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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VO DUY NGHIA THE BELIEFS OF THE CHINESE IN HOI AN CITY, QUANG NAM PROVINCE CURRENTLY SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN ANTHROPOLOGY H[.]
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VO DUY NGHIA THE BELIEFS OF THE CHINESE IN HOI AN CITY, QUANG NAM PROVINCE CURRENTLY SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN ANTHROPOLOGY Hanoi - 2022 Cơng trình hồn thành tại: Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Người hướng dẫn khoa học: Assoc Prof., Ph.D Nguyen Van Minh Phản biện 1: Assoc Prof., Ph.D Dinh Hong Hai Phản biện 2: Assoc Prof., Ph.D Tran Van Binh Phản biện 3: Assoc Prof., Ph.D Pham Van Loi The Thesis will be defended before the Academy-level Thesis Judging Committee, at: Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi At … … o’clock dated … … … 2022 The Thesis can be found at: - National Library of Vietnam - Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION The urgency of the subject The Chinese settled in Vietnam through many waves of migration Currently, after the process of integration and cultural interference, it has brought to the Chinese community many unique features, attracting research from many angles Migration to new lands in the world in general and Hoi An city in particular is a fairly common phenomenon of the Chinese When arriving in Hoi An city - a strange land from their hometown, one of the first things they is to build a spiritual foundation Therefore, in the process of immigrating and forming the Chinese community, they have bonded together from living to working and creating, preserving many unique traditional cultural features, including a system of Beliefs have many unique values Since migrating to Vietnam and Hoi An city up to now, with that tradition, the Chinese community has reserved and absorbed new things to develop, enriching cultural values in general and traditional beliefs in particular The beliefs of the Chinese people have many unique features, because in the process of settling in new lands, there are more elements of lively cultural exchange on the basis of traditional inheritance Especially now, the integration process also brings new nuances to the beliefs of the Chinese Therefore, studying the beliefs of the Chinese community in our country during the development and integration of the contemporary period in order to have an orientation to preserve and rationally exploit traditional cultural values in life practice of the current Chinese is necessary Hoi An is a dynamic city directly under Quang Nam province, growing strongly, not only the pride of the people here but also leaving a good impression deeply in the hearts of tourists from all over the world because of its ancient history glassy, but developed and friendly Referring to Hoi An, in addition to the symbol of the Covered Bridge, the old town, the lantern festival, the traditional craft village, the Chinese town, the Japanese town, the Fujian assembly hall, the city of the environment, people also think of Hoi An to the "city of tourism" Therefore, conducting research on rational exploitation of traditional cultural values such as beliefs, festivals, community rituals, etc of the residents here will be an important factor contributing greatly to the development of this area the further development of cultural, religious and spiritual tourism Currently, the change of economic and social life, especially the traditional culture of ethnic groups in the context of innovation and integration always requires comprehensive and systematic studies to detect trends mobilize and change to promptly respond to unwanted impacts; find useful solutions that contribute to the conservation, preservation and effective promotion of ethnic cultural values to suit the development not only of Hoi An city but also applicable to many localities other side However, up to now, there has not been any in-depth research on the ethnic Chinese culture in Hoi An and their beliefs here Therefore, it is necessary to have a systematic study on the forms of belief and religious activities of the Chinese people in Hoi An city in order to preserve traditional culture and serve tourism , especially promoting to domestic and foreign tourists before, during and after visiting this place Stemming from the above reasons, we choose "The beliefs of the Chinese in Hoi An city, Quang Nam province currently" as the topic of our doctoral thesis in Anthropology In terms of science, the results of the thesis research contribute to the identification of the characteristics and practices of religious rituals as well as the changes since the country's renovation in 1986 to present, thereby clarifying the values of religious rites and rituals religious values of the Chinese in Hoi An At the same time, it has practical significance to build a database to preserve traditional Chinese religious values, and to propose measures to promote those religious values in the trend of economic development - society of Hoi An city today Thesis objectives and duties 2.1 Thesis objectives Identify the living forms and religious values of the Chinese people in Hoi An city, Quang Nam province On that basis, propose some solutions to preserve and promote the religious values of this community in the new context 2.2 Thesis duties - Survey and systematically learn about the characteristics of Chinese beliefs in Hoi An city, Quang Nam province today through: religious activities of the community and in the family; - Analyzing the values, clarifying the changing situation, the problems posed by the Chinese beliefs in Hoi An in the current context of exchange and integration; - Proposing some solutions to contribute to preserving and promoting the religious values of the Chinese people in Hoi An city, Quang Nam province in the current conditions Subject matter and scope of research of the thesis 3.1 Subject matter The research object of the thesis is the beliefs of the Chinese people in Hoi An city, Quang Nam province today, including: worship of gods, ancestor worship, ritual practice, folk festivals, in family and community 3.2 Scope of research - The scope of research content of the thesis only focuses on the current state of beliefs and basic values in beliefs of the Chinese in Hoi An today; the change of beliefs and the problems posed to the preservation and promotion of religious values of the Chinese here However, the beliefs of the Chinese are very diverse, expressed at many levels and scales such as community, family lineage, family, professional group, individual, etc Therefore, within the framework of the thesis topic, we mainly refer to the beliefs of the Chinese in Hoi An within the community and family, and also combine the presentation of family beliefs when talking about beliefs in the family - For the spatial scope, the topic mainly studies the beliefs of the Chinese people in Hoi An city, Quang Nam province - About time: The thesis focuses on researching the beliefs of the Chinese people at the present time, and at the same time takes the timeline from 1986 to 2021 to compare changes Besides, also pay attention to consider related issues in the historical process of formation and development of the Chinese community in Hoi An in particular and in Vietnam in general, because up to now there have been many waves of migration and changes in the places of residence of this ethnic group Research method 4.1 Methodology The thesis is based on the theoretical point of view of dialectical materialism and historical materialism to systematize and evaluate issues related to beliefs of the Chinese in Hoi An in the current context 4.2 Research method To carry out this thesis, we use a combination of the following methods: Approach to regional culture; - Ethnographic fieldwork method; - Methods of historical research; - Interdisciplinary approach; - Methods of analysis and synthesis New contributions of the thesis The thesis is the first scientific work to systematically study the beliefs of the Chinese in Hoi An Thereby, religious issues are explained more comprehensively; The thesis contributes to clarifying the characteristics and forms of community and family religious activities of the Chinese through the relationship with socio-economic issues in the region, between tradition and current changes, analyze and clarify the factors affecting the process of changing beliefs and evaluate the core values of beliefs in the life of the Chinese in Hoi An; The results of the thesis add useful references about the beliefs of the Chinese people in Hoi An in particular At the same time, providing scientific arguments for the formulation and implementation of ethnic policy, religious policy for the Chinese in Hoi An in the current context Scientific and practical significance of the thesis 6.1 Scientific significance - The thesis has posed and solved an in-depth problem, which is to identify the religious forms and values of the Chinese people in Hoi An This is the basis for comparing the similarities and differences in beliefs of the Chinese in Hoi An with the beliefs of the Chinese in some other areas - The topic contributes to further clarifying the relationship between the development of the Chinese in Hoi An and the preservation and promotion of traditional cultural values in general and traditional religious values in particular in daily life present day of this ethnic group 6.2 Practical significance This is the first work to comprehensively and systematically study Chinese beliefs in Hoi An city today, contributing to preserving in the form of archival documents about Chinese beliefs here Through the process of researching and researching, the author of the thesis proposes some solutions to preserve and promote the religious values of the Chinese to contribute to the development of tourism in Hoi An in the current integration period now Thesis structure In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendix, the main content of the thesis is divided into chapters, including Chapter Overview of research situation, theoretical basis and research area; Chapter Forms of beliefs and ritual practices of the Chinese in Hoi An today; Chapter - Values, changing trends and solutions to preserve and promote the religious values of the Chinese in Hoi An Chapter RESEARCH SITUATION OVERVIEW, RESEARCH BASIS AND RESEARCH LOCATION 1.1 Overview of the research situation 1.1.1 Chinese studies and beliefs about The Chinese people in Vietnam * Research works abroad Within the scope of access to foreign resources studying the Chinese people and chinese beliefs in Vietnam such as the Cholon ville chinoise (Chinese in Cho Lon) project by kermadec J.M.de; Minority groups in the Republic of Vietnam (U.S Department of the Armed Forces); The policy towards Chinese emigration of the Vietnamese dynasty (Fujiwara Ruchiro); In general, these works have provided documentation of chinese migration to Vietnam; the baggage the Chinese carry is the beliefs in the family and individuals * Studies in the country In the period from 1986 to the present, there have been many domestic studies on the Chinese people and chinese beliefs in Vietnam The above works have generally addressed issues related to the beliefs of the Chinese people in Vietnam and provinces and cities in the territory of Vietnam and are directly related to the thesis topic, but these works are mainly and only stop at the general content or some descriptions of the research object of the topic These works will be used as important references for us during the completion of the thesis 1.1.2 The situation of research on Chinese people and Chinese beliefs in Hoi An city, Quang Nam province Some works devote a few subsections dealing with rather disjointed content on issues related to the thesis topic In general, the works have conducted general research, summarized from many different angles about the social life, beliefs and rituals of the Chinese people in general and proposed some practical solutions with Chinese festivals and beliefs 1.2 Theoretical basis 1.2.1 Some basic concepts * Belief: Regarding the concept of "Belief", there are many concepts of "Belief" presented by scholars and researchers such as Ngo Duc Thinh [154; p.16]; Tran Ngoc Add [147; p 262] and was specifically mentioned in the thesis It can be seen that, in our country, "the beliefs of the Vietnamese people clearly reflect the characteristics of rice agriculture of Vietnamese culture, " As a result, these beliefs have become longstanding habits, recognized by the community, and the practice will become customary worship * Ritual belief: There are many interpretations of this concept in which Vietnamese scholars and researchers have come up with related concepts such as Nguyen Van Minh [103; p.363]; Ngo Duc Thinh [154; p.765] offers views on religious ritual and has been specifically mentioned in the thesis Therefore, the thesis is limited to only a few religious rituals for study, that is, forms of belief and ritual practices in the community and in the family * Culture and belief: Typical researchers such as Ngo Duc Thinh [154; p 28]; Nguyen Tri Nguyen [115; p 28] introduced the concepts of religious culture that were specifically mentioned in the thesis From these concepts, it can be seen that belief is the belief and admiration for a certain supernatural object that influences and dominates the daily life of people Because beliefs always have corresponding cultural characteristics, it is called religious culture * Values and religious values: "Values are a philosophical category, referring to the evaluation of the fruits of human material and spiritual creative labor through the long development of history." In addition, religious values are also deeply expressed by resolutions and documents such as Resolution No 33NQ/TW of the XI Party Central Committee, dated 19/6/2014; Document of the XIIth National Party Congress; Document of the XIII National Party Congress * Community: In reference to previous studies,it is possible to give the most general concept of "community" which is a set of people with high intrinsically connected endurance, including recognition criteria and rules of operation, common behavior based on consensus of will, affection, trust and sense of community, so that community members have the ability to unite multiple members into one community." * Clubhouses, shrines, pagodas In Hoi An, there may still exist names that not clearly delineate the concepts of pagodas, shrines, and clubhouses For example , Chaozhou Assembly Hall, Quynh Phu Assembly Hall, or Guan Gong Temple, or Ong Temple Chinese people in Hoi An in particular and the Chinese community in general, the lodges are spiritual cultural spaces that bring together and unite the community The clubhouse with existing ceremonies is a centralized cultural environment of the Chinese people in Hoi An to help the residents here to exchange and connect deeply 1.2.2 Research theory * Functional theory Based on Functional Theory, we approach theoretical perspectives on the function and role of religions and beliefs to carry out specific research on Chinese beliefs in Hoi An city, we want to be able to analyze and clarify economic values, society, culture and environment of beliefs for the practical life of Chinese people in the research area * Acculturation theory Based on the theory of intercultural communication, the author has a basis for considering the object in a dynamic state; identify and analyze the cultural factors of the Chinese people that have been influenced and absorbed through exchanges and transformations that have the effect of supplementing and enriching the cultural beliefs of the Chinese community in Hoi An city cultural and religious treatment of the Chinese people, 1.3 Overview of Hoi An city and The Chinese in Hoi An 1.3.1 Overview of Hoi An city Hoi An is a name that has existed for a long time in history but it is difficult to determine the time of appearance Minh Huong village was established in the time of Lord Nguyen Phuc Lan, next to the pre-existing Hoi An village Based on the documents of Quang Nam palace in the Minh Mang period, Hoi An consists of villages: Minh Huong, Hoi An, Co Trai, Dong An, Yan household and Hoa Embryo, of which Hoi An is the village that makes up the ancient Hoi An population On the basis of researching previous research works, the thesis has pointed out and explained the most common characteristics in terms of nature, economic characteristics, cultural characteristics of Hoi An city, Quang Nam province 1.3.2 Overview of Chinese people in Hoi An city 1.3.2.1 Ethnic identity of the Chinese people in Vietnam and the history of the formation and development of the Chinese diaspora * Ethnic Chinese names According to many existing studies, such as Ngo Van Le's document [96; p 137]; Phan Thi Yen Tuyet, Cao Tu Thanh [182; p 14] mentioned the arrival of the Chinese in Vietnam In addition, in the project Vietnamese and Southeast Asian Chinese: yesterday's image and today's position, Chau Thi Hai identified criteria for identifying "Chinese people" [53] In the most general sense, Chinese people are migrants from China, their descendants were also born and raised in these lands, they have acquired citizenship and become citizens of the host country but still retain traditional Chinese cultural values such as the written word, voices, customs and always identifying themselves as Chinese * History of establishment and development of The Chinese community in Hoi An According to Pham Hoang Hai, author of Hoi An Cultural Travel Companion [54], the formation of the Chinese community in Hoi An comes from many aspects First, due to the Ming Dynasty's draconian policy of closure to control all foreign trade and control of the South China Sea 1.3.2.2 Characteristics of the Chinese community in Hoi An Hoi An is home to many cultures, especially Chinese culture Chinese culture influences Hoi An in two respects: tangible and intangible Typical are architectural works, chinese-style assembly halls Hoi An currently has associations corresponding to chinese people living, including the states of Chaozhou, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan Particularly, Gia Ung state lives at the Common Assembly of states (Five-State Assembly Hall) Sub-conclusion of Chapter To study the beliefs of the Chinese people in Hoi An, the phD student takes on the philosophical perspective of dialectical materialism and historical materialism; ethnographic and socio-cultural anthropological views, views of our Party and State on religion and belief; thereby recognizing and evaluating issues related to the beliefs of the Chinese people here Besides clarifying some concepts related to the content of the thesis Because of understanding these concepts, it is possible to fully analyze the problems related to the thesis In the course of this chapter's research, the phD student focuses on clarifying some of the theoretical issues used in the thesis: two basic theories: functional theory; the theory of intercultural communication Using functional theory, phD students have analyzed and clarified the economic, social, cultural and environmental values of beliefs for the practical life of Chinese people in the research area The thesis has shown in a deeper way, proposing more concrete solutions to preserve and promote the values of belief; overcoming inadequacies in the context of international exchanges and integration in the current period Using the theory of intercultural communication gave the author a basis for considering the object in a dynamic state; identify and analyze the cultural factors of the Chinese people that have been influenced, absorbed through exchanges and Phu Street Ong Pagoda Festival is solemnly held on 24/6 lunar calendar Every three years (three years), the Chinese hold traditional festivals in the years of Spoon, Tuat, Ox and Smell that last for three days from 23 to 25 June 2.2.5 Northern Emperor Zhenyu (Xuan Tian the Great) In Hoi An, Emperor Xuan (northern Emperor Zhenyu) was solemnly worshipped by the Chinese at the Cau Pagoda ruins This is a unique architectural work, consisting of two parts: The Bridge and the Pagoda The bridge was built across a creek nearly 10m wide connecting Tran Phu and Nguyen Thi Minh Khai streets The worship of Northern Emperor Zhenyu at Cau Pagoda contains many unique values, reflecting the period when Taoism flourished in China and spread to many countries around the world, strongly affecting people's lives 2.2.6 Worship of the spirit, the sound of the soul The Chinese came to Hoi An, they together with the local people set up Yin Soul Temple at 76/9 Tran Phu Street, now the temple is entrusted to Mr Truong Duy Tuan and Mr Hua Van Loc (from Minh Huong village) The 20th - 21st day of the 1st lunar calendar every year is chosen by the residents of Minh Huong village as the holiday of yin spirit sacrifice, also known as the sacrifice of soul and soul 2.2.7 Worship of Deuteronomy Shen Fubo is worshipped at The Chau Assembly Hall, No 157 Nguyen Duy Hieu Street This clubhouse is built in the style of foreign internal architecture, facing south - southwest Every year, on the occasion of the Lunar New Year (15-16/1 lunar calendar), the Clubhouse holds an easter ceremony and a commemoration of Tien Sage 2.3 Practice family beliefs 2.3.1 Ancestor worship In addition to the beliefs about gods, human beings, gods, takes place at temples, clubhouses, pagodas, pavilions, The Chinese in Hoi An also show diverse spiritual activities through the religious activities that take place in each family In particular, the most prominent traditional cultural feature of the belief in the family is the hospitality to ancestors This is considered one of the standards to evaluate the family and manners of a family and clan 2.3.2 Worship of the Five Paths In Hoi An, besides the custom of ancestor worship, the Chinese also worship the Five Paths According to the people's concept, the country has a king with a master, the host god is the Five Paths The Chinese believe that the 11 Five Paths are the gods who oversee and arrange the destiny of a family, including the god Dinh Blessed Apple Army, the god Of Doors, the god of Alley, the god of wells, the god of middle class (i.e., Mon, Guardian, Apple, Province, Middle-class poet five temples) The Altar of the Five Houses is placed solemnly in the middle of the house, on the altar of the family 2.3.3 Worship of the God of Fortune, Earth Earth The worship of God of Fortune and Earth is also very important for Chinese people, especially trading and business families Therefore, all Chinese people in Hoi An doing business and trading have set up a temple to worship The God of Tai The biggest day of The God of Fortune is the 10th day of the first lunar month In addition, on the 2nd and 16th days of the lunar calendar every month, the family often worships the God of Fortune and Earth 2.3.4 Apple Army Worship Apple Quan worship is one of the most popular folk beliefs of the Chinese Every year until December 23 of the lunar calendar, the Chinese people in Hoi An become busy preparing for the ceremony to bring Mr Apple to Heaven and that is also the beginning of the annual Lunar New Year preparation day series Sub-conclusion of Chapter The content of this chapter shows that the beliefs of the Chinese people in Hoi An city are now quite diverse, including the classification of types of beliefs such as Beliefs in the community (including forms of worship such as Pre-Sage and Post-Sage Worship; Tianhou Holy Mother, Deity, Guan Gong, Northern Emperor Zhenyu; Deuteronomy; Yin Spirit - Soul) and Family Beliefs (including forms of worship such as Ancestral Worship; The Five Tang Dynasties; God of Fortune, Earth; Apple Quan and other beliefs) Thereby, we have a basis for analysis to clarify the characteristics of the basis of worship and the characteristics of religious practices related to different types of belief The houses of worship related to the types of beliefs of the Chinese in Quang Nam in general and the Chinese in Hoi An in particular are not only historically significant because they are a place to preserve the historical values of the land but also have spiritual significance for the people in general It is considered a symbol of solidarity, gratitude, gratitude to the forefathers Moreover, these values are intended to be highly educational in today's life Through the above analysis, we have drawn the common characteristics of rituals related to 12 Chinese beliefs in Hoi An: Firstly, the process of practicing Chinese beliefs is very thorough and has the participation of the Chinese community in general and Vietnamese residents in particular The period of religious practice usually takes place in the spring or autumn period The process of religious practice is carried out very carefully from the preparation of personnel for the ceremony, the preparation of the culture, to the assignment of food preparation; Secondly, after performing rituals in Chinese religious activities, there is always a lively association to give the Chinese community in general and Vietnamese people in particular the most spiritual comfort to start a year of effective economic production In order to assess the situation of Chinese beliefs in Hoi An, we investigated 120 questionnaires in Minh An ward business of households Community beliefs such as the worship of Tien Sage, Hau Sage or Ba ba day, still maintained and become a festival here Currently, the belief is still held by the Chinese in ancient ways, such as ancestor worship to show respect to grandparents, parents, and families Although retaining only the most basic forms of belief compared to mainland Chinese, the Chinese in Hoi An have always preserved and promoted traditional values suitable to the new land of residence and new context, in order to educate the next generation to preserve and appreciate the good practices of their fathers Chapter VALUES, CHANGING TRENDS AND SOLUTIONS TO PRESERVE AND PROMOTE THE RELIGIOUS VALUES OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE IN HOI AN IN THE CURRENT CONTEXT 3.1 Religious values in Chinese life Like the peoples of our country, belief has a very special place in the spiritual life of the Chinese people in Hoi An, is one of the elements that not only create the national cultural identity, contains many practical values for human life, but also helps to preserve and effectively promote good cultural features, contributing to building an advanced culture, imbued with national identity 3.1.1 The value of expressing folk worldviews and spiritual relief The results of the study showed that, when migrating to Vietnam to establish a career, the beliefs of the Chinese community in Hoi An, although 13 retaining only a few objects of worship with great enough power, strong enough to serve as a spiritual fulcrum, still always reflect clearly and practically the folk worldview of the Chinese people Moreover, thanks to maintaining beliefs and festivals and rituals, Chinese people in Hoi An have the opportunity to satisfy their spiritual life, have sacred, sympathetic, exhilarating moments full of community and community spirit 3.1.2 Values that unite communities of residence and ethnicity For the Chinese, it is a fact that the sense of clan is very tight The first Chinese villages were also partly for the purpose of clan gathering They gather together to increase their cohesive power, to defend themselves and grow in a new environment However, through religious activities, the Chinese community of the same or different clans has the opportunity to come together, sympathize and help each other in life 3.1.3 The value of preserving and expressing the history and cultural identity of the people The cultural and religious values of the Chinese community are reflected not only in the preservation of identity but also in cultural exchange The belief system here has been received and mixed between Vietnamese - Cham - Chinese cultures In addition, with the establishment of the Clubhouses, this is not only a place for living and practicing Chinese beliefs, but also a place to express artistic and cultural characteristics, and at the same time realize the cultural activities of the Chinese people 3.1.4 Traditional educational values The results of the study showed that the forms of Chinese belief in Hoi An have shown educational value in which the associated festivals and rituals are rootoriented, reminding people in the community of lessons about morality, father and grandfather traditions, the history of the formation of the present place of residence; thereby educating morality and pride in the historical traditions of hoi an assembly halls and cities 3.2 Tendencies to change beliefs Along with the transformation of Hoi An city in particular and the country in general, under the impact of urbanization and the process of industrialization and modernization, this arid and sunny land is increasingly changing its skin And one of the inevitable consequences of the impact of 14 urbanization is that many cultural factors of the Chinese people in Hoi An have gradually changed, including the transformation of traditional beliefs 3.2.1 Transformation of beliefs 3.2.1.1 Transforming Community Beliefs * About worship space: Chinese worship facilities since they were built until now, the architecture of religious buildings in Hoi An city has remained the same, the renovations of the Chinese community and hoi an city government are only decorative, protection is intended to enhance majesty, while at the same time resisting degradation over time However, the landscape outside the institutions of worship has undergone rapid transformation due to the development of urbanization * About worship rituals: The survey results show that the rituals of practicing chinese beliefs and worship in Hoi An have not changed much because these rituals were taught by grandparents and ancestors, still the same, the descendants of the next generation remembered and followed However, it is not completely without change, for example, in the past, the offerings at the houses of worship were carried out more fully, namely, the presbytery and post-Sage offerings in the old days, the celebrant had to fast three days before, the celebrant's family had to be complete, successful children, happy spouses, but now no longer demanding * Regarding the basis of worship and modernization of dharmas: In terms of area, architecture, sculpture as well as layout, the layout in each worship facility of the Chinese community in Hoi An after restoration has not changed, but still retains the inherent traditions, with open-air architecture, wood material, yin and yang tile roofing, phoenix dragon sculpture, In addition to the restoration and remodeling of the place of worship, the dharmas were also changed * Belief concept and practice: In Hoi An in the early years of the twenty-first century, the Chinese community and family, the number of people participating in religious activities includes many different classes While at the family level, due to the predominant structure of the nuclear family, the multigenerational "four-way" lifestyle has decreased, somewhat affecting the practice of belief Particularly in the practice of forms of belief, the changes are mainly in the rites of procession, the ceremony part is sometimes reduced and reduced in time, * Purposes of beliefs and worship offerings: Through the results of research, it can be seen that the beliefs of the Chinese people in Hoi An over 15 time have hardly changed, but only the practice of belief is transformed, namely, there is a change from the concept, the purpose comes to the organization of festivals - related rituals, especially some worship offerings 3.2.1.2 Transforming family beliefs Under the impact of many causes, especially the urbanization process in Hoi An city as well as the transformation of community beliefs, the beliefs in the family of Chinese people have also more or less changed to suit the current life Up to now, ancestor worship is still the most important belief in the Chinese family in Hoi An 3.2.2 Variable trends * The trend of disappearing some religious rituals: Through the survey, we found some changes in religious practice in the Chinese community in Hoi An today The rituals in Chinese religious activities have now changed compared to the traditional ones Although the belief system in the Chinese family and community in Hoi An in general retains its main characteristics, some traditional rituals are simplified, especially the steps of practicing rituals or organizing festivals * The trend of intertwining and diversifying beliefs: In Hoi An today, chinese beliefs have been facing a situation of disappearing and intertwining beliefs It can be seen that religious diversification is not a trend but a process that has been taking place in modern social life The trend of intertwining and diversifying beliefs of the Chinese people in Hoi An exists in parallel between two prominent phenomena, the emergence of new beliefs, besides intertwining with old beliefs that have existed since ancient times * The trend of commercialization of beliefs: Hoi An is a land with many potentials and strengths for tourism development, especially spiritual tourism Therefore, the tendency xu towards the commercialization of beliefs helps to realize the dual nature of religious belief On the one hand, it helps to take care of building life, promoting the good; on the other hand, it is easy to become a tool for reactionary forces to provoke, take advantage of, seduce and bribe into political intrigues in order to disrupt national unity and the revolutionary cause of the Party and the people 3.2.3 Causes of variability * Objective causes: One of the important objective reasons leading to the changes in chinese beliefs in Hoi An today is the impact of political institutions, namely some typical policies of the Party and the State on ethnicity, 16 culture, culture with tourism development In addition, the implementation of new resolutions and directives aims to turn Hoi An into an ecotourism city, * Subjective causes: (1) Due to the development of social life, especially the economic restructuring: The policy of restoring and preserving the traditional cultural values of the nation with resolution TW has created a great push for the restoration of cultural activities Along with the process of change in many aspects of the economy, society, traditional beliefs of the Chinese people in Hoi An have also been undergoing many changes in many aspects (2) Due to cultural exchange in the integration period: The changes taking place in the beliefs of the Chinese people in Hoi An city have a great impact of many different causes, which can be generalized in a number of aspects such as: the policies of our Party and State on ethnicity and national unity; the strong impact of Theeconomic restructuring in Hoi An city, especially the development of urbanization, leads to the need for culture, belief, entertainment, etc also increased accordingly; influences of beliefs and religions other than the Chinese community, which can come from cultural exchange, mixed marriage, (3) Due to the symbiosis of The Chinese and other ethnic groups, especially the Vietnamese: The Chinese in Hoi An now live interspersed with other ethnic groups, and the largest are the Vietnamese, so the process of community leading to cultural symbiosis in Hoi An is an inevitable rule Other religious practices such as festivals, cultural activities, worship there are also quite a few changes Many traditional festivals due to long periods of not being held have faded a lot, today with the recent policy of restoring traditional beliefs not only creating links in the family community but also a bond that holds the past with the present of the Chinese community in Hoi An (4) Due to the thinking and lifestyle choices of individuals, more broadly family and family: In the Chinese community in Hoi An, through the interviews we recorded, the change in beliefs comes from within the family, even smaller than from individuals The choices and decisions of each individual and each family contribute significantly to the overall transformation of community beliefs "Faith, which was established on a general social level, now gives way to the interpretation of the individual" [187; p.157] 17 3.3 Issues raised and solutions to preserve and promote religious values 3.3.1 Problems raised 3.3.1.1 The problem of the undesirable impact of faith Under the influence of the market economy, trade exchanges and clashes between cultures are an inevitable reality Therefore, the Chinese people in Hoi An in particular, ethnic groups in general, preserving the promotion of ethnic cultural identity is always a significant challenge In particular, the process of innovation, integration and exchange has formed significant motivations for ethnic culture to develop diversely, appearing many types, including new cultural institutions, especially the "urgent lifestyle" leading to many traditional values gradually becoming extinct 3.3.1.2 Vấn đề biến đổi tín ngưỡng bối cảnh The current trends of religious change on the basis of the market mechanism in the Chinese community in Hoi An are mainly in such directions as: loss of some traditional rituals; flexibility in religious practice; secularization of religious activity; recovery of new elements in religious practice; These movement trends make sense when looking at the developmental laws of culture as a whole 3.3.1.3 The growing problem of the influence of many new faiths with the preservation of traditional Chinese beliefs in Hoi An For the Chinese, the issue of belief has a special important role, especially saintly beliefs such as the worship of Guan Gong, the Holy Mother, In relation to other ethnic minorities in the region, especially with Vietnamese culture; Chinese culture in Hoi An in general still manages to preserve its distinct identity but there have been some changes in religious concept and practice Typical is the worship of Chinese and Vietnamese patron gods in the same spiritual space 3.3.1.4 The issue continues to promote the role of reputable people in the community and local authorities in preserving the religious values of the Chinese people in Hoi An In the Resolution on cultural construction and development, Hoi An people meet the requirements of building an ecological, cultural and tourism city, which has clearly pointed out the limitations and challenges of Hoi An at present, becauseit has made many efforts and achieved good results, but in the context of the requirements of the new period, the task of building and developing culture and people of Hoi An is not commensurate and 18 ...Cơng trình hồn thành tại: Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Người hướng dẫn khoa học: Assoc Prof., Ph.D Nguyen Van Minh Phản... village Based on the documents of Quang Nam palace in the Minh Mang period, Hoi An consists of villages: Minh Huong, Hoi An, Co Trai, Dong An, Yan household and Hoa Embryo, of which Hoi An is the... chinese beliefs in Vietnam The above works have generally addressed issues related to the beliefs of the Chinese people in Vietnam and provinces and cities in the territory of Vietnam and are directly