Luận văn những giải pháp chủ yếu nhằm tăng trưởng kinh tế bền vững để xoá đói giảm nghèo ở vùng núi phía bắc

Ldi cam an! Vai long biet on sau sac, em xin chan cam on TS Nguydn The Phan ngitoi da tan tinh hitbng dan va giup em sud't qua trinh thitc hien luan van thac si Em xin bay to Idng biet on sau sac tdi PGS.TS Pham Van Khbi ciing cac thay, cac cd, cac anh, cac chi Khoa Kinh te ndng nghiep va phat trien nong thon Tritomg dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan De hoan luan van nay, em cung da nhan duqc sit giup tan tinh cua cac thay, cd Phong quan ly dao tao dai hoc va sau dai hoc - Tritcmg Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan Em xin chan cam cm! Ha noi, thang 09 nam 2004 Vo Thi Hoa Loan MUC LUC Trang X* ? X* PHAN MU DAU 1 Tfnh cap thiet cua de tai 2 Muc di'ch nghien cuu Doi tupng va pham vi nghien cuu Phuong phap nghien cuu Ket cau cua luan van CHUUNG I: MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN VA THUG TltN VE TANG TRUONG KINH TE VA XOA DOI GIAM NGHEO 1.1 Mot so van de ve tang truong kinh te 1.1.1 Ban chat cua tang truong kinh te 1.1.2 Cac nhan to tac dong den tang truong kinh te 1.2 Mot so van de doi nngho vV xoa doi giam nggho 1.2.1 Quan mem va tieu chi ve doi ngheo 1.2.2 Cac nhan toc tac dong den doi ngheo va xoa doi giam ngheo 15 1.3 Quan he giua tang truong kinh te va ooa doi giam nghoo 19 1.3.1 Vai tro cua tang truong kinh te toi xoa doi giam ngheo 19 1.3.2 Xoa doi giam ngheo la yeu to co ban dam bao cong bang xa hoi va 30 tang truong ben vung 1.4 Nhung kinh nghiem ve tang truong kinh te va ooa doi giam nghoo 31 tren the gidi CHUUNG II: THUC TRANG VE TANG TRUUNG KINH TE VA XOA DOI GIAM 35 NGHEO VUNG NUI PHIA BAC 2.1 Dac diem tu nhien, kinh te - oa hoi cua vung anh huong den tang 35 truong kinh te va ooa doi giam ngheo 2.1.1 Dac diem tu nhien 35 2.1.2 tZ/ejpkinh te - xa hoi 38 2.1.2.1 Dac diem nguon nhan ltrc 38 2.1.2.2 Dac diem dan toe 41 2.1.2.3 Co so tang va co so vat cha't ky thuat 42 2.1.2.4 Van hoa - thong tin 44 2.2 Thue trang tang trirdng kinh te d vung nui phia Bac 47 2.2.1 Thue trang tang trudng kinh te 47 2.2.1.1 Khai quat tmh hinh tang trudng kinh te cua vung nui phia Bac 47 2.2.1.2 Tang trudng kinh te cac nganh 51 2.3 Thue trang ddi song va van de doi ngheo cua viing nui phia Bac 54 2.3.1 Thue trang doi ngheo cua vung nui phia Bac 54 2.3.2 Nguyen nhan va yeu to chinh anh hudng den doi ngheo 63 2.4 Banh gia chung sir tac dong cua tang trudng kinh te den xoa doi 68 giam ngheo d vung nui phia Bac 2.4.1 Nhung tac dong tich cue 68 2.4.2 Nhung van de ton tai 83 2.4.3 Nhung nguyen nhan chinh va bai hoc kinh nghiem 88 CHUUNG III: NHUNG GIAI PHAP CHU YEU NHAM TANG TRUUNG KINH TE BEN VUNG DE XOA DOI GIAM NGHEO UVUNG NUI PHIA BAC 3.1 Muc tieu, phuong hudng va nhiem vu tang trudng kinh te va xoa 90 doi giam ngheo d viing nui phia Bac 3.1.1 Muc tieu tong quat cua tang trudng kinh te ben vung va xoa doi 90 giam ngheo d vung nui phia Bac 3.1.2 Phuong hudng cua tang trudng kinh te ben vung va xoa doi giam 91 ngheo cua vung nui phia Bac nhung nam tdi 3.1.3 Cac chi tieu chii yeu ve tang trudng kinh te ben vung va xoa doi 93 giam ngheo cua vung nui phia Bac den 2010 3.1.3.1 Cac chi tieu v& tang trudng kinh te 94 3.1.3.2 Cac chi tieu ve xa hoi, xoa doi giam ngheo 96 * 3.2 Nhumg giai phap chu yeu nham tang trudng kinh te ben vumg de 101 xoa doi giam ngheo 3.2.1 Cac giai phap nang cao toe tang trirdng ciia cac nganh ndng, lam, 101 ngu nghiep, cong nghiep, dich vu de xoa doi giam ngheo 3.2.2 Day manh chuyen doi co cau kinh te nong nghiep, nong thon theo 111 hudng san xuat hang hoa 3.3.3 Tao moi trirdng phap ly de kinh doanh binh dang, co tinh canh tranh 112 3.3.4 Tao moi trirdng xa hoi dd thirc hien cong bang xa hoi, thirc thi dan 114 chu co so va hd tro cho ngudi ngheo ve phap ly 3.3.5 Phat trien co sd tang de tao co hoi cho cac xa ngheo, viing ngheo, 115 ngudi ngheo duoc tiep can cac dich vu cong KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI 120 PHAN M0 DAU Tfnh ciafp thiet cua de tai luan van Xoa doi giam ngheo la mot nhung muc tieu quan dune Dang va Nha nudc dac biet quan tam chien luoc phat trien kinh te' xa hoi cua dat nude Dang va Nha nudc da keu goi moi cap, moi nganh, moi ngufti xa hoi tap trung giai quyet nhiem vu xoa doi giam ngheo, thuc hien cong bang xa hoi, giam khoang cach giau va ngheo cac tang ldp xa hoi va giua cac vung khac Trong hon mufti nam qua, nhieu co che va chfnh sach da duoc thuc hien va dat duoc nhung ket qua dang ke viec xoa doi giam ngheo Chung ta da dat duoc toc tang truong kinh te kha cao gia doan (1990 - 2003); tong san pham nudc (GDP) tang binh quan 6,12% hang nam, giai doan giua hai cuoc dieu tra muc song dan cu ((1992- 1993) va (1997 - 1998)) dat toc tang truong binh quan 8,4%/nam Nhft tang truong kinh te nhanh, cong cuoc xoa doi giam ngheo da dat duoc nhung ket qua to ldn Sau hon mufti nam, ty le ho ngheo theo chuan quoc gia da giam 2/3 so vdi nam 1990, tfnh theo chuan quoc te ty le ho ngheo giam mot nua Tuy nhien, Viet Nam van dang la mot nudc ngheo, co muc thu nhap binh quan dau ngufti vao loai thap (GDP binh quan dau ngufti nam 2003 khoang 485USD), ty le ho ngheo cftn ldn Dac biet, doi ngheo o nude ta chu yeu la o nong thon thuoc nhung vung nui cao, vung sau, vung xa noi co nhieu dan toc ft ngufti sinh song, cuoc song gap nhieu kho khan Do la dieu kien ket cau tang co so tha'p kem, dia hinh phuc tap, rung bi tan pha nang ne, thieu nudc sinh hoat, thieu dat nong nghiep va cac co so dich vu khac nen ty le doi ngheo cao va dieu kien de xoa doi giam ngheo cho cac ho o nhung vung la het sue kho khan Hien nudc ta co 1715 xa thuoc khu vuc III - khu vuc kho khan nhat (co 1568 xa mien nui va 147 xa vung sau, vung xa, vung dong bao dan toc ft dong bang) vdi hon 1.100.000 ho, tren trieu ngufti Vung nui phfa Bac noi duoc coi la dia ban xung yeu, vdi 1228 xa, chiem 71,6% tong so xa thuoc dien kho khan nhat, dang ton tai nhung kho khan: mot so noi ty le doi ngheo len den 30% - 40%, cao nha't ca nudc; co so tang thap kem, nhieu noi chua co duftng o to den trung tam, trinh dan tri thap, so ngufti mu chu that hoc chiem ty le cao Ngoai noi day cftn dang an chua nhung yeu to thieu on dinh, te nan xa hoi khong giam De thoat khoi canh doi ngheo, nhanh chong thay doi bo mat cua tirng tieu vung, nang cao dbi song cua nhan dan phu hop vdi tiem tang von co cua vung doi hoi phai co nhung quyet sach thich hop Tuy nhien, xoa doi giam ngheo la van de kinh te, chinh tri va xa hoi quan trong, la nhiem vu kho khan va phuc tap Trong he thong cac giai phap de xoa doi giam ngheo co mot giai phap het she co ban va quan la tang trubng kinh te ben virng Nhung tang trubng kinh te lai tac dong den xoa doi giam ngheo theo cac chieu hudng khac nhau, hoac la din den giam ngheo, hoac khong giam ngheo, tham chi lam tang doi ngheo su phan hoa giau ngheo, su phan cue ve kinh te Do do, cin phai nghien ctru de thay ro nhung hudng tang trudng kinh te ben virng gin vdi xoa doi giam ngheo la van de co y nghia thiet thuc ca v6 ly luan lin thuc tibn doi vdi van de xoa doi giam ngheo, dac biet la vdi vung nui phia Bic Xuit phat tir nhung van de neu tren, tac gia da chon “Nhung giai phap chu yeu nham tang truung kinh te ben vung de xoa doi giam ngheo dr vung nui phia Bae” lam de tai luan van Thac sy Muc dich nghien cdu cua luan van -Thu nhat, he thong hoa va lam rd co sb ly luan, thuc tibn ve tang trubng kinh te, xoa doi giam ngheo va moi quan he giua tang trubng kinh te vdi xoa doi giam ngheo - Thur hai, danh gia thuc trang cua tang trubng kinh te nham xoa doi giam ngheo b vung nui phia Bic - Thix ba, nghien cun, de xuat cac giai phap co ban hudng tdi tang trubng kinh te ben vung nham xoa doi giam ngheo b vung nui phia Bic Doi tifdng va pham vi nghien cuu 3.1 Doi tUtfng nghien cuu Doi tugng nghien chu cua luan van: Tren co sb nghien cuu thuc trang tang trubng ve kinh te, thuc trang doi ngheo cua dan cu vung nui phia Bic, de tai di sau phan tich tac dong cua tang trubng kinh te tdi xoa doi giam ngheo tren dia ban virng nui phia Bic 3.2 Pham vi nghien citu: - Ve khong gian, luan van tap trung nghien cuu d cac tinh mien nui phia Bac, noi co ty le doi ngheo kha cao d Viet Nam - Ve thdi gian, luan van nghien cuu tang trudng kinh te va xoa doi giam ngheo nhung nam doi mod, tap trung vao then, gian 10 nam trd lai day Phuong phap nghien cufU Luan van str dung cac phuong phap nghien cuu chu yeu sau day: - Phuong phap vat bien chung, - Phuong phap lich sir, - Phuong phap dieu tra xa hoi hoc, - Phuong phap phan tich thong ke, - Phuong phap chuyen khao, - Va mot so phuong phap khac Ket cau cua luan van Ngoai phan mo dau, ket luan, danh muc tai lieu tham khao va phan phu luc, luan van gom ba chuong Chuang 1: Mot so van de ly luan va thuc tidn ve tang trudng kinh te va xoa ddi giam ngheo Chuang 2: Thuc trang tang trudng kinh te nham xoa ddi giam ngheo d vung nui phia Bac Chuang 3: Phuong hudng va nhung giai phap chu yeu nham tang trudng kinh te ben vung de xoa ddi giam ngheo d vung nui phia Bac CHUTING I MOT SO VAN DE LY LUAN VA THlTC TIEN VE TANG TRlTUNG KINH TE VA XOA DOI GIAM NGHEO 1.1 MOT SO VAN DE VE TANG TRUING KINH TE 1.1.1 Ban chat cua tang tru'd ng kinh te Tang truong, theo nghia chung nha't la str phat triSn ldn manh len Tang truong kinh te duoc quan nidm la su tang them (hay gia tang) v£ qui mo san luqng cua nen kinh te mot thcti ky nhat dinh Do la ket qua cua cac hoat dong san xuat va dich vu cua nen kinh te tao Do vay, de bieu thi su tang truong kinh te, ngudi ta dung muc tang them cua tong san luqng nen kinh te (tfnh toan bo hay tfnh binh quan dau ngudi) cua thdi ky sau so vdi thdi ky trudc Do la muc tang tuyet do'i hay mire tang phan tram (%) hang nam hoac binh quan mot giai doan.[15] Chung ta biet ding su tang trudng kinh te duoc tao tCr qua trinh san xuat Qua trinh san xuat la qua trinh cac nguon luc (nguon cac dau vao) duoc ket hop vdi theo cac each thuc nhat dinh, nham tao cac san pham cd fch (san luqng - dau ra) theo nhu cau xa hoi Nhu vay viec sir dung cac nguon dau vao cd quan he nhan qua tdi san luqng - dau Noi each khac su tang trudng hay su gia tang san luqng phai duoc xac dinh bdi each thurc sir dung cac nguon dau vao Thuoc cua su tang trudng kinh te thudng la cac dai luqng sau: tong san pham nudc hay tong san pham quoc noi (GDP), tong san pham quoc dan (GNP), san pham quoc dan thuan tuy(NNP), thu nhap quoc dan san xua't (NI), thu nhap quo'c dan duoc sir dung (NDI) va thu nhap quoc dan binh quan dau ngudi Do vay ban chat tang trudng kinh te chfnh la su tang them san luqng, san pham hang nam nen kinh te tao Su tang trudng duoc so sanh theo cac thdi diem lien tuc (theo nam) mot giai doan nhat dinh bang so' tuong do'i cho ta khai niem toc tang trudng binh quan nam.[15] cac nganh dong gop cang nhidu hon cho ngan sach va chuyen dich co cau kinh te cua vung De thuc day phat trien manh cac hoat dong kinh te vung cira khau, vung bien can phan cap trao quydn rong hon cho chfnh quyen cap tinh doc bien gidi, chu dong xir ly kip thdi cac van de phat sinh qua trinh trao doi hang hoa qua bien gidi va chiu trach nhiem trudc phap luat ve cac quyet dinh cua minh Cd chfnh sach uu dai dau tu: xay dung chfnh sach uu dai dac biet de thu hut cac nha dau tu va ngoai nudc, cu the nhu la tien thue dat, uu dai ve thue, le phf, don gian hoa thu tuc Xay dung chfnh sach khuyen khfch mat hang xua't khau chu luc va khuyen khfch san xuat hang hoa xuat khau tai khu kinh te cira khtiu, khuyen khfch cac nha dau tu, cac trung tam kinh te ldn nudc dau tu san xuat, khuyen khfch cac hinh thuc lien doanh hop tac giua cac doanh nghiep khu kinh te cira khau vdi cac doanh nghiep va ngoai nudc nham tao nguon hang xuat khau chu luc qua bien gidi on dinh lau dai, cd sire canh tranh manh tren thi trudng nudc va quo'c te Thu ba: Tap trung dau tu cho phat trien du lich, coi day la mui nhon phat trien kinh te cua viing nham khai thac loi the cua vung ve tiem nang du lich Chu du lich sinh thai canh quan thien nhien, du lich lich sir van hoa, du lich the thao mao hiem, du lich lang que, du lich tham quan lang thu cong, my nghe De dat duqc dieu dd can phai tap trung giai quyet cac van de sau: + Cai thien co ban cac thu tuc hanh chfnh thuan lpi cho khach den va di, tao dieu kien thuan tien cho ngudi Viet Nam di tham quan du lich nudc ngaoi bang dudng bo qua cira khau bien gidi, xay dung cac chuong trinh du lich hap dan, gia ca va dich vu hop ly, dd cung la mot nhung yeu to quyet dinh canh tranh du lich + Cd chfnh sach thfch hop de thu hut cac nguon vo'n cua cac phan kinh te dau tu co sd tang cac diem du lich, cac khu du lich, tao dieu kien thuan loi hon cho khach hang den an, d nghi ngoi va tham quan giai tri, lam tang kha nang ha'p dan thu hut du khach 110 3.2.2 Day manh chuyen doi cd cau kinh te ndng nghiep, ndng thdn theo hudng san xuat hang hoa Day manh toc tang trudng cac nganh kinh te la dieu kien tao nguon san pham tang them phuc vu cong cuoc xoa ddi giam ngheo Tuy nhien, d vung nui phfa Bac nhom nganh nong, lam, ngu nghiep van chiem ty ldn so vdi cac nganh cong nghiep va dich vu Trong do, toc tang trudng cua cac nganh nong nghiep dang d toc thap so vdi cac nganh lai Vi vay, chuyen dich cor cau kinh te nong nghiep (de tang toc tang trudng cua cac nganh nay) va cor cau kinh te nong thdn theo hudng tang ty cong nghiep va dich vu la giai phap quan de to'c tang trudng kinh te chung cua cac nganh kinh te duoc nang len d muc cao horn nhom nganh ndng nghiep va thap d muc ft horn so vdi nhom nganh cong nghiep va dich vu Nhan thuc duorc van dd tren, chung tdi da dua muc tieu cua chuyen dich co cau kinh te ndng nghiep, ndng thon theo hudng giam ty nhom nganh nong nghiep, tang ty cac nganh cong nghiep va dich vu Day vira la xu hudng chuyen dich chung cua nen kinh te, vira la dieu kien de nang cao hieu qua sir dung nguon luc, tang cudng hon nira su tac dong cua tang trudng kinh te cua vung den cong cuoc xoa ddi giam ngheo De chuyen doi co ca'u kinh te, crin xac dinh muc tieu cua chuyen doi, dua cac giai phap thuc hien cac muc tieu Ve muc tieu cua chuyen doi: cac mdi tuong quan ve ty GDP cua cac nganh d cac thdi ky da duoc xay dung va bieu hien d bang 3.1 va 3.2 Cac muc tieu duoc xem xet d cac dieu kien phat trien cac nganh va toc phat trien cu the cua cac nganh qua cac giai doan Ve cac giai phap cua chuyen doi: Su thay ddi ty le cac nganh duoc bieu hien qua su thay doi quy mo cua chung qua cac giai doan phat trien Quy mo cua cac nganh lai phu thuoc vao toc phat trien cua cac nganh Vi v&y, giai phap chuyen doi co cau kinh te duoc bieu hien d giai phap thirc hien toc tang trudng cua cac nganh Nhung noi dung da duoc trinh bay d 3.2.1 kha ky, vi vay luan van khong trinh bay lai de tranh trung lap Ill 3.2.3 Tao mdi trirdng phap ly de kinh doanh binh dang, co tinh canh tranh de cac chu the san xuat nang cao hieu qua san xuat va ho trd cac ho ngheo De tao moi truong phap ly binh dang va cong bang cho cac loai hinh doanh nghiep cung tham gia kinh doanh, phai timg budc tien tdi he thong phap luat ddng bo, dieu chinh cac loai hinh doanh nghiep theo mot co che chfnh sach thong nhat tren quan diem, Nha nudc ton va bao dam quyen tu kinh doanh theo phap luat cua mdi cong dan, timg doanh nghiep; huy dong tdi da cac nguon von xa hoi, giai phong triet de va phat trien manh me cac nguon luc san xuat Dd la dieu kien co ban de tang trudng kinh te, tang thu nhap cho moi tang ldp dan cu [35] Muon vay can phai: - Tiep tuc cai each he thong doanh nghiep nhd nudc Trien khai nhanh cac chu truong, dinh hudng sSp xep, doi mdi, nang cao hieu qua doanh nghiep nha nudc gom: Lam ro va cu the hoa dinh hudng sap xep, phat trien doanh nghiep nha nudc hoat dong kinh doanh va cong fch Ban hanh tieu chf phan loai cu the doanh nghiep ma Nha nudc giu 100% von, giu cd phan chi phoi, co phan dac biet, cd phSn d muc thap, doanh nghiep ma Nha nudc khong giu cd phan cd phan hoa, doanh nghiep ma Nha nudc thuc hien sap nhap, giai the, pha san, giao, ban, khoan kinh doanh, cho thue Khuyen khfch nhan dan va cac doanh nghiep thuoc cac phan kinh te tham gia san xua't nhung san pham, dich vu cong fch xa hoi ma phap luat khong cam Sira doi, bo sung co che, chfnh sach, hinh khung phap ly ddng bo tao moi trudng de doanh nghiep nha nudc tu chu tu quyet dinh kinh doanh theo quan he cung cau, nang cao hieu qua, tu chiu trach nhiem ve hoat dong cua minh - Tao dieu kien ve dat dai, hd tro san xuat kinh doanh va phat trien doanh nghiep nho va vira, hup tac xa, cac trang trai va cac loai hinh doanh nghiep thuoc khu vuc kinh te tu nhan Doanh nghiep nhd va vira cd vai tro quan trong, gop phan tang trudng kinh te dat nudc va tao nhieu cong an viec lam cho ngudi lao dong, thuc hien chien luqc xoa ddi 112 giam ngheo Nha nude thiet lap moi trudng thuan loi de khuyen khfch va hd tro phat trien doanh nghiep nho va vira, dac biet cac doanh nghiep thuoc vung sau, vung xa va nong thon Tao dieu kien thuan loi de cac doanh nghiep tiep can db dang vdi cac chfnh sach khuyen khfch va cac chuong trinh hd tro cua Nha nudc ve dau tu va tin dung, ve mat bang san xua't, ve thong tin thi trudng, ve tu van ky thuat va dao tao phat trien nguon nhan luc cung nhu tiep can vdi cac dich vu phat trien kinh doanh Bao dam cho cac doanh nghiep nho va vua duoc vay vo'n ngan hang, Nha nudc lap cac quy hd tro dau tu, cho vay trung, dai han, lap quy bao lanh tin dung, mb rong hinh thuc tin dung thue tai chfnh, tin chap, uu dai, mibn giam mot so loai thue, tai tro cho cac chuong rinh nghien cuu khoa hoc va doi mdi cong nghe cho cac doanh nghiep co thu nhan lao dong ngheo, nha't la lao dong nu Khuyen khfch phat trien va bao ho lau dai kinh te trang trai Cu the hoa cac noi dung cua Nghi dinh 03/2000/ND - CP cua Chfnh phu ve phat trien kinh te trang trai Tao dieu kien thuan loi cho ho san xuat kinh doanh tham gia thi trudng, thong qua viec thuc day su ddi va hoan thien cac the che cua thi trudng, dong thdi thuc day viec phat trien cac hinh thuc dich vu tu van tong hop cho cac ho hay nhom ho san xuat hang hoa, khuyen khfch cac ho kinh doanh dan chuyen doanh nghiep - Thuc hien cai cach hanh chinh, cai cach tu phap, thuc hien quan ly tot kinh te xa hoi de dam bao loi ich cho ngudi ngheo Muc tieu tong the la pha'n dau xay dung duoc mot nen hanh chfnh Nha nudc sach, hoat dong co hieu qua, hieu luc, co trach nhiem b tat ca cac cap, co kha nang xay dung cac chfnh sach va cung ung dich vu theo yeu cau cua ngudi dan, khuyen khfch co hoi cho ngudi ngheo, ngudi thiet thoi giup ho phat huy duoc tiem nang cua minh Dd dat duoc muc dich phai tao nen mot he thong hanh chfnh vdi co che, to chuc bo may gon nhe, doi ngu can bo, cong chuc ve co ban co pham chat, nang luc va trinh dap ung yeu cau cua su nghiep phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cua dat nudc Trong dieu kien cua cac tinh vung nui phia Bac, can co chfnh sach dao tao doi ngu can bo cong chuc phu hop vdi yeu cau va dieu kien cua vung, nhat la can bo cap 113 ca so, can bo o cac vung dac biet khoa khan Can gan che dao tao vdi che su dung va khuyen khfch cac loi fch vat chat qua che tien luong, tien thuong va cac che dai ngo khac.[35] 3.2.4 Tao moi trirdng xa hoi de there hien cdng bang xa hoi, th qc thi dan chu co so va ho txg cho ggudi ggheo ve phap ly dh ho phat txihg kigh te tn vuog leg thoat khoi doi ggheo - Tao dieu kien de moi ngudi tham gia day du vao qua trinh phat trien, co cff hoi binh dang cho moi ngudi dan Nang cao nang luc va tao co hoi cho phu nu va nam gidi deu co the phat huy het tai nang, tham gia vao qua trinh phat trien va huong thu qua phat trien Thuc hien dan giau nudc manh, xa hoi cong bang, dan chu, van minh, giu gin va phat trien nen van hoa dan toc, day lui cac te nan xa hoi Xay dung khuon kho phap ly cho cac to chic xa hoi, to chic cong dong o dia phuong nham nang cao kha nang va su tham gia cua ngubi ngheo vao qua trinh phat trien va cung vOi ngubi ngheo, tao co hoi cho ho tu thoat ngheo Khuyen khfch lam giau hop phap, dOng thbi suc xoa doi giam ngheo, tao dieu kien ve tang, nang luc san xuat va kien thUc, ky nang lam viec de cac vung, cac cong dong deu co the tu phat trien, tien tdi thu hep khoang cach ve trinh phat trien kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa Thiet thuc cham lo su binh dang ve gidi, su tien bo cua phu nu, dac biet cham lo su phat trien cua tre em, tao dieu kien thuc hien cac quyen cua tre em cuoc song gia dinh xa hoi Bao dam cac dan toc ft ngubi duoc truc tiep huong loi tu qua trinh tang truong kinh te Thuc hien cong bang xa hoi linh vuc giao duc tieu hoc va trung hoc co so, nang cao chat luong, hieu qua cham soc suc khoe ban dau; thuc hien an sinh xa hoi cho ngubi ngheo, ta't ca moi ngubi duoc quyen tiep can cac dich vu cong 114 * Tang cudng dan chu ca sa, cac cuoc doi thoai giua chfnh quyen dia phuong va cong dong ngudi ngheo Thuc day su tham gia cua ngudi dan, co ngudi ngheo vao hoach dinh chfnh sach va thuc hien chfnh sach duqc the hien ro net qua thuc tien ap dung Quy che dan chu co sa a xa phudng, thi tran Tiep tuc chi dao, kiem tra bao dam cho Quy che dan chu thuc hien a xa phudng, thi tran Trien khai rong khap a tat ■ ca thon, ban, lang, ap, to dan Bao dam ngudi dan duqc cung cap day du thong tin ve hoat dong kinh te, cac chi tieu ke hoach va nguon tai chfnh cho cac du an, chuong trinh phat trien a dia phuong, duqc quyen tham gia, gop y kien xay dung ke hoach phat trien Tat ca cac chuong trinh, du an xoa doi giam ngheo phai chiu su giam sat va kiem tra cua nhan dan ma nong cot la Ban tra nhan dan, Mat tran to quoc, Hoi Cuu hien binh xa, Hoi phu nu Chfnh quyen co sd phai lang nghe, tiep thu y kien cua nhan dan, giai quyet kip thdi cac khieu nai, to cao, kien nghi cua nhan dan - Tra giup phap ly cho ngudi ngheo va cac doi tuang co hoan canh dac biet Hoan thien khuon kho phap luat, tang cudng trq giup phap ly va kha nang tiep can phap ly cho ngudi ngheo Ma rong mang ludi trq giup phap luat de ngudi ngheo a nong thon, vung sau, vung xa co the tiep can vdi cac dich vu trq giup phap luat Hoan thien the che trq giup phap ly, ban hanh van ban phap luat ve trq giup phap ly co hieu luc cao lam co sa phap ly cho viec hoan thien to chuc va hoat dong trq giup phap ly Khuyen khfch cac to chuc xa hoi tham gia hoat dong trq giup phap ly cho vien cua minh va cho ngudi ngheo, ngudi co hoan canh dac biet 3.2.5 Phat trien c cJ sd tan g de tao cd hoi ch o cac xo ngheo, vung ngheo, ngudi ngheo Cudc tiep can cac dich vu cdng Cac tinh vung nui phfa Bac co so xa nan Chuong trinh 135 kha ldn Nhung nam qua dau tu cho mien nui phfa Bac thong qua nhieu chuong trinh, nhung kenh cua 115 Chuong trinh 135 chiem ty kha ldn ve von Tuy nhien, he thong ket cau tang cua vung van tiep tuc phai dau tu, nha't la o cac xa dac biet kho khan mdi dap ung yeu cau tang truong kinh te va cai thien cac dieu kien xa hoi Vi vay, can tiep tuc phat trien ket cau tang (giao thong, buu dien, dien ) tao kha nang thuan loi cho phat trien kinh te - xa hoi Tap trung phat trien cac co so tang phuc vu tiep thi va thuong mai nhu: cang, kho tang, ben bai, cho, thong tin thi trudng nham giam gia thanh, tang kha nang canh tranh cua hang hoa nong san Cu the: - Phat trien mang ludi dien cho cac xa ngheo Doi voi nhung xa ngheo o vi tri dia ly co kha nang noi ludi dien quoc gia den xa, Nha nudc hd tro von dau tu de xay dung mdi dudng day tai dien de noi dien ludi quoc gia theo co che': Nha nudc dau tu dudng day dien cao the', may bien ap trung the va cong to tong Phan lai (th sau cong to tong) huy dong nhan dan cung gop von xay dung dudng the' va keo dien vao tung nha Thuc hien quan ly viec phan phoi va ban dien tdi tUng ho va tra tien dien cho Nha nudc theo gia tai cong to tong Co cac hinh thuc to chuc quan ly, phan phoi va thu tien phu hop nhu: to chuc Ban dien xa; hop tac xa tieu thu dien; dau thau mot nhom ho dam nhan, hoac cong ty dien luc truc tiep ' ban dien tdi ho [35] Doi vdi nhung xa khong co kha nang noi ludi (khoang 200 xa tong so xa ngheo hien nay), nha nudc hd tro vo'n hoac cho vay tin dung uu dai vdi lai suat bang khong de nhan dan tu lam cac cong trinh cap dien tai chd nhu: thuy dien nho, may phat dien gia dinh, lien gia dinh su dung cac loai hinh nang luong khac (nang luong mat trdi, gio tu nhien ) Do'i vdi cac ho gia dinh thuoc dien dac biet kho khan, Nha nudc se hd tro them mot phan kinh phi de noi dien tu ngudn chung vao den nha va lap dat dudng day dien nha Nha nudc hd tro dao tao, tap hua'n can bo, nhan vien lam nhiem vu quan ly va van hanh va tu bao dudng he thong phan phoi dien mot cach co hieu qua, trudc mat uu tien cho vung sau, vung xa, vung co dia hinh phuc tap Nha nudc chi dao gia dien sinh hoat cho ngudi ngheo de dam bao khong qua cao so vdi gia dien sinh hoat dinh muc o cac thi Chi phi tu bao dudng cong trinh dien duoc tinh tu tien 116 sir dung dien hang nam Nhung xa dac biet khd khan Nha nudc hd tro mot phan sua chua ldn - Ve phat trien dieting giao thong De phat trien he thong co sd tang giao thong nhu muc tieu de can tiep tuc trien khai rong rai chii truong Nha nudc va dan cung lam de xay mdi, nang cap dudng giao thong va thay the cac cau tao thuan lpi cho dan cu san xuat va sinh hoat Bao dam cd dudng d to den cac trung tarn xa, cum xa, rieng ddi vdi cac tinh mien nui: Lam dudng cho xe co gidi vira va nho ve tdi trung tarn cac xa hoac cum xa; noi cd dia hinh khd khan, giai doan dau md dudng cho xe co gidi banh hoac xe ngua tho, sau md rong tiep cho xe d to Den 2005, bao dam 30% mat dudng dupe be tong hoa, 70% dudng giao thong ndng thdn di lai dupe quanh nam Timg budc sir dung phuong tien van tai cong cong; phuc vu van chuyen hang hoa va hanh khach khu vuc ndng thdn, khu vuc ddi ngheo Ddi vdi cac xa vung sau, virng xa va noi lap khu cong nghiep ndng thdn, Nha nudc cd chinh sach dac biet de xay dung cac tuyen dudng noi vdi doan giao thong chinh, n&ng cap cac tuyen dudng da xuong cap Ddi vdi cai tao nang cap va md rong dudng noi xa, von dau tu chu yeu dan dong gop (60% bang sdc lao dong, vat tu tai chd), Nha nudc hd tro (30%) dudi dang vat tu thie't yeu nhu xi mang, sat, thep LTu tien dau tu vao cai tao, nang cdp, md rong cac tuyen dudng da co, tap trung cho cac tuyen dudng chua thong xe bon miia Viec xay mdi se dupe xem xet co du nguon von Ddi vdi cai tao nang cap dudng lien xa, noi xa vdi huyen va cac true giao thong chinh d cac xa ngheo, Nha nudc hd tro phan ldn vat tu thie't yeu, chi phi may thi cong, cong may san ui, phan lai huy dong nguon vo'n tai dia phuong De huy dong nhieu hon va cd hieu qua cac nguon vo'n da cd, can long ghep, hop nhat cac nguon von tir chuong trinh 135; chuong trinh xay dung trung tarn cum xa mien nui, vung cao, chuong trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cac tinh mien nui phia Bac Cong khai kha nang tham gia cua ngudi dan d cac xa ngheo, cong dong ngheo de lira chon va quyet dinh xay dung cai tao, nang cap dudng giao thong dua tren vo'n va nguon luc hd tro cua Nha nudc Thuc hien nghiem chinh Quy che Dan chu co sd, gan 117 quyen led, trach nhiem, tinh cam cua nhan dan dia phuong vao dau tu, khai thac, sir dung cong trinh dudng giao thong Viec lira chon, quyet dinh xay dung can thuc hien cong khai, dan chu co sir tham gia cua cong ddng va dua tren nguon luc co the huy dong d dia phuong Khdi phuc, nang cap he thong dudng sat hien co dat cap chu yeu va xay dung mdi mot sd tuyen dudng sat can thiet - Ve phat trien thuy loi nho cho cac xa ngheo Ddi vdi cac xa ngheo thuoc chuong trinh 135 chua co cdng trinh thuy loi tudi hoac da bi xuong cap, Nha nudc dung von ngan sach hd trq dau tu xay dung va cai tao, nang cap Ddi vdi cac dia ban vimg cao dac biSt kho khan khong cd ruong nudc, Nha nudc hd trq kinh phi de lam ruong bac thang, nham giup ngudi ngheo co dieu kien san xuat luong thuc tai chd, hoac trdng rirng Ddi vdi nhung xa ngheo nam gan cac cdng trinh thuy loi ldn, Nha nudc dau tu xay dung he thong kenh dan tir cdng trinh ldn, tao nguon nudc, hd trq vat tu cung nhan dan xay dung he thong kenh noi ddng Tiep tuc tap trung dlu tu phat trien thuy loi nhd cho cac xa ngheo, vimg ngheo Thuc hien thu thuy loi phi ddi vdi cdng trinh Nha nudc tao nguon chi dam bao du trang trai chi phi thudng xuyen, van hanh, khong tfnh chi phi dau tu ban dau Xay dung co che quy dinh trach nhiem cua chfnh quyen dia phuong (cap xa) cd su tham gia cua cong ddng viec quan ly va tri hoat dong lau dai cua cac cdng trinh thuy loi nhd noi xa Thuc tidn phat trien cac cdng trinh thuy loi d cac xa ngheo vira qua cho thay nhan dan ddng gop khoang 20-40% von dau tu cho mdi cdng trinh xay dung mdi, tu bao dudng khoang tir 20-30% tong chi phi; can nghien cuu, md rong viec ap dung co che cho giai doan tdi Ddi vdi nhung noi chua cd nguon nudc de phuc vu thuy loi tuyen xa, dac biet cac xa vimg sau, vimg xa, Nha nudc can cd them kinh phf tao nguon - Ve phat trien mang ludi thdng tin lien lac van hod d nong thon, nhat la cac diem bitu dien van hod xa Tiep tuc phat trien mang ludi thdng tin lien lac cho khu vuc nong thon, chu cac vimg ngheo, vimg sau, vimg xa, cac xa dac biet kho khan Tiep tuc dau tu hinh cac diem buu dien van hoa xa d cac xa noi chung va cac xa ngheo noi 118 rieng Tac dung cua diem buu dien van hoa doi vdi ngudi ngheo la rat ldn, song kha nang thu hoi von ban dau rat kho, Nha nudc nghien cuu xay dung co che hd tro va phat huy su dong gop cua cong dong de phat trien diem buu dien van hoa xa.[35] - Ve phat trien he thong truo'ng hoc, tram y te + He thong truong hoc Nha tre, miu giao dac biet d nong thon vung nui phia Bac co vai tro quan doi vdi viec ngudi ngheo tiep can dich vu cong va giam ngheo mot cach ben vung Nha tre, miu giao giup tre em duoc nuoi day hop ly, giam ty le suy dinh dudng, phat trien tri luc, giup cac em di hoc dung tuoi Dong thoi, nha tre, miu giao giup cac em gai co nhieu co hoi den trudng khong phai em, cac gia dinh co tre nho co the tang thdi gian lao dong san xuit, chu dong tim viec lam, giam doi Nha nudc nghien cuu xay dung co che phu hop de phat trien he tho'ng nha tre, miu giao, dac biet d vung sau, vung xa va vung dan toc it ngudi Tap trung dau tu vao cung co' va nang ca'p, tien tdi kien co' hoa co sd trudng lop khang trang cho cac xa vung xa, vung sau, bo tri trudng ldp gin khu dan cu, thuan tien cho ngudi hoc dam bao du phong hoc ca'p tieu hoc, trung hoc co sd, tao dieu kien cho 100% em cac ho dong bao dan toc duoc den trudng Da dang hoa cac loai hinh day va hoc, nang cap va md rong cac co sd trudng noi tru Trien khai day du chinh sach giao duc do'i vdi em ngudi dan toc thieu so' va cac xa dac biet kho khan thuoc chuong trinh 135 Tiep tuc tri ca'p phat sach giao khoa, midn giam hoc phi, midn cac khoan dong gop xay dung trudng doi vdi em ho ngheo + Tram yte Tang cudng dau tu nang cap trang thiet bi kham chua benh cho cac co sd tram y te xa, dam bao cho ngudi ngheo tiep can thuan loi viec kham, chua benh, nang cao chat luong dich vu y te co sd cho cac xa ngheo Da dang hoa cac hinh thuc kham chua benh cho ngudi ngheo, khuyen khfch cac to chuc, ca nhan kham chua benh nhan dao, midn phi va cap the bao hiem cho cac ho ngheo, dac biet la cho phu nu va tre em 119 KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI KET LUAN Qua nghien chu ve dieu kien tu nhien, thuc trang tang truong kinh te phat trien xa hoi va thuc trang doi ngheo chung ta thay mien nui phfa Bac la vung rat ngheo co diem xua't phat thap, nen san xuat tu cung, tu cap, thu nhap cua ngudi dan, ddi song gap nhieu kho khan Do dan den hien trang doi ngheo cua vung cao hon nhieu so vdi cac vung khac ca nudc Vi vay, van de ca'p bach hien la phai tang truong kinh te va nang cao doi song cua dong bao dan toc d day Tang trudng kinh te ben vung de xoa doi giam ngheo do'i vdi dong bao cac dan toc vung nui phfa Bac la tien de kinh te toi can thiet de giu vung On dinh chfnh tri va on dinh xa hoi, dam bao cong cuoc dOi mdi theo dinh hudng XHCN, tiep tuc duoc thuc hien va phat trien sau rong pham vi toan vung va moi linh vuc cua ddi song xa hoi Co the noi neu khong giai quyd't cong cac nhiem vu va yeu cau tang trudng kinh te' va xoa doi giam ngheo thi khong chu dong giai quyet duoc cac van de cong bang xa hoi, lanh manh xa hoi Trong qua trinh tang trudng kinh te' d vung nui phfa Bac mac du da co nhung tuu dang ke nhung van nhung han che' kho khan nhu: nhieu tiem nang chua duoc khai thac, nang sua't lao dong tha'p, thu nhap cua ngudi dan chua cao, ■ ddi song nhan dan gap nhieu kho khan Tang trudng tren dien rong se tiep tuc giam ngheo d nong thon, nhat la d dong bang, nhung dieu co the khong du de giai quyet nhung van de cua mien nui va vung sau, vung xa cung nhu nhung van de dac thu cua cac dan toc thieu so Chfnh vi vay can phai xac dinh xoa doi giam ngheo la mot qua trinh lau dai va nhiem vu quan trong thdi ky tdi Can phai tong ket thuc tien mot cach toan dien day du, dong thdi tiep tuc tim toi nhung chfnh sach phu hop va co hieu qua cao Can co su giup va chi dao thong nhat td trung uong den dia phuong vdi dudng do'i chfnh sach va cong cu quan ly kinh te thfch hop thi mdi co the tao nhung the va luc nham thuc day tang trudng kinh te d vung nui phfa Bac nhanh, ben vung de xoa doi giam ngheo cho vung 20 MEN NG1M Th nghien nghien cu’u ly thuyet den phan tfch thuc trang va de xuat cac phuong hudng va giai phap tang trudng kinh te ben vung de xoa doi giam ngheo, chung toi kien nghi: - Ve mo hinh phat trien: Phat trien manh nong - lam nghiep theo hudng kinh te trang trai gia dinh gan vdi cong nghiep che bien, phat trien thi trudng va ngoai nudc - Ve he thong chfnh sach: Thuc hien dong bo cac chfnh sach uu dai dac biet doi vdi nong thon vung nui phfa Bac, bao gom cac chfnh sach: diu tu, thi trudng, gia ca, va cac chfnh sach xa hoi khac - Thuc hien dong bo cac giai phap: Cac giai phap nang cao toc tang trudng cua cac nganh nong, lam, ngu nghiep, cong nghiep, dich vu; Diy manh chuyen doi co cau kinh te nong nghiep, nong thon theo hudng san xuat hang hoa; Tao moi trudng phap ly de kinh doanh binh ding va cong bang; Tao moi trudng xa hoi de thuc hien cong bang, thuc thi dan chu co sd va hd tro ngudi ngheo; Phat trien co sd ting de tao co hoi cho cac xa ngheo, vung ngheo, ngudi ngheo duoc tiep can cac dich vu cong - Ve huy dong von: Dac biet chu y von ngan sach va tin dung cua Nha nudc giai doan th den nam 2020 - Ve cong tac to churc: Trudc mat tap trung tao dieu kien de phat trien kinh te ho, kinh te trang trai gia dinh gan vdi cong nghiep che bien va tieu thu san pham, chuyen mot so doanh nghiep nha nudc sang doanh nghiep cong fch - Ve cong tac dao tao: Tap trung phat trien manh mo hinh va trudng thong dan toc noi tru, midn giam hoc phf cho hoc sinh dan toc Thuc hien to't cac giai phap va nhung kien nghi tren day, chac chan rang, tuong lai khong xa, vung nui phfa Bac se co ddi song kinh te - xa hoi phat trien, ngudi dan co cuoc song am no, hanh phuc, rut ngan mot cach dang ke khoang cach so vdi cac vung khac ca nudc 121 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tieng Viet GS TS Dudng Hong Dat (2004), Mot so giai phap day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa vung mien nui, Uy Ban Dan Toc TS To Duc Hanh,TS Pham Van Linh (2000), Phat trien kinh te hang hoa nong thon cac tinh vung nui phia Bac Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban chfnh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi PGS.TS Pham Van Khoi (2003), Xu the phat trien kinh te xa hoi vung dan toc va mien nui den 2020, Uy Ban Dan TOc Adams, R H (2003), Tang trudng kinh te, bat binh dang va doi ngheo: Phat hien td bo so lieu mdi, Tai lieu nghien cuu chfnh sach cua Ngan Hang The Gidi, so 972, Ngan Hang The Gidi, Washington D.c Agenor, P R (2002), Dieu chinh kinh te vi mo va ngudi ngheo: Cac van de phan tich va bang chung gifta cac quoc gia, tai lieu nghien cuu chfnh sach cua Ngan Hang The Gidi, so 2788, Ngan Hang The Gidi, Washington D.c Bruno, M M Ravallion va L Squire (1998), Binh dang va tang trudng cac nnudc dang phat trien: Vien canh cu va mdi ve cac van de ngheo doi, Trong sach Phan bo thu nhap va tang trudng chat luqng cao Vito Tanzi va Ke-young Chu bien soan, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT N Gregory Minkiw (2000), Kinh te vi mo, Nha xuat ban thong ke, Ha Noi Ravallion, M va s Chen (1997), “Solieu dieu tra mdi noi vdi chung ta dieu gi ve nhung thay doi gan day ve phan bo va ngheo doi.”, Tap chi Kinh te cua Ngan Hang The Gidi, 11(2): 357- 82 Ban chi dao chuong trinh 135(2004), Bao cao nam thuc hien chuong trinh 135 va phuong hudng, nhiem vu nam 2004 - 2005, Uy ban Dan toc 10 Ban chi dao tong dieu tra nong thon, nong nghiep va thuy san trung uong (2002), Ket qua so bo tong dieu tra nong thon, ndng nghiep va thuy san nam 2001 122 11 Ng£n hang the gidi (1999), Tan cong ngheo doi - Bao cao phat trien cua Viet Nam nam 2000 12 Ngan hang the gidi (2004), Ngheo - Bao cao phat trien Viet Nam 2004 13 Tong cuc thong ke (2004), Ket qua dieu tra mac song ho gia dinh nam 2002, Nha xuat ban thong ke, Ha noi 14 Thdi bao kinh te Viet Nam cac so (1/2003; /2004) 15 Trudng Dai hoc kinh te quoc dan (1997), Kinh te phat trien, Nha xua't ban thd'ng ke, Ha Noi 16 Tong cuc thong ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke, Nha xua't ban thong ke, Ha Noi 17 Tong cuc thong ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Scn La 18 Tong cuc thong ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Ha Giang 19 Tong cuc thong ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Hoa Binh 20 Tong cuc thong ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Cao Bang 21 Tdng cuc thong ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Lao Cai 22 Tong cuc thd'ng ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Lai Chau 23 Tong cuc thong ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Bac Kan 24 Tong cuc thong ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Quang Ninh 25 Tong cuc tho'ng ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Tuyen Quang 26 Tdng cuc thong ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Thai Nguyen 27 Tong cuc tho'ng ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Bac Giang 28 Tong cuc thong ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Phu Tho 29 Tong cuc thong ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Yen Bai 30 Tong cuc tho'ng ke (2003), Nien giam thong ke tinh Lang Scn Tieng Anh 31 International Food Policy Research Institute (10/2003), Diversification and Poverty in the Northen Uplands of Vietnam 32 Wepsite: www.gso.gov.vn 33 Wepsite www.fao.org.vn 123 Income 34 Wepsite: www.mard.gov.vn 35 Wepsite: www.vdic.org.vn 36 Wepsite: www.vneconomy.com.vn 37 Wepsite: www.undp.org.vn 38 Wepsite: www.worldbank.org.vn 124