni gian gianh cho viec dinu tra han che 20 *4 1.2.6 Cac bien phap chong ban pha gia duoc ap dung thuong mai quoc r r te hien 22 1.2.7 Cac vu kien keo dai, chi phi lcn lam anh huung den cac ben 24 -^0 a * r • ■ • A r Al • 1 *A r A r jA •> -»a r ->A» 1.3 Sir ccn thiet phai nghien ciru, van dung kinh nghiem quoc te de doi r r r voi nhung vu kien chong ban pha gia dci voi mot quoc gia 26 1.3.1 Tinh h'mh cac vu kien ban pha gia thuong mai quoc te thni gian qua 26 1.3.2 Lua chon kinh nghiem cua mot so quoc gia doi phn vci cac vu kien chong ban pha gia 29 CHUONG 2: KINH NGHIEM DOI PHO VOI NHUNG vU KIEN CHONG BAN PHA GIA CUA AN DO, THAI LAN 31 2.1 Kinh nghiem doi voi nhung vu kien chong ban pha gia cua Thai Lan 31 2.1.1 Mot so vu kien ban pha gia cua Thai Lan thuong mai quoc te thoi gian qua 31 2.1.2 Ung xu va ket qua thu duoc cua Thai Lan doi cac vu kien chong ban pha gia 34 2.1.3 Bai hoc rut viec doi vdi nhung vu kien ban pha gia 38 r r x 2.2 Kinh nghiem doi voi nhung vu kien chong ban pha gia cua An Do 40 2.2.1 Mot so vu kien ban pha gia cua An Do thuong mai quoc te thoi gian qua 40 2.2.2 Ung xu va ket qua thu duqc cua An Do doi cac vu kien chong ban pha gia .45 2.2.3 Bai hoc rut viec doi voi nhung vu kien chong ban pha gia 47 CHLONG 3: PHUONG HUONG VA GIAI PHAP DOI VOI VIET NAM de doi ven NHUNG VU KIEN BAN PHA GIA TREN CO SO KINH NGHIEM CUA AN DO VA THAI LAN 51 3.1 Du- bao nguy co' Viet Nam mac cac vu kien chong ban pha gia thoi gian toi 51 3.1.1 Thue trang cac vu kien ban pha gia hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam 51 3.1.2 Mot so vu kien ban pha gia dien hinh cua Viet Nam .58 •> X 3.2 Nhung bai hoc ma Viet Nam co the ap dung tir kinh nghiem cua An Do va Thai Lan ve doi voi nhung vu kien ban pha 69 3.2.1 Chuan bi mot each dong bo tai lieu de doi voi cac vu kien ban pha gia 69 3.2.2 Chu dong khang kien 69 3.2.3 Hoan thien che sd sach, chung tu ke toan 71 3.2.4 Day manh cong tac van dong hanh lang va quan he cong chung 73 truong cua nuoc ngoai 74 3.2.6 Da dang hoa thi trucmg va san pham xuat khau ’ 75 3.3 Dieu kien ap dung cac bai hoc kinh nghiem cua An Do va Thai Lan ve doi voi cac vu kien ban pha gia 76 KET LUAN 82 DANH SACH TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 83 DANH MUC CAC CHIT VIET TAT AD Anti Dumping Agreement Hiep dinh thuc hien dieu cua GATT nam 1994 hay thuong duqc goi la Hiep dinh ve chong ban pha gia cua WTO ASEAN Association of Southeast Asia Hiep hoi cac quoc gia Dong Nam A Nation CFA Catfish Farmers of America Hiep hoi cac chu trai cac da tron My DOC Department of Commerce Bo Thuong mai My DSB Dispute Settlement Body Co quan giai quyet tranh chap cua To chuc thuong mai the gidi EC European Commission Uy ban Chau Au EIT Economy in Transition Nude cd nen kinh te chuyen doi EU European Union Lien minh Chau Au GATT General Agreement on Trade and Tarriff Hiep dinh chung ve Thue quan va ITC Intemetional Trade Commission Uy ban Thuong mai My MES Market economy Status Quy che nen kinh te thi trudng MOI Market - Oriented Industrial Nganh cong nghiep theo co che thi trudng NME Non-market Economy Quy che nen kinh te phi thi trudng SSA Southern Shrimp Alliance Lien minh tom mien Nam Hoa ky VASEP Vietnam Association of Seafood Hiep hoi che bien va xuat khau thuy Exporters and Producers san Viet Nam WTO World Trade Organization Thuomg mai To chuc thuong mai the gidi DANH MUC BANG, HINH BANG Bang 1.1 Thong ke 10 nuoc bi kien ban pha gia nhieu nhat giai doan 1995 - 2011 12 Bang 1.2 Thong ke 10 nuoc khoi kien ban pha gia nhieu nhat giai doan 1995-2011 13 Bang 1.3: Bang so sanh tieu chi xac dinh nen kinh te phi thi truong cua EU va My 16 Bang 3.1: Thong ke cac mat hang nong san, thuc pham cua Viet Nam bi dieu tra ban pha gia tinh den thang 7/2012 52 Bang 3.2: Thong ke cac mat hang Viet Nam bi dieu tra ban pha gia chung voi An Do va Thai Lan tinh den thang 7/2012 54 Bang 3.3 Thong ke cac san pham bi kien nhieu nhat giai doan 1995-2011 ^7 Bang 3.4 Muc thue ban pha gia doi voi cac cong ty Viet Nam vu kien ca tra va ca ba sa 60 Bang 3.5: Tom tat tien trinh vu kien ca tra va ca ba sa 61 Bang 3.6: Bieu thue chong ban pha gia ap dung cho cac nuoc xuat khau tom vao thi truong My 63 Bang 3.7 Dien bien vu kien tom 64 HINH Hinh 1.1: Tac dong cua ban pha gia 10 Hinh 1.2 Thi phan xuat khau giay dep cua EU 28 TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN - sosoOgsgs GIANG HIEN LUONG KINH NGHIEM DOI PHO V()I CAC VU KIEN • • • BAN PHA GIA CUA AN DO, THAI LAN VA BAI HOC CHO VIET NAM • • Chuyen nganh: Kinh te doi ngoai TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SY • • HA NOI, NAM 2012 i CHVONG NHUNG VAN DE CO BAN VE DOI PHO CAC VU KIEN CHONG BAN PHA GIA DOI VOI MOT QUOC GIA 1.1 Tinh hinh kien ban pha gia va doi voi viec bi kien ban pha gia tren the gioi r ? 1.1.1 Vi cac doanh nghiep thuc hien ban pha gia hang xuat khau Doanh nghiep ban pha gia muon tong, day muc san xuat qua muc du thua cua doanh nghiep thi truong nuoc nhap khau Ngoai doanh nghiep cdn ban pha gia muon tham nhap vao cac thi r r a truong moi, loai bd doi thu canh tranh va chiem linh thi truong tu nham muc dich chi phoi thi tri^uong cua nuoc nhap khau Ben canh cac ly ve kinh te, mot so doanh nghiep ban pha gia vi ly chinh tri, ban pha gia de gay lung doan nen kinh te nuoc nhap khau, thu ngoai te manh De bao ve nganh san xuat noi dia thi hien cac quoc gia co xu huong gia tang su dung bien phap chong ban pha gia nhu mot hinh thuc bao ho moi 1.1.2 Khai niem ve ban pha gia Ban pha gia thuong mai quoc te duoc hieu la bieu tupng ban hang hoa vao thi truong nuoc ngoai voi gia thap hon chi phi san xuat hoac thap hon gia tri thong thuong cua loai hang hoa Hiep dinh chong ban pha gia cua WTO da dinh nghia : “Mot san pham bi coi r la ban pha gia (tuc la duoc dua vao luu thong thuang mai cua mot nuoc khac thap han tri gia thong thuong cua san pham do) neu nhu gia xuat khau cua san pham duoc xuat khau tu mot nuoc sang mot nuoc khac thap han muc gia co the so sanh duoc cua san pham tuang tu duoc tieu dung tai nuoc xuat khau theo cac dieu kien thuang mai thong thuong" •7 1.1.3 Dac diem cda hhnn vi bbn pha gia - Ban pha gia la hanh vi canh tranh thuong mai khong lanh manh ii - Ban pha gia la hanh vi co tinh chat doanh nghiep - Ban pha gia mang tinh thoi diem: chi ban pha gia mot khoang thoi gian nhat dinh, sau dat duoc muc dich thi cac doanh nghiep dieu chinh gia ban tai thi truong nhap khau - Duoi goc kinh te, viec ban pha gia khong phai khong dem lai nhung loi r r r r \ ich nhat dinh: doi voi nuoc xuat khau, ban pha gia tao dieu kien cho nha san xuat co dieu kien phat huy toi da nang luc san xuat, kha nang tang loi nhuan va tham nhap thi truong moi; duoi goc cua nuoc nhap khau, nguoi tieu dung co dieu kien hudng loi ve gia ca Co le chinh la mot nhung ly ma khong phai bat cu hanh vi ban pha gia nao cung bi len an 1.1.4 Tac dong cua ban pha gia Tren co so phan tich ve khai niem ban pha gia, ta co the thay viec ban pha gia hang xuat khau vao mot thi truong se gay 02 tac dong trai chieu Mot mat no se kich thich tieu dung noi dia, nguoi tieu dung co kha nang cai thien chat luong cuoc song duoc mua hang voi gia re hon Nhung mat khac, viec ban pha gia hang nhap khau lai gay nhieu ton that doi voi nen kinh te noi dia, ma cu the la gay ton that vat chat cho nganh san xuat hang hoa xet tren ca goc vi mo, va cho toan nen kinh te nuoc nhap khau tren goc vi mo TTV w -»• A *> r I • A > r » r *FjA J1X • r • Dac aiem cua cac vu ken ban pha gia tren the gun Ar 1.2.1 Cac vu kien thiud'ng nham vao nudc co nen kinh te dangphat trien Viec ban pha gia dang dien cang nhieu o hau het cac quoc gia ke ca cac quoc gia phat trien va dang phat trien Tu nam 1995 den 31/12/2011 tren the gioi 4010 vu kien thi co toi 62% nham toi cac nuoc dang phat trien, phan lon la o Chau A 1.2.2 Phan u’ng day chuyen: Co mot thuc te la cac nen kinh te lon nhu My, EU, Canada tien hanh dieu tra va ap dung cac bien phap chong ban pha gia doi voi hang hoa, san pham cua mot nuoc thi lap tuc se gay phan ung day chuyen va tac dong manh, tieu cuc den cac nganh cong nghiep khac cua nuoc hoac cua cac qudc gia khac 71 sudt qua trinh xu ly vu kien Viec tinh toan kinh phi, phan bo su dong gop, keu goi nguon tai tro tu nhung nganh cong nghiep lien quan ddi hdi mot vai trd chu dao cua cac hiep hoi Trong cac vu kien Hiep hoi da thuc hien kha tot vai tro doi voi cac vu kien chong ban pha gia: vu kien ca tra - ca basa, Hiep hoi VASEP la dai dien cho cac doanh nghiep xuat khau ca cua ta de xu ly vu kien vdi ben phia Hoa Ky la CFA; vu kien tom la giua Uy ban Tom Viet Nam (VSC) va phia ben Hoa Ky la SSA; vu kien giay co mu da la giua Hiep hoi Da giay Viet Nam (LEFASO) va ben phia EU la Hiep hoi cac nha san xuat cac san pham the thao EU (FESI) Dac biet vu kien tom cua My, Uy ban tom Viet Nam da xay dung mot chuong trinh va chien luoc lien quan den viec cung cap thong tin, he thong so sach, cac so lieu, dac biet la cac so lieu ve gio cong lao dong cac nha may Viet Nam, cac tai lieu luat phap chung minh nhung thong tin da giup cho nganh cdng nghiep tom co mot phuong thuc xu ly hieu qua va dap ung dung yeu cau cua phia co quan dieu tra ca qua trinh tra loi Ban cau hoi va qua trinh dieu tra tai cho Su hop tac va phoi hop chat che cua cac cong nghiep tom Viet Nam da dong mot vai tro het sue quan trong viec xay dung mot mat tran khang kien thong nhat va gianh duoc loi the truoc cac doi thu canh tranh dat duoc muc thue chong ban pha gia tuong doi thap Vai trd cua Hiep hoi la quan trong, song viec xay dung va hoan thien he thong so sach ke toan, che luu gitr tai lieu, chuong trinh may tinh, he thong quan tri kinh doanh nang cao nang luc nguon nhan luc lai thuoc ve doanh nghiep Day la mot nhung dieu kien quan nhat viec doi vdi cac vu kien chong ban pha gia Day chinh la bai hoc kinh nghiem quy bau ddi vdi Viet Nam, vi hien cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam edn rat yeu linh vuc Trong qua trinh khang kien chong ban pha gia, de tranh nhung trung phat don phuong, cac doanh nghiep phai trung thuc ho so so sach ke toan Neu 72 nguy tao chung til, tai lieu se tao su thieu thong nhat, khong logic toan bo ho so va rat de bi phat hien, bac bd hoac trung phat Day chinh la mot kho khan lon cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam, dac biet la doanh nghiep nhd va vira vi ho su ke toan cua ho thuung khong day du hoac khong minh bach, thong nhat Vi vay, cac chuyen gia co kinh nghiem cua cu quan dieu tra co the de dang phat hien dieu Khi ho se dieu tra tren nhung thong tin san co ma nhung thong tin thuong la bat lui ddi vdi doanh nghiep Trong mot so vu kien chong ban pha gia cua Viet Nam thui gian qua, mot so nhung kho khan ma doanh nghiep Viet Nam gap phai la rat it cong ty cua ta duuc bao cao kiem toan va he thong ke toan phu hup voi tieu chuan ke toan cua Viet Nam va cung it cong ty cd duoc bao cao kiem toan duuc cu quan kiem toan qudc te chap thuan Vdi tinh trang nhu vay, cu quan dieu tra cd tham quyen se cd the dien giai bat lui cho ta nhu bao cao tai chinh cua doanh nghiep da khong tuan thu theo tieu chuan ke toan chung cua Viet Nam, thi se cd mot r r r a r nghi ngu he thong ke toan cd van de khong minh bach, rd rang va thieu chinh xac He thong so sach, luu giCr thong tin cua cac doanh nghiep phai dua duuc nhung thong tin theo yeu cau cua cu quan dieu tra Tren thuc tien ap dung phap A luat chong ban pha gia cua nhieu nudc thi luung lao dong thuong duuc tinh theo r gid va ho cung yeu cau phia doanh nghiep Viet Nam tren he thong so sach cua doanh nghiep cd the tinh duuc chi phi gia hay khong? Phan bd cho cac loai san pham nhu the nao? Cac van de ve chi phi chung, nguyen lieu chung nhu anh sang, dien, nudc duuc phan bd cho tat ca cac loai san pham khac ma cong ty san xuat Nhung dieu ke tren cd ve la khong phuc tap vdi mot cong ty thong thudng gitr so sach theo tieu chuan ke toan qudc te Nhung thuc te, ddi vdi nhung doanh nghiep ldn cua Viet Nam san xuat hang tram mat hang khac 73 va nguyen lieu dau vao cua ho cung het sue phuc tap thi day la van de hoan toan khong don gian, dac biet boi canh cac thoi han de cung cap thong tin cung nhu bo sung cac chung tu thuong rat ngan 3.2.4.Bay manh cong tac van dong hanh lang va quan he cong chung Hoat dong van dong hanh lang va quan he cong chung co vai trd to ldn viec khang kien, la mot yeu to co y nghia tac dong true tiep den ket qua cua vu kien Nhieu vu kien ma Viet Nam da phai doi the hien diem yeu cong tac van dong hang lang va dac biet la chua tan dung duoc cac ben cd loi ich lien quan nhu to chuc ngudi tieu dung, cac nha nhap khau, phan phoi tai nuoc khdi kien de thuc hien cac hoat dong van dong hanh lang Kinh nghiem cho thay cac nha nhap khau, hoac to chuc bao ve ngudi tieu dung hoac cac nganh su dung hang hoa la doi tuong bi kien lam nguyen lieu dau vao tai nuoc khoi kien la cac ben cd chung quyen loi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau Viet Nam nen ho san sang cung vdi Viet Nam doi vdi vu kien theo each thuc ma ho cho la phu hop vdi moi trudng phap ly cua nudc sd tai Vi vay, cac hiep hoi, doanh nghiep cd the tan dung giai doan ben khdi kien chua chinh thuc nop don khdi kien de phoi hop vdi cac nha nhap khau, cac ben cd loi ich lien quan tien hanh thuong luong, dam phan de ngan chan vu kien Chung ta cung can phoi hop vdi nhung nha nhap khau, phan phoi,hiep hoi ngudi tieu dung de cung len tieng phan doi vu kien vi quyen loi chung vu kien da xay Dac biet d Hoa Ky, che dang phai chinh tri va bau cu thong dau phieu da tao nen dac trung rat co ban cua xa hoi Hoa Ky va cd anh huong true tiep den hoat dong cua cac nhanh quyen luc cua Hoa Ky Do la su ton tai cua cac nhom loi ich khac nhau, tham chi doi lap Chinh vi vay, cac vu kien chong ban pha gia, viec tranh thu su anh huong va cac moi quan he de cd duoc nhung tac dong cd loi thong qua cac nhom loi ich la dieu het sue can thiet Quan he cong chung cdn bao gom ca cong tac thdng tin qua cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chung nhu bao, phat thanh, truyen hinh, Internet tai 74 Viet Nam Ben canh su nhanh nhay, tich cue cua cac phuong tien thong tin dai chung dang tide la day van co mot so thong tin thieu chinh xac hoac nhan dinh voi vang gay du luan khong thuan loi cho viec khang kien cung nhu phong chong cac vu kien chong ban pha gia 3.2.5 Cd nhung chuan bi can thiet de dap ung yeu cau ve nen kinh te thi truong cua nude ngoai Van de cong nhan Viet Nam co nen kinh te thi truong dong vai trd rat quan trong cac vu kien chong ban pha gia Nhu ta da thay, viec lay mot quoc gia doanh nghiep Do do, ben canh su nd luc cua cac co quan ban nganh Chinh phu dau tranh ve mat ngoai giao, chinh tri, kinh te de van dong cac nuoc cong nhan “Viet Nam la nen kinh te thi truong”, cac doanh nghiep cung can tich cue, chu dong tham gia dieu tra de duoc cong nhan la doanh nghiep hoat dong theo co chd thi truong Tuy nhien, mac du co kha nhieu doanh nghiep da rat cd gang nhung ket qua van bi co quan dieu tra nude khoi kien tir choi khong chap nhan la hoat dong theo co che thi truong Vi du so doanh nghiep vu kien chong ban pha gia xe dap vao EU, hay ca doanh nghiep Viet Nam vu r a a r r kien chong ban pha gia giay cd mu da vao EU deu bi EU tir choi khong chap nhan la hoat dong theo nen kinh te thi truong vdi ba ly chinh la: (i) Viet Nam van tri ty le xuat khau bat buoc (mac du Chinh phu ta da bai bd quy dinh nhung cac doanh nghiep khong sura ddi giay phep dau tu nen EU khong chap nhan); (ii) he thong ke toan bi coi la khong phu hop vdi chuan muc quoc te; va (iii) cac uu dai (thue, gia thue dat ) bi coi la mot dang tro cap xuat khau Nhu vay, qua cac vu kien chung ta co the nhan thay mot thuc te la he thong phap luat cua Viet Nam cd nhung didm lam cho doanh nghiep de bi phia nude ngoai quy ket la khong hoat dong theo quy che kinh te thi truong: ty le xuat khau bat buoc ddi vdi doanh nghiep dau tu nude ngoai, uu dai ve tien thue dat, cac khoan vay uu dai 75 r 3.2.6 Da dang hod thi trw&ng va san pham xuat khau Dinh huong doanh nghiep vien viec tim kiem thi truong, xay dung chien luoc gia xuat khau Hiep hoi, to chuc nganh hang phai can phat huy vai tro dieu hoa san xuat, kinh doanh giua cac vien, tranh gay khung hoang thua, thieu giu gin trat tu xuat khau, tu giac chap hanh cac quy che ve xuat khau nganh hang hiep hoi quy dinh Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghiep can lien ket vdi de thong nhat mot muc gia xuat khau hop ly, khong qua canh tranh vira nham tranh gay thiet hai ve kinh te cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam vira tranh phat sinh cac vu kien chong ban pha gia De lam duoc dieu nay, cac Hiep hoi nganh hang phai co bo phan chuyen trach theo doi chat che, thudng xuyen cac thong tin ve xuat khau, thi truong xuat khau: gia ca, so luong, chung loai mat hang, thi truong de cd bien phap chu dong dieu tiet hoat dong xuat khau cho cac doanh nghiep Tang cudng cong tac xuc tien thuong mai de da dang hoa thi truong, tranh tinh trang tap trung xuat khau vao mot thi truong vdi so luong lon, day chinh la co so de cac nudc tien hanh kien ban pha gia Cac Doanh nghiep phai chu dong tim hieu thong tin ve thi truong xuat khau, dac biet chu tim hieu he thong phap luat cua nudc nhap khau Doanh nghiep va cac hiep hoi kinh doanh xuat nhap khau cua Viet Nam can tang cudng tiep can, thu thap va phan tich thong tin ve thi truong xuat khau, bao gom : tinh hinh cung cau tren thi truong, cac chinh sach thuong mai cua nudc nhap khau, cac dac diem ve van hoa, ton giao, thong tin ve ban hang doi thu canh tranh va dac biet la he thong phap luat thuong mai Viec tim hieu cac thong tin cd y nghia quan tu viec giup cho doanh nghiep tranh duoc nguy co bi kien ban pha gia den viec chu dong doi truong hop bi kien Thong thudng, qua trinh dieu tra chong ban pha gia thudng duoc cac qudc gia quy dinh thong nhat vdi Hiep dinh chong ban pha gia cua WTO, nhung moi nudc 76 lai co nhung quy tac rieng viec ap dung tung dieu khoan, do neu doanh nghiep khong tim hieu ky se lung tung viec dua doi sach, mat nhieu thdi gian, chi phi ma lai khong dem lai hieu qua Do do, viec tim hieu he thong luat phap nudc ngoai cua cac doanh nghiep xuat khau co y nghia quan trong viec chu dong doi vdi cac tranh chap thuong mai Day chinh la khau Viet Nam cdn thieu va yeu ta cd it kinh nghiem, kha nang tiep can va xu ly thdng tin cua doanh nghiep cdn han che Trong boi canh canh tranh gay gat cua hoi nhap kinh te nhu hien nay, neu cac doanh nghiep chi tap trung vao hoac thi trudng chinh se gap nhieu kho khan trudng hop cac ban hang lon cd nhung bien phap han che xuat khau r •> ~ a Ngay ca tinh hinh xuat khau thuan loi thi cac thi trudng khac van can duoc r r chu trong, bdi vi neu ta cu gia tang san luong xuat khau vao mot thi trudng thi rat de bi doanh nghiep nudc sd tai phan ung mot each tieu cue Do do, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam hien khong nen qua tap trung vao thi trudng My ma can phai da dang hoa thi trudng xuat khau Quan diem ve thi trudng cua My cua Bo Thuy san dua cung giong nhu cac thi trudng ldn Nhat Ban, EU, Trung Quoc la giu vung so thi phan dang cd va can doi cac thi trudng A Z A Ve san pham xuat khau, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can da dang hoa cac san pham che bien nham xam nhap vao cac thi trudng ngach, dong thdi tranh duoc cac bien phap chong ban pha gia ap dung doi vdi nhung san pham nhat dinh Mot hudng di khac la doanh nghiep thay vi tang san luong xuat khau cd the r z r r •> tap trung vao nang cao chat luong, hay ham luong che bien (xuat khau hang hoa dudi dang pham chu khong phai nguyen lieu hoac gia cong) 3.3 Dieu kien ap dung cac bai hoc kinh nghiem cua An Do va Thai Lan ve doi voi cac vu kien ban pha gia De hoc hoi, ap dung nhung kinh nghiem doi vdi cac vu kien chong ban pha gia tu An Do va Thai Lan thi ban than Viet Nam cung phai thoa man dupe A AZ A cac dieu kien co ban ve he thdng phap luat, nguon nhan luc, cai thien nhan thuc 77 cua doanh nghiep va nguoi dan ve luat chdng ban pha va hoan thien che bao cao hach toan, ke toan Trude nhat, can hoan thien he thong phap luat Viet Nam phu hop vdi cac Dieu udc quoc te ma Viet Nam da ky ket hoac tham gia, dac biet la he thong phap luat lien quan den linh vuc tai chinh, ke toan va kiem toan de tao hanh lang phap ly cho cac hoat dong kinh doanh nham ngan ngira cac rui ro kinh doanh thuong mai quoc te, nhat la tir cac vu kien ban pha gia Dong thoi tang cudng co che giam sat va kiem tra viec thuc thi va ap dung phap luat Thuc day viec thuc hien nghiem chinh cac cam ket quoc te giua Chinh phu Viet Nam vdi cac chinh phu nude ngoai va cac to chuc quoc te nhu IMF, WB, ADB viec cai each kinh te va cai each the che, phap luat Viet Nam lien quan den linh vuc dau tu, ngan hang, tai chinh, thuong mai, tien te, lao dong va giai quyet tranh chap Cac co quan nghien cuu va hoach dinh chinh sach can phai hieu biet sau, rong cac quy dinh cua WTO va cac to chuc quoc te khac ve nhung chinh sach duoc coi la tro cap hoac can thiep vao hoat dong kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep de cd nhung kien nghi bd sung, sua ddi hoac ban hanh mdi cac quy dinh phap luat cua ta Vi du, cd nhung quy dinh duoc coi la khuyen khich linh vuc dau tu, nhung lai bi coi la su can thiep cua Chinh phu vao viec dua cac quyet dinh kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep nhu quy dinh ve ty le xuat khau bat buoc cua cac doanh nghiep cd von dau tu nude ngoai Song song vdi hoan thien he thong luat phap thi viec nang cao trinh nguon nhan luc, dao tao doi ngu luat su am hieu Luat phap quoc te va luat phap cac nude ve ban pha gia la het sue quan De thang kien tren thi truong r r r \ r quoc te rat can cd mot doi ngu chuyen gia cua Chinh phu va cua khoi tu nhan cd kien thuc ve luat phap va kinh te De lam duoc nhu vay, Viet Nam can day manh cong tac xay dung va nang cao nang luc nguon nhan luc cho co quan chdng ban pha gia de dap ung nhung doi hoi cap thiet va cang cao cua viec xu ly cac hoat dong chdng ban pha 78 gia thuong mai quoc te, phu hop vdi cac nguyen tac va quy dinh cua WTO Dieu ddi hdi Chinh phu can phai co nhung chinh sach cu ban nhu sau: - Sum hoan thien va cung co bo may cung nhu dao tao nguon nhan luc de xu ly cac van de chong ban pha gia - Tang cudng cong tac hup tac qudc te de cd duuc nhung chuung trinh tai tru hoac hup tac cua cac to churc qudc te khac, vi du nhu chuong trinh dao tao ve chong ban pha gia cua Hoi nghi Lien hup qudc ve thuung mai va phat trien va quan nhat la tham khao hoc hdi duuc cac kinh nghiem quy bau cua cac nudc linh vuc - Nen dua cac noi dung, kien thuc cua phap luat chong ban pha gia thuung mai hang hoa qudc te vao cong tac nghien curu, giang day tai cac truung dai hoc chuyen nganh luat, tai chinh, kinh te hoac cac vien nghien cuu Day chinh la nui dao tao va cung cap nguon nhan lire chu yeu va chuyen nghiep ve linh vuc cho cac doanh nghiep, hiep hoi va cac cu quan huu quan Dac biet sau Viet Nam da tru thanh vien cua WTO - To chuc cac khoa hoc dao tao chuyen sau ve phap luat chong ban pha gia cua WTO va cac nudc khac nhu Hoa Ky, EU, Canada nham cung cap cho cac doanh nghiep va hiep hoi nhung kien thuc, kinh nghiem, bai hoc viec ung vdi cac vu kien chong ban pha gia Thu thap, tong hup va nghien cuu, phan tich cac vu kien cu the, dac biet can dat tam nghien curu cac vu kien chong ban pha gia da va dang xay ddi vdi cac san pham giong hoac tuung tu nhung san pham xuat khau cd lui the canh tranh cua Viet Nam hoac cua cac nudc lang gieng - Nang cao nang lire cho cac doanh nghiep, hiep hoi cong tac phong, chong cac vu kien chong ban pha gia, cung cap cac ho tru ky thuat can thiet phu hup vdi luat phap qudc te, de thong qua cac doanh nghiep xay dung mot phong each lam viec chuyen nghiep, quy cu va cd khoa hoc cong tac dieu hanh, quan ly doanh nghiep Viec luu gifr tai lieu, he thong vi tinh hoa cua cac 79 quy dinh phap luat chong ban pha gia cung duoc coi la mot bien phap cu the can duoc dac biet quan tarn Ben canh do, mot diem yeu cua Viet Nam hien la chua co doi ngu can bo co trinh chuyen mon, am hieu ve thi truong nuoc ngoai, ve luat phap, nhat la ve cac quy dinh chong ban pha gia cua cac nudc Do vay chung ta can coi va co chien lucre cu the cho cong tac dao tao can bo chuyen trach thdng thao luat phap, co kinh nghiem de giai quyet nhung tranh chap thuong mai r r r r y quoc te noi chung va cac kien thuc ve bien phap chong ban pha gia noi rieng, trudc mat uu tien dao tao cac can bo cua Bo Thuong mai va Hiep hoi cua mot so nganh hang diem co du nang luc doi vdi cac rao can thuong mai dang cang dupe ap dung rong rai nhu hien Hop tac chat che vdi cac nudc cd cung co cau hang xuat khau de xay dung lien minh tao doi trong cac vu kien ban pha gia Trong thuc tien cac vu kien ban pha gia tren the gidi hien nay, cac nudc cd y r •> y nen kinh te kem phat trien hon thudng ganh chiu phan thiet thdi Nguyen nhan la vi the kinh te va khong kha nang gay tac dong anh huong toi thuong mai nudc nhap khau Do do, de doi vdi cac vu kien den tu cac nudc phat trien, Viet Nam can phai tim each hop tac chat che vdi cac nudc xuat khau cung loai mat hang de lap mot lien minh du ldn, cd the thuc hien dupe cac bien phap "tra dua" thich hop Day chinh la mot dieu kien de "mac ca", gay sue ep doi vdi nudc khdi kien Dien hinh vu kien tdm cua My, Viet Nam da ky ket van ban hop tac chia se thdng tin vdi cue xue tien thuong mai cua Thai Lan de doi vdi phia My, mac du ket qua vu kien khong nhu mong muon nhung su phoi hop giua 02 co quan cung da giup cho cac nha san xuat, xuat khau cua Viet Nam khong phai ganh chiu muc thue chong ban pha gia cao, dong thdi cung rut dupe nhieu kinh nghiem quy bau cac vu kien ban pha gia Ben canh do, de chu dong tranh bi khdi kien, Chinh phu can phai tich cue trao doi thdng tin va hop tac vdi cac quoc gia cd cung co cau, mat hang xuat 80 khau Vi du: nhu lap Hiep hoi cac nude xuat khau cao su, Hiep hoi xuat khau thuy san, Hiep hoi xuat khau gao (hien Thai Lan dang moi Viet Nam va An xue tien lap hiep hoi nay), Hiep hoi xuat khau ca fe , chu vao cac nganh hang ma Viet Nam co loi the ve nhan cong hay tai nguyen Cac Hiep hoi se phoi hop thoa thuan dieu tiet ve gia hang xuat khau, phan bd thi truong tir rang buoc loi ich lan giua cac nha xuat khau cua cac nude vien Do do, cd vu kien ban pha gia xay ra, cac nha san xuat cd the tro giup lan nhau, thong nhat ddi sach va cac bien phap dau tranh vdi ben nguyen don vu kien Tang cudng hon nua vai trd kiem soat cua Hiep hoi, nganh hang ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep vien Cac doanh nghiep xuat khau can xac dinh luon san sang va chu dong tham gia cac vu kien ban pha gia Day duoc xem nhu la co hoi de cac doanh nghiep thu thap thong tin ve van de va tu chung minh duoc tinh hop ly cua gia xuat khau hang hoa cua minh Mot cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam dung ngoai la da tu danh mat di quyen duoc khieu nai va quyen khang nghi cua minh Khi do, cac co quan dieu tra se dua nhung phan quyet va ap dat cac bien phap chdng pha gia tat nhien la cd loi cho ben khdi kien Do vay, cac doanh nghiep hay lam moi thu de gianh thang loi, neu khong cung phai tim each giam thieu thiet hai tdi r r r r r r muc thap nhat (bi ap thue chdng pha gia d muc thap nhat), chu khong nen cd thai tu choi tham gia, thai thd o hoac qua bi quan, neu doanh nghiep cd nhung thai nhu vay rat de bi cac co quan dieu tra quy ket la khong cd tinh than hop < r r r tac va phan quyet se ap dat muc thue chdng ban pha gia nhat Ngoai viec hop tac nhiet tinh vdi cor quan dieu tra, doanh nghiep phai tim cho minh nhung luat su gioi cd uy tin viec bao chua cho cac vu kien ban pha gia vdi luat su la nguoi cd khoang 30% kha nang thay ddi ket qua vu kien Ma muon thue luat su nhu vay thi chi phi tu van khong he thap Do vay qua trinh hoat dong doanh nghiep phai de danh mot khoan chi phi du 81 phong nhat dinh de chuan bi cho cac tranh chap phap ly co the xay Dieu co y nghia vo cung quan boi da co chuan bi chu dao ve kinh phi doanh nghiep se chu dong hon viec ddi voi vu kien, va khong lam anh huong tori hoat dong kinh doanh hien tai cua doanh nghiep Trong qua trinh theo kien, cac doanh nghiep can tap trung tim hieu that ky va tra loi tat ca cac cau hdi co quan dieu tra neu mot each hop ly, rd rang va hoan thoi gian sdm nhat Su minh bach va rd rang cac cau tra loi se tao an tuong tot voi co quan dieu tra Ben canh do, doanh nghiep cd the chuan bi nhung chung cu xac dang de chung minh viec ban pha gia thap khong gay thiet hai cho nen san xuat cua nuoc nhap khau (luong hang xuat khau chiem duoi 3% tong khdi luong nhap khau hang hoa do) va neu cd thi bien ban pha gia khong dang ke (duoi 2%) Dieu chi lam dupe doanh nghiep xay dung dupe mot he thong so sach ke toan chung tu minh bach rd rang de lam co so de tinh toan cuoc dieu tra tien hanh Ngoai ra, qua trinh tham gia vu kien cac doanh nghiep can can nhac de nghi ap dung cac bien phap cam ket, dieu chinh gia hoac so luong xuat khau neu xet thay kha nang thang kien khong cao va ton kern Nhin chung cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam hien rat ngai theo duoi cac vu kien Nguyen nhan la chi phi theo kien rat ton kern, kha nang rui ro lon, thoi gian dai Trong doanh nghiep Viet Nam lai co it kinh nghiem tren thuong truong va chua cd dpi ngu luat su gioi de tu van Ben canh do, nhieu doanh nghiep cd tu tuong y lai cho rang Chinh phu se can thiep Dieu da gay su thiet thoi lon cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam nudc khdi kien ap thue chong ban pha gia tren co so thong tin don phuong cua ben di kien (truong hop vu kien cua EU doi vdi xe dap va den huynh quang xuat khau cua Viet Nam) 82 KET LUAN Trong nhung nam gan day song song vdi tien trinh tu hoa thuong mai toan > r •> r cau, cac bien phap chong ban pha gia dang duoc ap dung cang bien va duoc coi la mot cong cu bao ho huu hieu doi vdi nen san xuat noi dia Tren danh nghia, ban pha gia chi la mot hien tuong binh thudng thuong mai quoc te va cac vu kien ban pha gia chi mang tinh phap ly thdng thudng, nhung ve ban chat day lai la nhung rao can thuong mai moi dupe cac quoc gia ua dung thay cho cac bien phap bao ho truyen thdng (thue quan) Cung nhu mot sd quoc gia dang phat trien khac, Viet Nam dang qua trinh hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, vdi dac diem la nen kinh te chuyen doi, dang phat trien va tang trudng kinh te phu thuoc nhieu vao xuat khau, Viet Nam luon gap rat nhieu kho khan phai doi mat vdi mot vu kien ban pha gia vi su phuc tap ve thu tuc phap ly cua nudc sd tai, su bat cong bi coi la nen kinh te phi thi trudng va vi the thuong mai cung nhu chinh tri cua Viet Nam tren trudng quoc te van cdn han che Kinh nghiem cua An Do va Thai Lan doi vdi cac vu kien chong ban pha gia la nhung bai hoc quy bau doi vdi Viet Nam, bai hoc ldn rut la viec dau tranh vdi cac vu kien chong ban pha gia (hay cac hinh thuc bao ho mdi phi truyen thdng) la su huy dong sue manh tong hop thdng qua su hop tac chat che va dong bo giua nhieu nhieu Bo, ban, nganh, song Doanh nghiep luon dong vai trd quan nhat Cac quy dinh lien quan den ban pha gia va chong ban pha gia dupe danh gia la x r r r mot nhung phan phuc tap nhat luat phap thuong mai quoc te, ben canh cac vu kien ban pha gia hang xuat khau van cdn la mot de tai kha mdi doi vdi Viet Nam, vay cac nghien cuu de tai khong tranh khdi cd nhung han che va thieu sot nhat dinh Do vay, toi rat mong nhan dupe su dong gop cua cac chuyen gia, nhung ngudi quan tarn den van de de hoan thien hon nua cong trinh nghien cuu cua minh 83 DANH SACH TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • Tai lieu tieng Viet Bo Cong Thuong, Thong tin Cong nghiep (01/08/2007), “Doi voi cac vu kien chdng ban pha gia: giai phap nao cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam?” Bo Thuong mai (2005) So tay ve chdng banpha gid, Ha Noi Bo Thuong mai (2006) ,Cac giai phap ung cua Viet Nam ddi vdi viec r r r chong ban pha gid thuong mai quoc te Ngo Minh Khoi (01/2007) “Noi lo ve nen kinh te phi thi truong”, Bao Dien tu To quoc Dinh Thi My Loan (2006) Chu dong ung voi cac vu kien chdng ban pha a r r gia thuong mai quoc te Nha xuat ban Lao dong - Xa hoi Nguyen Khanh Long (2002), “Vu kien cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam ban pha gia san pham fillet ca tra, ca ba sa tren thi truong My” Tap chi Nghien cuu kinh te Ngoc Minh (15/9/2004), “ Viet Nam khong ban pha gia tom tai thi truong My Bao Ngudi Lao Dong Ngoc Nhung (29/3/2006), “Ungpho tu xa vdi nhung vu kien pha gia’’, Viet Bao Viet Nam Dia chi:http://pda.vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Ung-pho-tu-xa-voi- nhung-vu-kien-pha-gia/205 5008/122/ Duong Nguyet Nga (2002), “Luat chdng ban pha gia cua My va Lien minh chau Au vdi thuc trang cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam bi khoi kien ban pha gia” Tap chi Kinh te va phat trien 10 Scott Cheshier, Nguyen Thanh Nga (2005), “Nen kinh te phi thi truong: Rao can bat cong” Chuong trinh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright 11 Nguyen Son (2005), Van de xac dinh tinh chat phi thi truong cac vu viec lien quan toi chdng ban pha gid Uy ban quoc gia 84 12 So lieu cap nhat cac vu kien chong ban pha gia lien quan toi hang hoa Viet Nam tinh den thang 7/2012 Phong Thuong mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam Dia chi website:// http://chongbanphagia.vn/tonghopsolieu/20100505/so-lieu- cap-nhat-cac-vu-kien-cbpg-lien-quan-den-viet-nam-tinh-toi-thang-07201 13 TS Pham Quang Thao (2005) Kien thuc co ban ve Hoi nhap kinh te Qudc te Truong can bo Thuong mai va Trung Uong, Bo Thuong Mai 14 Thong tan xa Viet Nam tai Bac Kinh (2006) - Co hoi thach thuc doi voi Viet Nam sau gia nhap WTO 15 Thong tan xa Viet Nam tai New York (4/2007) “Chinh sach bao ho bat cong cua My” 16 Nguyen Thi Thu Trang (2007), Vai tro cua cac phan phi nha nucrc- Bai hoc tic Thai Lan va An Do., Phdng Thuong Mai va Cong Nghiep Viet Nam Dai chi website: http://chongbanphagia.vn/anpham/20081125/ban-tin-cac-vukien-thuong-mai-quoc-te-so-3-thang-92008 17 UNDP (4/2006), Tai lieu doi thoai chinh sach so 4/2006 Cac quy dinh r r y r thuong mai tien: chong ban pha gia va quy che nen kinh te phi thi truong ap dat cho Viet Nam 18 Nguyen Tien Vinh (2002), Ban pha gia va bien phap chong ban pha gia thuong mai quoc te - mot vai lien he doi vdi Viet Nam Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi Tai lieu tieng Anh 19 Chad P.Brown (1999), The WTO and Antidumping in Developing Countries Econmy Falcuty Brandeis University 20 Bruce Arnold (1/7/2001), Antidumping action in the United State and around the world : an analysis of international data Congressional Budget Office Dia chi http://www.cbo.gov/publication/13126 85 21 Notification No 41/2011-Customs of Indian Govement Ministry of Finance (IRS) from New Delhi, May 23, 2011 Government of India Ministry d Commerce & Industry http://commerce.nic.in/writereaddata/traderemedies/adfm_Vitrified_Tiles_NS R_ChinaPR_28-09-2012.pdf 22 Statistics on anti-dumping, the semi-annual reports of WTO Members to the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices and cover the period January 1995 — 31 December 2011 World Trade Organization Dia chi: http://search.wto.org/search?q=the+semiannual+reports+of+WTO+Members+to+the+Committee+on+Anti- Dumping+Practices+and+cover+the+period+1 + January+1995+%97+31 +Dece mber+2011 &site=English_website&client=english_frontend&proxystylesheet =english_frontend&output=xml_no_dtd&numgm=5&proxyreload=l&ie=TSO -8859-l&oe=ISO-8859-l 23 United States — Customs Bond Directive for Merchandise Subject to Anti- Dumping/Countervailing Duties at DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: DISPUTE DS345 World Trade Organization website:http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds345_e.htm 24 United States — Measures Relating to Shrimp from Thailand at DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: DISPUTE DS324 World Trade Organization Dia chi : www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds324_e.htm 25 United States — Measures Relating to Shrimp from Thailand (DISPUTE DS343) World Trade Organization Dia chi www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds343_e.htm