Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Đặc điểm của hành động hỏi và hồi đáp hỏi trong tiếng Việt từ góc độ phân tầng xã hội.Đặc điểm của hành động hỏi và hồi đáp hỏi trong tiếng Việt từ góc độ phân tầng xã hội.Đặc điểm của hành động hỏi và hồi đáp hỏi trong tiếng Việt từ góc độ phân tầng xã hội.Đặc điểm của hành động hỏi và hồi đáp hỏi trong tiếng Việt từ góc độ phân tầng xã hội.Đặc điểm của hành động hỏi và hồi đáp hỏi trong tiếng Việt từ góc độ phân tầng xã hội.Đặc điểm của hành động hỏi và hồi đáp hỏi trong tiếng Việt từ góc độ phân tầng xã hội.Đặc điểm của hành động hỏi và hồi đáp hỏi trong tiếng Việt từ góc độ phân tầng xã hội.Đặc điểm của hành động hỏi và hồi đáp hỏi trong tiếng Việt từ góc độ phân tầng xã hội.Đặc điểm của hành động hỏi và hồi đáp hỏi trong tiếng Việt từ góc độ phân tầng xã hội.Đặc điểm của hành động hỏi và hồi đáp hỏi trong tiếng Việt từ góc độ phân tầng xã hội.MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION BUI ĐOAN TRANG CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACT OF ASKING AND RESPONDING TO QUESTIONS IN VIETNAME.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION BUI ĐOAN TRANG CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACT OF ASKING AND RESPONDING TO QUESTIONS IN VIETNAMESE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Major: Linguistics Number: 9.22.90.20 CONCLUSIONS OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS ON LINGUISTICS Ha Noi - 2023 This thesis is done in Hanoi National University of Education Instructor 1: Prof.PhD Nguyen Van Khang Instructor 2: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Thi Luong Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Van Loc - Thai Nguyen University of Education Reviewer 2:Assoc Prof PhD Pham Van Hao - VietNam institute of lexicography and encyclopedia Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof PhD Tran Kim Phuong Ha Noi University of Education The thesis will be defended in front of the school committee in charge of the doctoral thesis of Hanoi National University of Education at 2022 The thesis can be found at: - Vietnam National Library - Information center and the library of Hanoi National University of Education LIST OF PUBLICATIONS BY THE AUTHOR Bui Doan Trang (2016), Questions that perform the act of expression in the novel “Finding character” (Đi tìm nhân vật) by Ta Duy Anh The Language Magazine (7), pg.70-80; Bui Doan Trang (2020), Linguistic factors marking the act of asking and responding from a perspective of power, Language & Life Magazine (1), pg 48-53; Bui Doan Trang (2021), Several models of interrogative language from a perspective of gender, Social Science Human Resource Magazine (1), pg.99-105 INTRODUCTION The rationale for the selected topic 1.1 It can be said that the act of asking is used with a high frequency that connects to the linguistic–cultural characteristics of each culture and communication community 1.2 Asking and responding to questions are two sides of a unified process and the premise of each other's existence, and both aim at a common goal, which is to clarify an unknown, unresolved information or problem Asking – responding to questions is essentially the mutual relationship between the unknown and the known When the asking-responding interaction is performed, the perception of objects is raised to another level In linguistic studies, the act of asking and responding to questions is approached from many different perspectives such as the study of structure, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics 1.3 Communication is the process of choosing the language of the communicators and this process is influenced by a series of socio-linguistic factors Factors such as age, gender, occupation, income, status, education, etc are important social variables that affect human communication That the act of asking and answering questions is considered a language variable appearing with high frequency in communication will be under the influence of elements of social stratification However, so far, there has not been a topic or thesis in Vietnam that has an in-depth study on the act of asking and responding to questions and its connection with social stratification in Vietnamese Therefore, the researcher chooses the research topic as " Characteristics of the act of asking and responding to questions in Vietnamese from a perspective of social stratification” Research purposes and tasks 2.1 Research purpose The thesis studied and surveyed the language characteristics of the act of asking and responding to questions from a social stratification perspective through linguistic expressions, thereby seeing the influence of social factors on communication and language choices in communication The obtained results will contribute to the theory of speech acts and social stratification 2.2 Research mission To achieve the above goals, we set out the following research tasks: 1/ Overview of the research context of the thesis topic; 2/ Establishment of the theoretical basis for the thesis; 3/ Survey, categorize the act of asking and responding to questions from a social stratification perspective; 4/ Study the action of asking and responding to questions from the perspective of social stratification of gender, age, and social status Subjects and scope of the study 3.1 Research subjects The subject of the thesis is the act of asking and responding to questions in Vietnamese In order to gain intensive research, this thesis limits the research subjects to two main aspects: 1/ The survey on the act of asking with linguistic expressions and means expressing the purpose of asking as well as the survey on the act of responding through different types of it such as positive and negative responses, and direct and indirect responses 2/ From the social stratification perspective, the thesis chooses three elements (factors), which are age, gender and social status because they are the three most powerful factors governing communication topic and purposes of the Vietnamese 3.2 Research scope The research revolves around the characteristics of the act of asking and responding to questions from a social stratification perspective based on three factors, which are age, gender and social status 3.3 Research materials Research materials are extracted from real-life communication, literary works, and communications in the game show Shark Tank Research methods and tactics To this research, the researchers use the following methods and tactics: The method of description, including statistic, classification, and analyzing meanings of components; the method of text survey; the method of discourse analysis; and the methods of qualitative and quantitative research Theoretical and practical contribution of the thesis 5.1 Theoretical contribution: The research results contribute to clarifying the general points on the act of asking and responding to questions and the relationship between asking and responding in Vietnamese They also clarify the dominance of social stratification factors affecting language acts in general and the act of asking and responding to questions in particular Next, they help to accurately evaluate and recognize the position and role of the act of asking and responding to questions in texts as well as in actual social communication 5.2 Practical contribution: The deeper study of this speech act from a social stratification perspective could be applied into communication activities, which are very diverse in human life The research results can also be used as a reference for the teaching of the Vietnamese language in general Structure of the thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusions, References and Appendix, the thesis has chapters: Chapter Overview of the research situation and theoretical basis of the thesis Chapter Characteristics of the act of asking from a social stratification perspective Chapter Characteristics of the act of responding to questions from a social stratification perspective Chapter OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE THESIS 1.1 Overview of the research situation on the act of asking and responding 1.1.1 The act of asking and responding to questions from the perspective of the speech act theory Speech acts are considered the backbone of pragmatics The act of asking is one of the most frequently used speech acts The theory of speech acts deals with many issues including the act of asking A number of pragmatic books, articles, monographs, thematics, theses, dissertations, and so on have mentioned this research object from many different aspects such as: First, in pragmatic books the authors have discussed the act of asking in the theory of speech acts on such aspects as the illocutionary effects of it, the conditions for the illocutionary effects of it, and the analysis on the distinction between direct and indirect asking Second, many works …have approached the content and function level of the question, that is, care about researching the purpose of the act of asking Besides, there have also been studies on the answers in the asking-responding interaction relationship Third, from the perspective of the theory of speech acts, there have been many studies on the act of asking in its context of use …These studies have enriched the characteristics of the act of asking as well as the role of it in communication practice 1.1.2 The act of asking and responding to questions from the perspective of social stratification 1.1.2.1 Some research on the act of asking and responding from the perspective of social stratification of international researchers In the West since the 60s and 70s of the 20th centuries, there have been a number of authors who have studied the act of asking and responding in the direction of applying research results of Social Linguistics However, the authors have only studied it from the formation structure form with the perspective of social status but have not studied it from the perspective of social stratification 1.1.2.2 Some research on the act of asking and responding from the perspective of social stratification of international researchers In Vietnam today, the study of speech acts in the direction of applying sociolinguistics is a research direction that many people are interested in In Vietnam, there is little research on the issue of social stratification in the act of asking and responding to questions Sometimes, several dissertations and theses deal with the issue of social stratification in the use of the act of asking and responding to questions in communication from some aspects such as gender, power, and culture 1.2 Theoretical basis of the thesis 1.2.1 The act of asking and responding to questions 1.2.1.1 The act of asking a The concept of speech act: In this thesis, we use the concept of speech acts according to Do Huu Chau's concept: “Speech acts are actions performed when creating an utterance (discourse) in a conversation Speech acts require conditions, manipulations, ways of organizing manipulation and most importantly, targets like all other conscious human actions” b Speech acts: In "General Linguistics" volume 2, based on the research results of J Austin, Do Huu Chau pointed out three types of speech acts, which are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts c Eligibility for the use of illocutionary acts: Do Huu Chau [12] pointed out the conditions for the use of illocutionary acts according to Searle Specifically, to use illocutionary acts, it is necessary to ensure the following conditions: Propositional content; Preparatory condition; Psychological state; Basic conditions d Illocutionary force indicating devices (IFIDs): Each performative clause is marked with signals that Searle calls illocutionary force indicating devices – IFIDs Hence, each performative clause, according to Do Huu Chau, will be recognized by the following devices, namely types of structure, technical terms, intonation, the relationship of components in the predicator – arguments structure; and performative verbs e A taxonomy of illocutionary act: Based on the four criteria forming the basis of a taxonomy of the fundamental classes of illocutionary acts, Searle classifies illocutionary acts into five kinds, which are representatives (or assertives), directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations f Direct and indirect illocutionary acts: - Direct illocutionary acts: Genuine speech acts (illocutionary acts) are speech acts that are used for the right purposes, in accordance with their purpose of use [12, tr.145] - Indirect illocutionary acts: The phenomenon in that speakers make a speech on the surface of this illocutionary act but aim to achieve the effect of another illocutionary act is called an indirect illocutionary act 1.2.1.2 The act of asking a Conditions for using the act of asking: In "General Linguistics" volume 2, Do Huu Chau presented the conditions for using the act of asking according to Searle as follows: - Propositional content condition (PC): includes all the propositions - Preparatory condition (PrC): The questioner has something that he does not have full information about - Sincerity condition (SC): The questioner believes he or she does not know and wishes to obtain that information - Basic condition (BC): The questioner performs the act of asking to try to get the necessary information and answers from the listener b Illocutionary force indicating devices: Based on the theory of speech acts, illocutionary force indicating devices include: - Types of asking structure: General structure, specialized structure, and expressions for asking choices - Technical terms in the performative clause: Technical terms in performative clauses include interrogative pronouns; interrogative adverbs; conjunction “hay”; and modal particles - Intonation: The specific intonation for the act of asking is a high and sharp intonation which is given for the focus of asking - Performative verb of asking: The verb that expresses the acts indicated in the act of asking is the verb “hỏi” (Can be included or not) c A taxonomy of the act of asking: The thesis is based on the classification of speech acts in the pragmatic books of Nguyen Thien Giap [24] and Do Huu Chau - The act of direct asking is the act of using asking structures to perform the purpose of asking - The act of indirect asking is the act of using other speech acts to perform the purpose of asking 1.2.2 Theory of conversation and the act of responding to questions 1.2.2.1 Theory of conversation a The concept of conversation There are a number of Vietnamese linguists who have discussed the concept of conversation The thesis follows Do Huu Chau's point of view: "Conversation is a regular, common form of communication of language, and also the basic form of all other language activities." b Conversation units The act of responding is related to the following units, which are conversation, transaction, exchange, tham thoại, and speech acts c The cooperative principle in conversation The principle is understood as: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged” The cooperative principle of conversation includes four sub-principles (maxims), which are Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner 1.2.2.2 Conversation and the act of responding to questions a Characteristics of the act of responding to questions: Through the analysis of exchange, move, times, and the interaction of conversation theory in relation to the act of responding to questions, several characteristics of the act of responding to questions can be mentioned as follows: - The act of asking as well as all other speech acts require a response - Along with the act of asking, the act of responding has created the exchange in the basic structure of conversation: Ask-Respond/Ask-Answer - The move of the act of response is the turn for responding utterance of listener SP2 after receiving the turn for introductory asking from SP1 This move functions as the responding illocutionary effect - There is a direct relationship between the utterance of asking and responding to question - There will be some responding utterance times that follow introductory asking moves right behind (after three or four times) This contributes to making the conversation richer, more diverse, and vivid b Classification of the act of responding to questions: In this thesis we used Do Huu Chau's method of classification of the act of response for our clasification of the act of responding to questions Accordingly, responses to questions are divided into two categories: - Positive response: is a direct or indirect, positive, and preferred move that satifies the target of the questioner -Negative response: is a direct or indirect, negative, marked, inapproporiate move that does not satisfy the target of the questioner 1.2.3 Social dialects and the phenomenon of social stratification 1.2.3.1 The concept of social dialects Social dialect is the language of a certain group of people in society that are similar in social criteria such as age, gender, status, occupation, education, region, religion, income, and so on According to Nguyen Van Khang, "Each member of society will be classified into different social classes on the basis of a series of criteria such as gender, age, occupation, background, cultural level, and so on Social class characteristics have a direct impact and create linguistic characteristics in use" 1.2.3.2 Sociall stratification and the phenomenon of social stratification in Vietnam Language is considered a factor that plays a role in social stratification Nguyen Van Khang identified three groups of factors from strong to weak that affect Vietnamese communication Group is one of the factors that have the strongest impact on Vietnamese communication: age, status and gender The thesis selects elements of this group as the subject of the survey in response to the question and answer (i) Age stratification: Age plays the most important factor affecting Vietnamese communication Vietnamese people always rely on age to choose the right way to communicate The age factor affecting Vietnamese communication is mainly in two aspects: 1/ Vietnamese language shows age classifications and 2/ The linguistic style of each age of Vietnamese people (ii) Gender stratification: Gender (Sex) is a pre-existing characteristic that is divided into male and female Vietnamese society has had an important concept that prefers men and despise women Hence, in life in general and communication in particular, men are always considered to have strong gender and women are considered to have weak gender Gender factors affect Vietnamese communication in the following three main contents: 1/ Gender words; 2/ Speech styles of each gender and 3/ Gendercriminication language (mainly reflecting women discrimination) (iii) Social status stratification The social status factor has the second strongest impact on Vietnamese communication This factor affects Vietnamese communication mainly in two aspects: 1/ Social status words and 2/ Speech styles of people with high social status 1.2.4 Social stratification and the usage of language According to Nguyen Van Khang [50], different social classes will have different communication patterns corresponding to their own classes, whereby people from different social classes will have different ways of using language With this stratification, it can be seen that human communication is clearly influenced by social factors such as age, gender, power, occupation, education, income, region, religion, etc Language has changed in a variable way, in the direction of adaptation, and the object that makes it transform is the user of the language It can be seen that the social factors affecting language communication are very rich and diverse On the basis of the theory of sociolinguistics on dialects, the problem of social stratification in Vietnam, the social stratification in language use (the relationship between language and social factors of age, gender, status) helps the thesis to focus on comprehensive research and age factor system, gender, status in the act of asking and responding to questions of Vietnamese Sub-chapter In chapter 1, we conducted general research and learning about the act of asking and responding on two main aspects: 1/The act of asking and responding in Vietnamese from the theory of speech acts; 2/ The act of asking and responding in 12 - Men prefer to use general expressions to identify information or specialized asking expressions to ask about subjects, objects, causes, manners, and purposes These are all direct AAs into topics that men care - Women prefer to choose asking expressions that contain apostrophes and hedging devices In addition, women also prefer to use questions with modal particles that soften the nature of the question - When communicating with people of the same gender, men rarely use hedging devices when performing the act of asking, but when asking women, men tend to use that to increase politeness - Some emotional words in Vietnamese at the beginning of utterances such as dạ, vâng, ừ, and nhỉ, nhé…at the end of the utterances are more often used by the women than men in their questions 2.4.3 The impact of the status factor on the act of asking in Vietnamese: The impact of the status factor on the asking act is as follows: - People of high social status, when asking, often ask directly about the issue and use little subjunctives The asking utterance of the upper-role communicators are those with direct contents, which rarely contain hedging devices - Low-status people, in their asking utterance, are often attached with subjunctives, hedging devices, and honorifics as they have fears and feel unsecured - When communicators have a strong sense of power, the language they use in communication is the language of power The actions of those involved in communication, to this extent, are often questions with no subjects included, with slurred and needless words When communicative roles are aware that power only serves as a tool, the language used in communication is served as a tool Sub-conclusion of chapter In this chapter, the thesis examined the act of asking and responding from the perspective of social stratification through the collected linguistic materials The thesis focuses on examining the act of asking with the following aspects: The topic of asking, the expression of asking, and the impact of factors of social stratification such as age, gender, and status on the act of asking Chapter CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACT OF RESPONDING TO QUESTIONS FROM A SOCIAL STRATIFICATION PERSPECTIVE 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Types of responses to the act of asking in Vietnamese 3.2.1 Positive responses 3.2.1.1 Positive responses by DR 13 - Positive responses by DR for AA using general AE, including: (1) Positive aking-responding expressions (ARE) by the type of DA có/rồi; khơng/chưa or relevant; (2) Positive ARE by the type of DR có/rồi; khơng/chưa or relevant + direct response to the presupposition element - Positive responses by DR for AA using specialized AE, including (1) Positive ARE by DR that goes directly to the point in the ellipsis structure form; (2) Positive ARE by DR that goes directly to the point in the full sentence structure form - Positive responses by DR for AA using specialized AE, including (1) Positive by DR giving choices for the component variants; (2) Positive ARE by DR determining the component variants 3.2.1.2 Positive responses by IR According to the survey results, there are four speech acts used to positive responses by IR: assertation, control, expression, and commitment 3.2.2 Negative responses 3.2.2.1 Negative responses for AA by DR Negative responses for AA by DR include: (1) Negative ARE by DR negative; (2) Negative ARE by DR - denial/evade 3.2.2.2 Negative responses for AA by IR: According to the survey results, there are four speech acts used to negative responses by IR: assertation, control, expression, and commitment 3.3 Types of response to questions in Vietnamese from an age perspective 3.3.1 Positive responses for AA in Vietnamese from an age perspective 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Positive responses by DR Positive responses by IR AA using AA using AA using general AE specialized choice AE AE Table 3.1 Table about positive and negative responses in Vietnamese from an age perspective Looking at Chart 3.1., it can be seen that the number of positive responses (64%), by age, is higher than it of negative responses (32%), in which the number of positive and negative responses to AA using specialized AE accounts for the highest number, respectively 63% positive and 58% negative 14 3.3.1.1 Positive responses for AA using general AE in Vietnamese from an age perspective Positive responses for AA using general AE by DR hold a greater number than positive responses by IR Specifically: Positive responses by DR: 214 times (61%); positive responses by IR 139 times (39%) - Positive responses by DR: E (2) has 129 more times than E (1) 85 In particular, E (1) is used a lot by children (41/71 positive responses by DR of children) Adults used E (2) with greater frequency than E (1) with 99 out of 143 responses - Positive responses by IR: Indirect responses by speech acts of assertion account for the most number (61 times); control (30 times), expression (29 times), and commitment (11 times) In particular, adults use these speech acts to respond more highly to children 3.3.1.2 Positive responses for AA using specialized AE in Vietnamese from an age perspective - Positive responses by DR: Children use responses with ellipsis structures at a higher rate than adults - Positive responses by IR: Speech acts of assertion remains the speech act most used by age groups for positive responses (86/180 times) Young and middle-aged people use many speech acts of assertion; the elderly, teenagers, children use a variety of speech acts of expression; teenagers a variety of acts of commitment in response to the general AE 3.3.1.3 Positive responses for AA using AE for asking choices in Vietnamese from an age perspective - Positive responses by DR: Children often use positive responses for AA using AE for asking choices by determining the component variant (4//14 times) Meanwhile, adults have the ability to choose (10/14 times) and determine the component variant for responses (7/9 times) - Positive responses by IR: Middle age, young adults use a variety of speech acts of assertion to have positive responses to AE for asking choices The remaining expressions not have much difference in ages 3.3.2 Negative responses cho AA in Vietnamese from an age perspective 3.3.2.1 Negative responses cho AA using general AE in Vietnamese from an age perspective - Negative responses by DR: E (1) is used more by people of different ages (13 times), E (2) is used less (8 times) These negative responses appear more in communication among teenagers - Negative responses by IR: Speech acts of assertion are most commonly used by people of different ages (46 times, accounting for 39%), followed by speech acts of control (30 times, accounting for 25%), speech acts of expression (29 times, accounting for 24 %) and finally commitment (13 times, accounting for 11%) 15 - Adults are more likely to use negative responses for AA using general AE by IR than children 3.3.2.2 Negative responses cho AA using specialized AE in Vietnamese from an age perspective - Negative responses by DR: E (1) accounting for 72%, is used more by people of different ages E (2) (28%) In particular, teenagers and middle-aged people tend to use this type of response more than other ages; however, the number of samples surveyed is not much - Negative responses by IR: The frequency of the two expressions (1), (2), (3) to give negative responses by IR appears more in adult responses than children The frequency of use of expression (4) was greater in responses among teenagers and children 3.3.2.3 Negative responses cho AA using choice AE in Vietnamese from an age perspective - Negative responses by DR: All ages use expression (1) in response to AA for asking choices Expression (2), according to the survey results, no responses from children using this form of expression - Negative responses by IR: Negative responses by IR are uncommon in children's responses As for adults, the use of indirect speech acts give more negative response is more numerous In particular, speech acts of assertion has the largest number (5 times), followed by speech acts of control (4 times), speech acts of expression (4 times), and speech acts of commitment (1 turn) 3.3.3 Comment on the characteristics of the act of responding to questions in Vietnamese from an age perspective - In general, in communication, positive responses are preferred by groups of different ages over negative responses - Between positive and negative responses to AA, by age, people of different ages use DR more than IR - Với kiểu positive responses by DR, children have a habit of using simple response expressions This is consistent with simple thinking and perception in children Adults, with maturity and experience, in communication, often use the expression có/rồi; khơng/chưa or relevant + give direct responses to the presupposition in AA (responses to general AA); give a direct response to the asking points (in response to specialized AE); is able to choose and determine the component variants (In response to AA for asking choices) - The number of people of different ages using the responding expressions with DR - negative is more than the ones with responding expressions with DR denial - Positive and negative responses by IR: Adults use more types of positive responses by IR with speech acts of assertion, control, expression, and commitment to imply the affirmation than children 16 3.4 Types of acts of responding to questions in Vietnamese from a gender perspective 3.4.1 Positive responses for AA in Vietnamese from a gender perspective 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Positive responses by DR Positive responses by IR AA using AA using AA using general AE specialized choice AE AE Table 3.2 Table about positive and negative responses in Vietnamese from a gender perspective Looking at Chart 3.2., it can be seen that the number of positive responses (65%), by gender, is higher than it of negative responses (35%), in which the number of positive and negative responses to AA using specialized AE accounts for the highest number, respectively 59% positive and 63% negative 3.4.1.1 Positive responses for AA using general AE in Vietnamese from a gender perspective Positive responses by DR: Expression (2) has 68 times, used more by both genders than E (1) - expression (1) with 60 times Males use more E (1) than females Males used 36 times; females used 24 times In contrast, women (with 41 responses), used E (2) more than men 27 times - Positive responses by IR: Females tend to give positive responses by IR more than males: Total times for positive responses by IR for general AE of females was 47 times, while that of males was 43 times Males use more speech acts of assertion, and control than females; females use more speech acts of expression than males 3.4.1.2 Positive responses for AA using specialized AE in Vietnamese from a gender perspective - Positive responses by DR: E (1) are used more by men than women (males 56 times and females 48 times) Females used E (2) more than males (males 60 times and females 62 times) 17 - Positive responses by IR: Females’ positive responses by IR for specialized AA are more than males: The total times of females were 91 times and males were 88 times 3.4.1.3 Positive responses for AA using AE for asking choices in Vietnamese from a gender perspective - Positive responses by DR: Males prefer positive responses by DR than females: The number of responses by DR of males was 12/21 times; females 9/21 times - Positive responses by IR: Females prefer positive responses by IR than males: The number of responses by IR of females was 11/17 times; males 6/17 times 3.4.2 Negative responses cho AA in Vietnamese from a gender perspective 3.4.2.1 Negative responses cho AA using general AE in Vietnamese from a gender perspective - Negative responses by DR: Males use negative responses by DR for general AA more than females (males 12 times negative responses by DR; females 10 times negative responses by DR) - Negative responses by IR: Males use more speech acts of assertion to give negative responses than females (26/47 times) Females use less (21/47 times) With speech acts of control and expression, females, however, tend to use these two speech acts more than males Specifically: Females have 15/28 times using speech acts of control; males have 13/18 times using that Females have 9/15 times using speech acts of expression; males using 6/15 times 3.4.2.2 Negative responses cho AA using specialized AE in Vietnamese from a gender perspective - Negative responses by DR: Males use negative responses by DR more than women when responding to AA using specialized AE in particular Men had 19/33 times, females 14/23 - Negative responses by IR: Males often use speech acts of assertion to respond to specialized AE more than females Males 49/91 times using it while females 42/91 times For expressions (2), (3), (4), females use speech acts control, expression, and commitment more than males to respond to specialized AE (females 58 times, males 38 times) 3.4.2.3 Negative responses to AA using AE for asking choices in Vietnamese from a gender perspective - Negative responses by DR: Similar to negative responses for AA using general and specialized AE, men use more DR responses than women Men have 5/8 of these responses while women have 3/8 ... Van Khang identified three groups of factors from strong to weak that affect Vietnamese communication Group is one of the factors that have the strongest impact on Vietnamese communication: age,... Performative verb of asking: The verb that expresses the acts indicated in the act of asking is the verb ? ?hỏi? ?? (Can be included or not) c A taxonomy of the act of asking: The thesis is based on the classification... women Hence, in life in general and communication in particular, men are always considered to have strong gender and women are considered to have weak gender Gender factors affect Vietnamese communication