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BdGLAJDUC VAPXOTAO T»’JdNG DM HOC NH M QUOC Da - *ãô'_ NGVi'^N BAC SON L U,vN A N Cl Lie CY X1H1' riA N(sl - 200C BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN HA NOI 3"C & & & & & & Nguyen BUc Son I T>U.NG TA.w ij ;TUL^U KT.THUVicN NANG CAO CHAT LUONG DOI NGU CONG CHUC DAP UNG YEU CAU CONG NGHIEP HOA, HIEN DAI HOA DAT NUOC LUAN AN THAC SY KINH TE Chuyen nganh : Kinh te va To chuc lao dong Ma SO : 5.02.07 Ngudi huong ddn khoa hoc: TS Mai Quoc Chanh TS Bui Anh Tuan Tl-fSJy/J '‘O-N-G't At - L lah Y-wJ HANOI 9-2000 MUC LUC Phan mo dau Ch iron g 1: Cong chile nha nude va chat luong cua doi ngu cdng chile nha nude 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 Cong chile nha nude va vai tro cua doi ngu cong chile nha nude Khai niem cong chile nha nude Phan loai cong chile nha nude Vai tro cua cong chile nha nude Chat luong doi ngu cong chile nha nude va cac nhan to anh hudng den chat luong cua doi ngu cong chuc nha nude Chat luong cua cong chile nha nude Cac chi tieu phan anh chat luong doi ngu cong chile nha nude Cac nhan td anh hudng tdi chat luong cua cong chile nha nude Kinh nghiem cua mot sd' nude nang cao chat luong dpi ngu cong chile nha nude Kinh nghiem cua Cdng hoa Phap Kinh nghiem cua Vuong qud'c Anh Kinh nghiem cua nude My Kinh nghiem cua Nhat Ban Mot so ket luan tit nghien cun kinh nghiem cac nude viec nang cao chat luong cdng chile 4 13 13 14 18 25 25 27 29 31 33 Chirong 2: Thue trang chat luong doi ngu cdng chuc Nha nude Viet Nani Khai quat ve sir hinh va phat tridn cua doi ngu cdng chile Nha nude Viet Nam 2.2 Chat luong cua dpi ngu cdng chile Nha nude Viet Nam thdi ky ddi mdi 2.2.1 Phan tich chat luong cdng chile theo trinh chuyen mon va ky nang quan ly 2.2.2 Phan tfch cha't luong cdng chile theo kinh nghiem va tham nien cdng tac 2.3 Cac nhan to anh hudng tdi cha't luong doi ngu cdng chile nha nude Viet Nam 2.3.1 Cac nhan to khach quan 2.1 35 41 42 51 52 52 2.3.2 Cac nhan td chu quan 2.4 Danh gia chung ve chat luong doi ngu cdng chile nha nuo’c Viet Nam Churo'ng 3: Mot so gidi ph dp nang cao chat luong doi ngu cdng chuc nha nuoc dap ung yen can cdng nghiep hod, hien dai hod dat nuoc 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.3.8 Chat luong cdng chirc Nha nuo’c vdi vo’i su nghiep cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nude Quan didm nang cao cha't lu’ong cua doi ngu cdng chile nha nude Cac giai phap nang cao chat luong doi ngu cdng chirc nha nude Hoan thien he thong tidu chuan nghiep vu, chirc danh cdng chirc nha nude thdi ky CNH - HDH da't nude Hoan thien cdng tac quy hoach doi ngu cdng chirc phu hop yeu cdu CNH - HDH da't nude Hoan thidn cdng tac tuydn chon cdng chirc dap ung yeu cau CNH - HDH da't nude Hoan thidn cdng tac dao tao va bdi dudng cdng chirc phuc vu yeu cau CNH - HDH da't nude Cai each che tien luong ddi vdi ddi ngu cdng chirc thdi ky CNH - HDH dat nude Xay dung va ban hanli quy che' luan chuyen cdng chile Xay dung quy chd've vide tir chile dd'i vdi cdng chile Phat huy vai tro cua nhan dan vide nang cao cha't luong cdng chile nha nude Ket luan Danh muc tai lieu tham khao Phu luc 53 65 68 68 70 72 72 74 75 76 82 87 89 90 92 PHAN Md DAU Tfnh cap thiet cua de tai Viet Nam dang tien hanh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nude theo dinh huong xa hoi chu nglria boi canh nu’de va quoc te rat phiic tap, co ca thuan Iqi va kho khan, ca thd'i co lAn nguy co, chu’a dung ca nhung yeu to bat trAc kho luong het dupe Dpi ngu can bp, cong chu’c nha nude luon la san phAm cua cong tac can bp, cong chuc nha nude Du’di su lanh dao cua Dang, dpi ngu can bp, edng chirc cua ta da dupe ren luypn thu thach va trubng qua trinh dAu tranh each mang lAu dai, gian kho, nhung di vao cong nghipp hoa, hien dai hoa dang boc lo khong ft nhirpe diem, bat cap tnrdc nhung yeu cAu doi hoi cua nhiem vu mdi NAng cao cha't lupng cua dpi ngu cong chiic nha nude dap ung yeu cAu cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dA't nirdc la doi hoi tat yeu Muc dich nghien curu cua de tai Ve mat ly luan, de tai nhAm he thong hoa ly luan co ban ve cong chu’c nha nirdc, cha't lupng edng chu’c nha nude, cac nhAn to anh hu’dng tdi chA't lupng cong chu’c nha nude, chi tidu danh gia chA't lupng dpi ngu cong chu’c nha nude VP thuc tidn: DP tai danh gia thuc trang chA't luong dpi ngu cong chu’c nha nude Viet Nam; du’a mot so giai phap gop phan nang cao cha't lupng cong chu’c Nha nude Viet Nam dap ung yeu cAu cua thd’i ky cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nu’de Doi tuong va pham vi nghien curu Doi tuong nghien cu’u cua dP tai dirpe xac dinh la cong chuc nha nude bao gom nhung ngudi du’pc tuyen dung, bo nhiem hoac giao nhiem vu thuong xuyen cac cong sb nha nude o cA'p trung u’ong, dupe hu’dng luong tir ngAn sach nha nu’de Pham vi nghidn cun: can cd vao muc tieu nghidn cun dd tai khong di sAu phan tfch qua trinh phat trien cua doi ngu cdng chuc noi chung ma tap trung danh gia thuc trang chai luong cong chuc nha nude then ky ddi moi Cha't luong cua cdng chirc nha nude duqc xem xet danh gia tren mot so chi tidu nhu ve trinh chuyen mon, ky nang cdng vide, kinh nghiem cdng tac Dd tai khong di vao danh gia cha't luong cdng chdc qua chi tieu ve sire khoe cua cdng chue Ph iron g phap nghien cuu Dd tai sir dung tong hop cac phuong phap nghien cun thfch hop: phuong phap vat bien chung, vat lich sir, phuong phap logic va nghien cun so sanh; phuong phap tong hop va phan tfch; cac phuong phap didu tra nhu phong va'n, phid'u dfcu tra Cac so lieu sir dung dd tai la nliung so lieu cua cac bao cao da cdng bo', xua't ban chfnh thirc De tai cung su dung ke't qua cac cdng trinh nghidn cun cua cac tac gia va ngoai nude Tac gia cung cd' gang tim kie'm cac thong tin thong qua true tie'p khao sat de tim va bo sung nliung thong tin co gia tri Nliung dong gop cua luan an Vdi phan co so ly ludn duqc xay dung mot each he thd'ng, tie'p thu cd chon loc tu nhieu ngudn chfnh there khac nhau, luan an gop them mot cdng trinh nghien cun vao he thd'ng ly luan kha ft di ve mdt va'n de hep nhung cd tarn quan dang ke - doi ngu cdng chiic va chat luong cua doi ngu cdng chuc Luan an cd nhung dong gop nhu sau: Mot la gop phan he thd'ng hoa duqc ly luan ve cdng chiic, cha't luong cdng chiic, cac nhan to' anh hudng tdi chat luong cdng chiic nha nude, cac chi tieu danh gia cha't luong cdng chuc Hai la nghien cun kinh nghiem vide xay dung doi ngu cdng chuc cua mot so nu’dc nhu Anh, My, Phap, Nhat va rut nhung bai hoc xay dung phat trid’n ddi ngu cdng chuc nha nude Viet Nam Ba la gop mot ph An vao danh gia thuc trang chat luong cua doi ngu cong chirc Nha nude Vidt Nam Bon la dira mot sd' quan diem va de xuA't mot sd giai phap gop phan nAng cao cha't luong cua ddi ngu cdng chirc dap ung yeu cAu cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa da't nude Ket cau luan an Luan an gom phdn met dAu, ket luAn va ba chuong: - Chuang 1: Cdng chirc nha nuoc va cha't luong cua doi ngu cdng chirc nha nude - Chuong 2: Thue trang cha't luong doi ngu cdng chirc Nha nude Viet Nam - Chtrong 3: Mot so giai phap nAng cao cha't luong doi ngu cdng chirc nha nude dap ung yeu cau cdng nghiep hoa, hidn dai hoa da't nude CHU0NG CONG CHUC NHA NUOC VA CHAT LUONG CUA DOI NGU CONG CHUC NHA NUOC 1.1 Cong chu’c nha nuoc va vai tro cua doi ngu cong chirc nha nirdc 1.1.1 Khai niem cong chirc nha nud’c Vao nua cuoi the ky XIX che dp cong chile da ddi o cac nude tu- ban phuong Tay Che dp da phan anh nhu cau khach quan cua lich sir phat trien nha nu’de Sau cuoc each mang cong nghiep, sir phat trien kinh te, chfnh tri, van hoa, xa hoi d cac nude tu ban la dong lire thuc da\ su hinh va phat trien che cong chu’c “NhSn vat” tiung tarn cua che cong chu’c la ngudi cong chu’c noi rieng va doi ngu cong chu’c noi chung vdi tieu chuan, so lupng, co cau hop ly, dap ling yeu cau hoat dong cua bp may hanh chfnh nha nude VSy edng chile la g'l ? Cong hoa Phap, quan niem: “Cong chu’c la nhung ngudi dupe tuyen dung, bo nhiem vao lam viec cac edng so gom cac co’ quan hanh chfnh cong quyen va cac to chu’c dich vu cong edng nha nude to chu’c, bao gom ca Tiung uong va dia phuong nhung khong kd den cac cong chile dia phuong thudc cac hdi dong dia phuong quan ly”.(14) Vuong quoc Anh, tir nam 1859, edng chile du’pc quy dinh gom hai bo phan: “Bo phan thii nha't la nhung ngudi nha Vua Anh true tiep bd nhiem hoac dupe uy ban dan sir cap giay chiing nhan hop le cho phep tham gia edng tac d co quan dan sir Bo phan thii hai la nhung ngudi ma toan bo tidn luong du’pc cap tir ngan sach thong nhat cua Vuong quoc lien hiep hoac tir cac khoan dupe Quoc hoi thong qua deu goi la edng chilc”.(I4) O Hop chung qud'c Hoa ky, quan niem: “Nhung nhan vien nganh hanh chfnh cua chfnh phii dupe goi chung la cong chile”.(14) Cong hoa Lidn bang Diic, Luat cdng chiic Lidn bang quy dinh: “Nhung ngubi chiu su chi huy, kidm tra true tid'p cua Lien bang la cdng chiic Lien bang, nhung ngubi phuc vu b cac doan thd xa hdi, doan thd xay dung vat cha't va tai chfnh theo luat chung, true tie'p le thudc Chfnh phu Lien bang la cong chiic gian tie'p Ta't ca cac phdn tren day deu goi la cong chiic Ngoai cac phdn thuoc pham vi tren, cdng chiic qud'c hdi Lien bang, Thuqng vien Lien bang, Toa an Lidn bang cung thuoc pham vi dieu chinh cua luat cdng chiic”.(14) Cl Nhat Ban, cdng chiic duqc phan hai loai chfnh gdm cdng chiic nha nude va cdng chiic dia phuong: “Cdng chiic nha nude gdm nhung ngubi duqc nham chiic bo may cua chfnh phu Tiling uong, nganh tu phap, qud'c hoi, quan doi, trubng cdng va benh vien qud'c lap, xf nghiep va don vi su nghiep qud'c doanh, duqc linh luong cua ngan sach nha nude Cdng chiic dia phuong gdm nhung ngubi lam vide va linh luong th tai chfnh dia phuong”.(I4) Trr nhung each quan niem vd cdng chiic cua mot so' qud'c gia ndu tren, chung ta co thd tha'y rang cdng chiic thuong duqc hieu mot each chung la nhung cdng dan duqc tuyen dung va bo nhiem giu mot cdng vu thubng xuven mdt cdng so cua nha nude b tiling uong hay dia phuong, hubng luong tur ngan sach nha nude va chiu su dieu chinh cua luat cdng chiic Vidt Nam, 20/5/1950 Chu tich Ho Chf Minh ky Sac lenh 76/SL ve Quy chd' cdng chiic, dd cdng chiic duqc dinh nghTa: “La nhung cdng dan Vidt Nam, duqc chfnh quydn nhan dan tuydn dung dd giu mot vi trf thubng xuydn cac co quan cua Chfnh phu, b hay ngoai nude, ddu la cdng chiic theo quy chd' nay, trtr trubng hop Chfnh phu quy dinh” De'n 26/2/1998, Uy ban thubng vu Qud'c hoi nuoc Cong hoa xa hoi chu nghTa Viet Nam da thong qua Phap lenh ve can bo cdng chiic, khai niem ve can bd, cdng chiic duqc ndu nhu sau: “Can bo cdng chiic quy dinh tai phap ldnh la cdng dan Viet Nam, bien che' va hubng luong tb ngan sach nha nude, bao gdm: Nliung ngubi bdu cu dd dam nhan chiic vu theo nhiem ky cac co quan nha nude, to chiic chfnh tri, to chiic chfnh tri-xa hoi; Nhirng ngudi dirorc tuy£n dung, bo nhiem hoac dupe giao nhiem vu thudng xuydn lam vide to chirc chinh tri, t6 chirc chinh tri - xa hdi; Nhirng ngtrdri dupe tuyen dung, b6 nhidm hoac giao gifr mdt cdng vu thudng xuydn, dupe phan loai theo trinh dd dao tao, nganh chuydn mon, dupe xdp vao mdt ngach hanh chinh, str nghiep cac co quan nha ntrdrc, mdi ngach thd hien chirc va ca'p vd chuydn mdn nghiep vu, co chirc danh tidu chuAn rieng; Nhirng ngudi dirpc tuy&i dung, bo nhidm hoac diroc giao nhidm vu thudng xuyen lam viec trong cac co quan, don vi thudc Quan doi nhan dan ma khong phai la si quan, quan nhan chuyen nghiep, cong nhan qudc phdng, lam viec cac co quan, don vi thudc Cdng an nhan dan ma khong phai la si quan, si quan chuydn nghiep”/11} Cd the hieu, cdng chirc nha ntrdrc la ngtrdri dtrpc tuyen dung hoac bo nhidm vao lam viec mdt co quan nha ntrdc or Trung hay dia phuong, gift mot cdng vide thirorng xuyen d mot ngach mot he tho'ng ngach bac va dirqc hirdng ltrong ngan sach nha nude cap Mot ngtrdri lao dong dirpc coi la cdng chirc nha ntrdc cua mdt quo'c gia nao neii cd cac dac tnmg sau day: • La cdng dan cua ntrdc do; • Dirpc tuyen dung bang hinh thiic thi tuy£n; • Dam nhan mot cong vu thirorng xuydn; • Dirpc xep vao mot ngach, mot nganh chuyen mon; • Lam vide mot cdng sd; • Dirpc hudng ltrong tir ngan sach nha ntrdc 1.1.2 Phan loai cdng chirc nha niroc Dd de nhirng tidu chuan khach quan vide thi tuydn ngudi vao lam vide, giup cho viec sir dung nhan tai, xac dinh tien lu'ong mot each hop ly, phan loai cdng chirc cd vai tro int quan va la diem khdi dau cua cdng tac III CAC PHUONG PHAP THLT THACH VA DANH GIA CAN BO Dudi thdi phong kien (thu thach vd lua chon) 1.1 Thdi Khdng Tir da dua cac didu kidn thu thach (cac vua chua Viet Nam cung da su dung mot phan): - Cho d xa de xem long Trung - Cho d gdn de xem long Kinh - Sai lam nhidu viec de xem Tai - Hdi luc voi vang de xem Trf - Han cho ngat ngeo de xem Tin - Giao cho tidn bac de xem Nhan - Giao cho viec nguy hiem de xem Tid't - Cho chen say de xem Chf - Cho d chd phien tap de xem Than sac 1.2 Thdi nha Trdn - Sau dieu chon tuong cua Tran Hung Dao Hdi bang ldi xem tra ldi co ro rang khdng Hdi ro rang tuong tan xem ddc hanh thd nao Lay cua ma thu xem co liem khdng Lay sac dep ma thu xem cd dung dan khdng Lay cdng viec ma thu xem co dung cam khdng Cho uong rupu say xem cd giu dupe thai dd khdng 11 Kinh nghiem ve phuong phap va cac tieu chuan danh gia d Nhat * Vide danh gia mot can bd lanh dao thudng xem xet trdn ba mat: cac nang luc; kinh nghidm lam vide; kha nang tidn bd Nd'u can thi hdi them vd nguydn vong + Nhung nang luc can phai co d bat ky nha quan ly nao: Kha nang quyet dinh cdng viec Kha nang lap kd' hoach Kha nang tien hanh dam thoai Kha nang to chirc ngudi Kha nang tien hanh kiem tra hoat dong cua nhung ngudi minh quan ly + Kinh nghidm lam vide (didm ngudi ca'p trdn danh gia) Phu hop hay khdng phu hop vdi chdc vu dang lam Cha't lupng cac hoat dong nghe nghidp Nguydn vong cho tuong lai Ke' hoach pha'n da'u ve chu’c vu quan ly Cham chi Lac quan Vui ve Thd lo Mdm mong Kin dao Tu tin Ich ky Can than Cdi md Trdm tu Khdng khoan nhuong 12 Lanh nhat Ba hoa Nhe da, ca tin Tinh An minh Ban gat Tid't kidm Binh tinh Khdn kheo Nhanh nhen cdng viec Dac lire thi hanh cdng vu Horp ly cdng viec Lang le lam viec * Phuong phap danh gia ma Nhat Ban dung la danh gia theo ba chidu (tren ca sd phieu danh gia ghi cac tieu chuan trdn) Ngudi quan ly ca'p trdn dien vao mSu danh gia ve ngudi minh danh gia Ban than duong su didn vao mAu danh gia Nhung ngudi xung quanh (tuy miic hdi rdng, hep) dien vao mAu danh gia Nhat dung phueng phap “Test” nham dua cac tinh hudng dd ngudi danh gia tra ldi, vi du: + Test vd nhung kha nang cua ngudi quan ly + Test vd cac ky nang cua ngudi quan ly + Test vd tinh ydu lao dong + Test vd su thi dua 4- Test vd cac hoat dong quan ly + Test vd su thoa man vdi cong vide + Test vd phong each quan ly + Test vd thai dd ddi vdi lao ddng + Test vd tinh cam ddi vdi xf nghidp + Test vd quan ly td chdc + Test vd xac dinh cac muc tidu va nhiem vu hoat ddng + Test vd tfnh chat hidp ddng cua nhom nhom lao dong 13 + Test vd su lam viec an y TRUNG QUOC VQl CHINH SACH THU HUT NHAN TAI, NGAN CHAN TINH TRANG CHAY MAU CHAT XAM (theo nguon tin cua phong vien TTXVN tai Hong Cdng -161812000) IV De thuc hien chid'n lucre lay “Giao due va khoa hoc ky thuat xay dung dat nude giau manh” ma Dang va Chinh phu Trung Quoc dua nam 1995, mdi day Chfnh phu Tiling Qud'c lai ban hanh chfnh each “Khuye'n khfch trf thiic cd chuyen mon cao vd nudc cdng tac” mot each cd hd thd'ng nham thu hut cang nhidu nhan tai uu tu ve nudc gop phan xay dung va phat trien da't nudc Theo du kid'n nam tdi, mdi nam Tiling Qud'c cd the thu hut hang chuc nghin can bd khoa hoc ky thuat vdi chuydn mdn cao theo kieu Nhung tri thiic, can bd khoa hoc ky thuat chuydn mdn cao sau ve nudc se dupe hudng cac chd' dd dai ngd nhu dupe hudng luong theo trinh ban than cung vdi cac khoan phu ca'p khac ho dupe ca'p nha va bao hiem y td' cung nhu nhung can bo chuydn mdn gidi khac cung don vi Gia dinh, ngudi than se dupe bd' trf lam viec on dinh, cai ddu dupe dd'n trudng, v.v Ben canh dd, ho dupe giao dam nhiem nhung chu'c vu cac nganh quan nhu tai chfnh, ngan hang, nhung xf nghidp qud'c huu loai ldn, nha trudng, hoc vien va nhung co quan nghidn cull khoa hoc Dac biet chfnh sach neu ro nhung trf thiic sau ve nudc van dupe bao luu quyd't dinh cu tni lau dai va vinh vidn d nudc ngoai Qui dinh mdi dupe coi la mdt nhung ddt pha mdi ve chfnh sach cua Trung qud'c nham thu hut nhan tai vd gop phan phat trien da't nudc Ke td nam 1978 Trung Qud'c cai each md cua dd'n nay, cd khoang 320 nghin, sinh vidn nudc ngoai hoc tap va cd khoang 110 nghin luu hoc sinh hoc xong trd ve nudc Tmng Qud'c cd chfnh sach “ung hd hoc sinh nudc ngoai hoc tap, khuye'n khfch hoc sinh td't nghidp vd nudc”, nen ti le hoc sinh hoc xong ve nudc da ldn tdi trdn 13% Theo thd'ng ke, nam 1999 cd tdi 50% luu hoc sinh td't nghidp thac si quan ly xf nghidp d trudng Dai hoc Harvard (My) da trd vd nudc Nam 1999 cd 23 can bo cd tfch xua't sac linh vuc hat nhan va vu tru dupe Dang va Chfnh phu tuydn duong khen thudng thi cd tdi 21 can bo da tung hoc tap d nudc ngoai Trong sd' 629 Vien si thudc Vien Khoa hoc Trung Qud'c thi co 507 Vien si da tung hoc tap d nudc ngoai, chid'm 81% va sd 423 Vien si Vien Cdng trinh Trung Quoc thi cd tdi 227 Vidn si hoc d nudc ngoai vd nudc cdng tac, chid'm 54% 14 777 Mac du sd tri thirc, nhan tai cua Trung Quoc hien nudc ngoai cdn rdt ddng ma chua thu hut duoc vd nudc va sd nhan tai nudc hidn van bd di dang d mile dd bao ddng Theo thdng ke hidn cd tdi trdn 9.000 giao su, giang vidn la ngudi Trung Qud'c dang giang day cac tnrdng dai hoc trdn nudc My, bang 1/3 tong sd can bd Vidn han lam khoa hoc Tiung Qudc Neu tinh ca sd can bo giang day va nghidn cuu d Chau au, Canada, Nhat, Singapore thi sd chidm qua nua Dd tranh tinh trang chay mau cha't xam trdn, Dang va Chinh phu Trung Qudc da ap dung mdt chfnh sach dao tao, sir dung va uu dai ddi vdi tri thirc cung nhu khuye'n khfch nhan tai vd nudc cdng tac Tiung Qudc lan luqt dua nhung ke hoach bdi dudng nhan tai khoa hoc ky thuat mang tinh qudc gia nhu “Cdng trinh 863”, “Cdng trinh bdi dudng tram, van, nghin nhan tai” Ngoai cac bd, cac nganh va cac dia phuong cua Tiung Qudc cung da lap cac chuong trinh rieng de bdi dudng nhan tai nhu “Kd hoach tram nhan tai” cua Vien Han lam Khoa hoc Tiung Qudc, “Cdng trinh sang tao tri thde” cua Vien Khoa hoc Tiung Qudc, “Ke hoach dao tao nhan tai xuydn thd ky” cua Bo Giao due, “Cdng trinh bdi dudng nhan tai hudng tdi thd ky mdi cua Bac Kinh”, v.v va dieu dang luu y la 1/2 sd ngudi duqc chon vao thuc thi cac cdng trinh, kd hoach deu la nhung sinh vidn, tri thde da timg tdt nghiep d nudc ngoai vd nudc cdng tac Thdi gian qua, Trung Qudc da khdng ngtrng tang dau tu cho cong tac dao tao can bo ky thuat Hang nam ngSn sach kd hoach qudc gia deu chi sd tien bang 1/3 von dau tu cho khoa hoc ky thuat vao viec boi dudng can bo tiung nidn va tre tudi Nam 1994, Trung Qudc da dac biet uu tidn lap “Quy khoa hoc” danh cho nhung nha khoa hoc tre tai gidi, tao mdi trudng va dieu kien de thuc day su Ion manh cua doi ngu nhan tai khoa hoc va khoang nam gan day da co 426 hoc gia tre tudi duqc nhan tai trq vdi tong sd tien 268 trieu NDT Vdi nhung chu truorng, bien phap tfch cue ke tren, cac nha Lanh dao Trung Qudc hy vong tinh trang thidu hut can bd ddi ngu nghidn cuu khoa hoc cua Trung Qudc se duqc cai thidn hon va thu hut cang nhieu nhan tai ve nudc nhu nidm tin cua Chu tich nude Giang Trach Dan ndi chuydn vdi mot nu ky gia ngudi My, cd ndi tri thirc nhan tai Tiung Quoc nudc ngoai se trd ve nudc nhu “ddng sdng van tiep tuc chay vd hudng Ddng” 15 Mz V CHE DO TIEN LUONG CUA NUOC MY Chfnh phu My dang thuc hidn chd' dd phan loai tien lucng Nguyen tac xac dinh tidn luong la: - Cap luong ddng ddu - Ca'p luong dinh ky - Tang luong theo trupt gia (gia ca sinh hoat tang) - Chu y bao dam su cdng bang ve tien luong - Xac dinh tidn lucng va dieu chinh mdt each cdng khai - Co ca'u nghidn cun quyd't dinh cac va'n de vd luong phai co nhung ngudi dai didn cho nhan vien cdng chdc tham gia de phan anh yeu cau va loi ich cac mat Bidu luong cua My co bd'n loai: bieu luong hanh chfnh ndi chung cua dai da sd' nhan vien cdng chdc; bieu luong cua buu dien; bieu luong cua sd' ft quan chdc hanh chinh cao ca'p; bieu luong hanh chfnh dung cho nhan vien Bidu luong hanh chfnh ndi chung phan 18 bac Trong mdi mot bac deu phan theo mdc Td bac den bac 15 ddu phan 10 mdc Bac 16 phan mdc Bac 17 phan mdc Bac 18 chi cd mdt mdc Bac tha'p nha't, bac 18 cao nha't, cang ldn cao mdc cang it, boi vi cang ldn cao chdc vi cang ft Ndi chung cd mdt nam tang len mot mdc luong, 10 nam tang len mdt bac lucng Nhung ngudi hoc va'n cao, uyen bac, trinh cdng tac cao thi mdc luong ban ddu tuong doi cao Nhan vien chuyen nghidp ndi chung bat dau hubng td bac luong thd nam Theo thdng ke thang 3/1979, tong so ngubi thfch hop vdi “Bieu luong hanh chfnh ndi chung” la 1.396.947 ngubi, chid'm 56% tong sd nhan vien cdng chdc chfnh phu lidn bang Trong bac luong thd 18 cd 401 ngubi, bac 17 cd 1.095 ngubi, bac thd 16 cd 110.308 ngubi, bac thd 12 cd 156.548 16 /A ngudi, bac thd 11 co 155.343 ngudi, bac thd 10 co 27.862 ngudi, bac thii co 139.568 ngudi, bac thii co 130.497 ngudi, bac thii cd 87.559 ngudi, bac thii cd 190.649 ngudi, bac thii co 171.554 ngudi, bac thii cd 86.752 ngudi, bac thii co 21.565 ngudi, bac thii nha't co 1.340 ngudi Theo bidu luong nhan vien hanh chfnh duoc didu chinh mdi vao thang 10/1979 thi so luong mdi cua mdi bac nhu sau: BICU LUONG HANH CHINH CUA CONG CHUC MV \ Miic 10 Bac \ 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 7.210 8.128 8.952 10.049 11.243 12.531 13.925 15.423 14.035 18.760 20.611 24.703 29.375 34.713 40.382 47.889 56.099 65.750 7.450 8.399 9.250 10.384 11.618 12.946 14.389 15.937 17.603 19.385 21.298 25.526 30.354 35.870 42.198 49,485 57.869 7.960 8.670 9.548 10.719 11.993 13.367 14.853 16.451 18.171 20.010 21.985 26.439 31.353 37.027 43.554 51.081 59834 7.930 8.902 10.14 11.054 12.368 13.785 15.317 16.965 18739 20.635 22.672 27.172 32.312 38.154 44.915 52.677 61.709 8.170 9.002 10.144 11.389 12.743 14.203 15.781 17.479 19.307 21.620 23.395 27.995 33.291 39.341 46.276 54.273 63.579 8.410 9.267 10.442 11.724 13.118 14.621 16.245 17.993 19875 21.885 24.096 28.818 34.270 40.498 47.637 55.869 8.650 9.532 10.740 12.059 13.368 15.457 17.173 19.021 21.011 22570 24.733 29.641 35.249 41.665 48.998 57.465 8.890 9.797 11.038 12.394 13.36S 15.039 16.709 18.507 20.443 23.135 25.420 30.464 36.248 42.512 50.359 59.601 8.902 10.062 11.336 12.729 14.243 15.875 17.637 19.535 21.579 23.760 26.107 31.257 37.207 43.969 51.720 60.567 9.126 10.327 11.634 13.064 14.618 16.293 18.109 20.049 22.147 24.385 26.794 32.110 38.186 45.125 53.081 S6' chenh miic luong 298 335 375 481 464 514 568 625 687 823 979 1.157 1.361 1.596 1.876 Nude My quy dinh tieu chuan mdc luong nhu sau: Tot nghiep phd thong trung hoc bat dau hudng tir bac luong thd nha't, thd hai Nhung ngudi tot nghiep dai hoc bat dau hudng bac lu’ong thd Nhung ngudi cd tich uu td la bac thd Nhung ngudi cd hoc vi tien si hudng bac thd 11 Theo quy dinh nang luong, nhung ngudi cd mdc luong td bac thd 12 trd xuo'ng, cd 52 tudn tir ddng tang len mot bac Nhung ngudi td bac thd 13 trd 17 ldn cur 72 tuan tir tang luong mdt bac Nhirng kiem tra tfch nd'u bi coi la ngudi “khong dat” thi khdng diroc tang luong Tur bac luong thur nha't dd'n bac luong thur tu ap dung cho cac nhan vidn tap vu, danh may, thu ky, Tir bac luong thur den bac luong thur 11 dung cho nhan vien hanh chinh trung ca'p va nhan vidn khoa hoc ky thuat Tir bac 12 den bac 15 dung cho nhan vien hanh chfnh ca'p trudng phong, truong ban va nhan vien khoa hoc ky thuat cao ca'p Tir bac 16 dd'n bac 18 dung cho cac quan churc hanh chfnh ca'p cue, vu va nhan vien lanh dao khoa hoc ky thuat De dam bao tien luong thuc te cua nhan vien cdng chu’c khdng bi truqt gia, tir nam 1968 My bat dau quy dinh tir bac dd'n bac tu dong dieu chinh theo su bid'n dong cua chi sd vat gia Do tien luong tai cac xf nghiep tu doanh cua My cao hon nhan vien cdng churc nha nudc, de'n nam 1972 My da dinh “Luat doi chie'u, so sanh tidn luong tai lien bang” quy dinh luong cua nhan vien cong churc nha nuo’c phai tuong duong vdi luong cua cdng nhan vidn chu’c tai cac xf nghiep tu doanh Quy dinh nhu vay la nham tranh trudng hop nhan vidn cdng chu'c tai cac co quan nha nudc khdng yen tam cdng tac, nhan tai dua tim sang xf nghidp tu doanh, tha'p cha't luong va trinh cua doi ngu nhan vidn cdng chu’c, anh hudng dd'n cdng vide cua Chfnh phu lidn bang Theo quy dinh cua Phap luat: Cue trudng cue quan ly nhan su, Cue trudng cue du toan va hanh chfnh, Bo trudng Bd lao ddng tien luong, can cur theo Cue thdng ke lao dong tien luong cd nhiem vu phoi hop didu tra, so sanh tien luong giua cac co quan chfnh phu va xf nghidp tu doanh Hang nam dua kid'n nghi trinh Tong thdng dieu chinh mdc luong cdng nhan vidn chdc hanh chfnh ndi chung Tong thd'ng can cd vao dd de nghi vdi quoc hoi Sau qudc hoi phd chuan, Tdng thd'ng ban hanh sac ldnh, dieu chinh luong va bat dau thuc hien tur /10 nam dd Mdc luong nam cua cac quan chdc hanh chfnh cao ca'p nha't Nha nudc nhu sau: Tong thdng 200.000 USD, phd Tdng thd'ng 79.125 USD, Chu tich 18 thupng, nghi vien, chanh an toa td'i cao 75.125 USD, Bd trudng 69.630 USD, Nghi si qudc hdi 60.662 USD, Thu trudng cac co quan ddc lap quan la 60.662 USD, Thd trudng la 55.387 USD, Dai sd la 52.750 USD, Cdng sd la 50.112 USD Ngoai bi£u luong cua nhan vidn cdng chdc hanh chfnh ndi chung va bi£u luong cua quan chdc hanh chfnh cao c&p ra, tien luong nganh buu chfnh cung la mot hd thdng rat ldn, ap dung cho hon 53.570 ngudi, chiem 22% tdng sd nhan vidn cdng chdc lidn bang Bidu luong cua cdng nhan ap dung cho 45.700 ngudi, chidm 18% tong sd nhan vidn cdng chdc lien bang Cac loai luong khac ap dung cho khoang hon 100.000 ngudi, chie'm khoang 4% tong sd nhan vidn cdng chdc lien bang Trong thu nhap cua nhan vien cdng chdc lidn bang, ngoai tien luong la bo phan chu yeu cd cac loai tro ca'p khac nhu: - Tro ca'p them gid: Nhan vidn cdng chdc dudi mdc luong thd 15 lam viec ngoai gid thi deu tfnh theo gid ca'p cho so tidn 1,5% tfrih theo luong - Tro ca'p lam ca dem: Thdi gian lam vide td gid chieu den gid sang dupe tra thdm tidn ca ddm bang 10% luong - Sd' tien tra vao nghi: Vao nghi van di lam vide binh thudng dupe tra ga'p hai lan sd' tien luong cua cdng Nhung ngudi thudng xuydn lam qua thdi gian lam viec dupe tra them tidn tang ca - Tro ca'p khu vuc: Lam viec b noi mdi trudng kern hoac chi phf cho cudc sd'ng tuong dd'i cao dupe ca'p thdm tidn tro ca'p khu vuc bang khoang td 20-25% luong chfnh Nhan vidn cdng chdc Chfnh phu My co the linh dupe cac loai tidn thudng khac Theo quy dinh, cac nganh Chfnh phu co che cap tidn mat va bang khen vinh du cho nhung nhan vidn cdng chuc cd nhung tfch xua't sac cdng tac hoac da dua nhung kid'n nghi hop ly de ddng gop cho viec cai tien cdng tac Tien thudng nhieu hay ft can cd vao gia tri cua 19 nhung kien nghi va tfch cdng tac ma ho mang lai Chung loai tien thudng phan thanh: thudng tfch dac bidt; thudng chat luong cao; thudng tiet kiem; thudng sang kidn Sd ngudi dat dupe “Phdn thudng tfch dac biet” nam 1979 la f 143.092 ngudi, Ipi ich ma ho lam khoang 2,1 ty USD, tong sd tien thudng la 29 trieu USD, sd thudng cho mdi ngudi trung binh dat 26.500 USD Tinh hinh “Thudng sang kien” nam 1979 tdng cong co 162.248 sang kien hpp ly, dua vao ap dung dupe 41.921 sang kien, dat hidu fch tdng cong trdn 14,7 ty USD Tong sd tidn thudng la hen 388,5 trieu USD, tidn thudng binh quan cho mdt sang kidn la 122.900 USD dupe tir mot van USD trd xuong thi dupe trfch thudng 10% Nhung ngudi vupt qua mot van USD thi dupe thudng sd tien ft hen 10% Nhung phan thudng da co tac dung tfch cue ddi vdi viec cd vu nhung nhan vidn cdng chu’c dat nhidu tfch hon nua Ngoai quy dinh ve che tien lutrng, a My co che phuc lqi Phuc Ipi xa hoi cua cac cdng nhan vidn chu’c Chfnh phu dupe dai ngd tot hon cac nhan vidn cdng chu'c cua xf nghidp tu doanh Ddi vdi nhung nganh nghe khdng on dinh, khdng co viec van dupe tra luong va cac khoan bao hiem khac Nhan vidn cdng chu’c My mdi nam dupe nghi phep tir 13-26 Thdi gian nghi phep dai, ngan dupe tfnh theo nam cdng tac Nhirng ngudi lam viec dupe ba nam, che dd nghi phep la 13 Nu'hc My thuc hien che lam vide nam mdi tuan, thur bay va chu nhat thi khdng lam viec Cdng tac tir 3-15 nam thi dupe nghi phep 20 Cdng tac tren 15 20 nam thi duoc nghi phep 26 Nhung phep ma nam khong su dung thi co thd de sang nam sau hoac nam sau nua, nhung sd' phep tfch lai khdng qua 30 Ngudi phu trach cac nganh phai sap xe'p cdng viec hop ly, bao dam cho nhan vien cdng chdc co the nghi phep nam ma cdng viec khdng bi durt doan Nhan vien cdng chiic mdi nam duqc nghi dm 13 Ngay nghi dm van dupe hudng luong Neu nghi dm qua 13 thi can cd vao sd nghi ma tiajr luong Neu nghi dm khdng dung het co the tfch luy vd thdi han, dd danh str dung benh nang Hon nua nhung nghi dm chua sd dung cd the gop dan lai tfnh lam nam cdng tac, tang them tien luong huu Khi nhan vien cdng chdc bi ma't vide, Chfnh phu ca'p cho ho tien tro ca'p tha't nghidp tuong duong vdi 40% luong cua ho, ky han la 26 tuan Nd'u nhu nhan vidn cdng chdc khdng phai vi tu minh pham khuye't didm, khdng tu nguydn nghi viec, chua du tidu chuan hudng luong huu ma phai nghi huu thi Chfnh phu vSn ca'p cho ho “Tidn nghi huu” Tong sd tidn khdng vuqt qua tien luong mot nam cua ban than ho Loai “Tien ma't sdc” chi duqc tra cho nhan vidn cdng chdc trdn 40 tuoi Dd'i vdi nhung quan nhan xua't ngu, nudc My khdng ap dung che' phan cdng cdng tac iru tidn nhu trudc day ma cho phep ho cung tham gia cac cudc thi tuyen va chi cd uu dai hon mot chut “Luat uu tidn quan nhan xua't ngu’’ quy dinh: quan nhan xua't ngu du thi tuyen lam nhan vidn cdng chdc Chfnh phu thi duqc thdm 10 diem, gia thuoc cua nhung quan nhan che't tidn va nhung quan nhan tan phd' tham gia thi tuydn cung duqc cong thdm 10 diem vao tfch thi cu gian lam vide tap trung, thdi gian toan the nhan vien cdng chiic can den du dd hop hanh, trao ddi cdng viec Thdi gian lai mdi ngudi tu sap xep co thd di lam vd sdm vd sdm, cung co thd di muon ve muon “Che thdi gian lam viec rut gon” tiic la tap trung thdi gian lam viec 40 gid mdi tuan hoac ngay, thdi gian lai tu minh sap xep Chinh phu My thi hanh hai loai che thdi gian lam vide linh hoat la de tidn cho sinh hoat cua chi em phu nu, giiip gia dinh vien chiic co thdi gian sap xd'p viec nha, cham soc cai, hon nua cd loi cho van dd giai quyet ach tac giao thdng Su dai ngd phuc loi ddi vdi nhan vien cdng chiic Chfnh phu bao gdm cac hinh thiic bao hiem, dd chu ydu nha't la bao hiem ngudi va bao hiem y te' Chinh phu dam nhiem mdt phan hoac toan bo phi bao hiem Nhan vien cdng chiic theo dinh ky nop sd tien bao hiem kha'u trd vao luong (tidn bao hiem mdi nam 1.000 USD, mdi tuan nop 25 USD) Khi bi benh hoac chdt cd the nhan duqc tien bao hiem hoac hd tro tidn tri bdnh nham bdi dudng nhung tdn tha't da gap phai Tong sd tien bao hiem ngudi tucng duong vdi sd tidn luong mot nam cua ngudi dd Nhan vien cdng chiic nghi huu hoac sau duqc 65 tudi, tidn bao hiem dan dan giam di, mdi thang giam 2% va giam dd'n 25% sd tidn bao hiem cu Nhan vien cua nhan vien cdng chiic Chfnh phu tra khoan tidn didu tri cho nhan vien cdng chiic de giam nhe ganh nang cho ho 22 VI CHE DO TIEN LUONG CUA NU6C PHAP Sir dai ngd cua nirdc Phap doi vdi cdng chu’c gom luong co ban va cac loai tro ca'p Can cd vao didu kidn cua tdng ngudi ma quyet dinh cac khoan tro cap dupe linh Vi du: tro ca'p gia dinh, tro ca'p nha d, tro ca'p ddng con, tro ca'p luong, Luong cdng chdc cua Phap dupe phan hai loai: luong thdng (tdc la toan bo luong loai B,C,D va luong loai A cua cac cdng chdc ca'p cao) va luong dac biet (tdc la luong cua Tong thd'ng, cac vidn Chfnh phu, quan chdc va si quan cao cap Hdi dong Bo trudng bo nhiem va luong cdng chdc ca'p cue trudng trd len), tdng sd' khoang 9.000 ngudi Nhd each lam da han che' de'n mdc tha'p nha't khoang each giua mdc luong thdng va su chenh ldch giua luong dac bidt vdi luong thdng cung dupe thu hep Hien chi so tha'p nha't cua mdc luong thdng la 225, cao nha't la 1015; chi sd' tha'p nha't cua mdc luong dac bidt la 1075 va cao nha't la 1920 Do gia ca tang nhanh, cdng chdc cua Phap da thdng qua cdng doan tidn hanh da'u tranh ddi quyen loi Cdng chdc cua Phap linh luong phai kha'u trijr 6% tidn huu, 3,2% tidn bao hiem xa hoi Nd'u tham gia bai cdng thi bi trd luong Theo quy dinh cua dao luat ky 22/7/1977 ve thdi gian lam viec, nd'u cdng chdc khdng lam hay chi hoan mot phan thi tidn luong se bi kha'u trd toan bo hay mot phan Sau chid'n tranh the' gidi lan II, vi tri cua cdng chdc Phap dupe de cao hon Nhung ngudi lanh dao phai thi hanh che tro ca'p, chu yeu la de tranh sir phan khang va ba't man cong chdc nham hoa giai nhung mau thuln xa hoi Vf du: nhu cdu cuoc song 23 ^10 cang cao doi hoi phai tang tra cAp luong (noi chung chiem 1/3 hoac 1/2 luong) co ca tro cap nha cua, tro cAp ddng Phap cung co quy dinh rieng che dd phuc loi doi vdi cdng chdc Phuc loi xa hdi cua cdng chdc Phap gom co: nghi phep, nghi tai nan lam viec, nghi dm, nghi di hoc, nghi he, nghi cham soc - Nghi phep: cdng chdc mdi nam duoc nghi tuan, nhung ndu co cdng viec dac biet lien quan dd'n cdng chdc thi ky nghi co the bi hoan - Nghi tai nan lao ddng: ngudi bi tai nan lao ddng co the duoc linh nguyen luong hoac linh mdt phan luong tro cAp tan tat tam thdi Luong tro cap tan tat tam thdi bang 1/100 luong va duoc linh cho den hoi phuc lai sdc khoe hoac cho den luc chfnh thdc nghi huu Trong thdi gian nay, ngudi bi tai nan duoc hudng chd dieu dudng - Nghi dm: nghi dm co thd duoc phan lam ba loai la nghi om thdng thudng, nghi dm dai ky va nghi dm nang Tinh trang benh tat va thdi gian can nghi bac si cua benh vien quyet dinh Nghi dm thdng thudng co the keo dai mdt nam Benh nhan ba thang dau linh toan bd luong, chin thang sau sd luong giam dan cho dd'n mdt nua Nghi dai ky co the den nam, nam dau benh nhan linh toan bd luong, hai nam sau giam chi mdt nua Neu benh nhan chua day mdt nam da hoi phuc sdc khoe va tiep tuc cdng tac thi thdi khdng hudng mdc luong nghi Nghi benh nang: nhan vien bi cac benh nang nhu lao phoi, than kinh, sdng duoc nghi dai han Ba nam dau duoc linh toan bd luong, hai nam sau duoc linh mdt nua 24 I Trong then gian nghi ba loai nay, benh nhan co the huong tro cap tai gia dinh - Nghi de, nghi cham soc con: nhan vien b Phap dupe nghi de 16 tuan, co tuan nghi tru’crc de, 10 tuan nghi sau de Neu yeu c