CHAPTER 2: CLAUSES AND PHRASES PART 3: CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF REASON A Phrases of reason Cụm từ lý thường bắt đầu bằng: because of, owing to, due to, as a result of, on account of, Because of Cấu trúc: because of (Bởi vì) owing to (Do ) due to (Nhờ vào) + Noun/ Noun phrase/V-ing as a result of (kết của) on account of (Bởi vì) - Cụm từ thường sử dụng because of - Các cụm từ đứng trước sau mệnh đề chính, mang nghĩa ‘vì, do’ Nếu đứng trước mệnh đề chính, ta phải thêm dấu phẩy vào trước mệnh đề chính, đứng sau mệnh đề chính, ta khơng cần thêm dấu phấy Jane was late because of the rain.= Because of the rain, Jane was late Because of the traffic jam, the students arrived late The project has to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding Owing to his illness, he could not continue with his studies She dies as a result of her injuries B Clauses of reason Mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý mệnh đề phụ lý nguyên nhân hành động nêu mệnh đề Mệnh đề trạng ngữ lý thường nối với mệnh đề nhờ từ nối như: because, since, as since as thường đặt đầu câu người nghe biết rõ nguyên nhân nguyên nhân không quan trọng because từ nối sử dụng phổ biến Cấu trúc 1: Because/ Since/ As + S + V He came ten minutes late because he missed the first bus 2 As the weather was bad, they didn’t take part in the trip C How to change a phrase to a clause (Cách chuyển cụm từ thành mệnh đề) Để chuyển cụm từ thành mệnh đề cần xem xét chúng rơi vào trường hợp sau Trường hợp 1: Cụm từ bắt đầu V-ing (động từ thêm ING) Ví dụ: Despite having enough money, he refused to buy a new car - Khi cụm từ bắt đầu V-ing, lấy chủ ngữ mệnh đề chính, biến Ving thành động từ nguyên thể chia phù hợp với Ví dụ: Despite having enough money, he refused to buy a new car Although he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car Trường hợp 2: Cụm từ bắt đầu A/An/The + Danh từ đơn Ví dụ: In spite of the traffic jam, he managed to come to the meeting on time - Khi cụm từ bắt đầu A/An/ The + danh từ đơn thuần, thêm THERE + BE (cho phù hợp) viết lại mệnh đề cịn lại Ví dụ: In spite of the traffic jam, he managed to come to the meeting on time Although there was heavy traffic, he managed to come to the meeting on time Trường hợp 3: Cụm từ bắt bắt đầu Tính từ + Danh từ Ví dụ: He went on holiday to Thailand in spite of the expensive airfare - Khi cụm từ bắt đầu Tính từ + danh từ, ta chuyển danh từ lên sau mạo từ THE, thêm TO BE cho phù hợp, ghi tính từ sau to BE Ví dụ: He went on holiday to Thailand in spite of the expensive airfare He went on holiday to Thailand though the airfare was expensive Trường hợp 4: Cụm từ bắt đầu Tính từ sở hữu + Danh từ Ví dụ: Despite my tiredness, I enjoyed the film - Khi cụm từ bắt đầu Tính từ sở hữu + Danh từ, chuyển tính từ sở hữu – đại từ nhân xưng tương ứng, thêm động từ BE biến danh từ - tính từ tương ứng Ví dụ: Despite my tiredness, I enjoyed the film Although I was tired, I enjoyed the film Trường hợp 5: Cụm từ bắt đầu Tinh từ sở hữu + trạng từ + Danh từ Ví dụ: Despite his bad behaviour, he wasn’t punished - Khi mệnh đề có chứa Tính từ sở hữu, tính từ, danh từ chúng ta: + Biến tính từ sở hữu – đại từ nhân xưng tương ứng + Biến danh từ - động từ tương ứng (viết sau đại từ nhân xưng) + Biến tính từ - trạng từ tương ứng (viết sau động từ) Ví dụ: Despite his bad behaviour, he wasn’t punished Although he behaved badly, he wasn’t punished Trường hợp 6: Cụm từ bắt đầu THE FACT THAT Ví dụ: Despite the fact that it rained, we enjoyed our trip - Khi mệnh đề có chứa THE FACT THAT, lược bỏ cụm từ ấy, viết lại câu không thay đổi Ví dụ: Despite the fact that it rained, we enjoyed our trip Although it rained, we enjoyed our trip Exercise 1: Rewrite the sentences, using clauses Despite my warning, they went ahead with their plan - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… They went swimming in spite of the coldness of the water - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… In spite of being bad at pool, she beat him three times in a row - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… She decided to go abroad for a year despite loving her boyfriend very much - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… He went on holiday to Thailand in spite of the expensive airfare - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Socrates never had much money despite being very famous in his own day - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… His career did not really take off despite his ambitions - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… They managed to work together despite their differences of opinion - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences, using clauses 11 Although there was a traffic jam, me managed to arrive at the train station on time (despite) - …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 12 I don’t want to buy a new computer although I have enough money (having) - …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 13 Both of them usually go to school late although they don’t live far away from school - In spite of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 14 My brother still went to school yesterday although he was sick (sickness) - …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 15 Although he looks healthy, he has a weak heart (looking) - …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 16 Despite the fact that Louis is not so rich, he often does charity (although) - …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 17 In spite of the awful weather, we enjoyed our party last night (although) - …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 18 She goes shopping every week although she has many clothes (having) - …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 19 Although Peter was not invited to the party, he was the first to come (In spite of) - …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 20 Though he promises he won’t tell lie again, I won’t trust him anymore - …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… Exercise 3: Choose the correct answers He got wet A because of he forgot his umbrella B because He stops working A in spite of B although B although Jill and Jolly were happy A because D and C despite D because of heavy raining They have a lot of difficulties in their life A in spite of C but their poverty C because D because of it was their both birthday party that day B even though C spite of D Despite Nobody could hear her A although she spoke too quietly B because We decided to leave early A although C because D because of C though D despite C in spite of D though the bad news B because of John lost his job A because of D in spite of the party was boring B despite We all feel sad A because C because of his laziness B because Exercise 4: Choose the correct answers The boy can’t reach the shelf A because B although She couldn’t unlock it A while he’s not tall enough B but C though B though B though We didn’t go for a walk A though I’m learning English A or B because B because D but we had nothing better to C so D but C but D so they were too tired C but D if I want to get a better job B because Last night we came to the show late A although C because it was very cold They decided not to go out for a meal A so D because he was lazy We watched TV the whole evening A because D and she had the wrong key Nam failed the final exam A while C even though B despite C therefore D but the traffic was terrible C and D because Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with because/ because of We delayed our trip ……………………………………… the bad weather Sue’s eyes were red ……………………………………… she had been crying My mother is always complaining………………………………………the untidiness of my room The water in most river is unsafe to drink………………………………………it’s polluted 5 The trees were bend over………………………………………the wind You can’t enter this secure areas…………………………………you don’t have an official permit It’s unsafe to travel in that country………………………………………the ongoing civil war Several people in the crowd became ill and fainted…………………………………the extreme heat Mark didn’t go to work yesterday………………………………………he didn’t feel well 10 We couldn’t get into the disco………………………………………the enormous crowd Exercise 4: Complete the sentences with because/ because of I went home early………………………………………I was feeling unwell We decided not to go out for a meal………………………………………we were simply too tired I couldn’t get to sleep………………………………………the noise He only accepted the job………………………………………the salary, which was very high Sarah can’t climb up the tree………………………………………her fear of heights ………………………………………his age, John was not hired………………………………………he had the necessary qualifications Mary came to class late………………………………………her motorbike had a puncture Sandy didn’t go to school yesterday………………………………………she was sick She went to bed early………………………………………her tiredness 10 I couldn’t the test………………………………………it was too difficult Exercise 5: Rewrite the sentences, using because/because of He didn’t come because of his sickness - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The train was late because the fog was thick - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The plane couldn’t take off because of the bad weather - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… He left the school because his family was poor - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… We couldn’t study because of the noise - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I didn’t go swimming because it was cold - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… These students arrive late because of the bad traffic - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Mary can’t sleep because she has drunk a cup of strong coffee - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Because of getting up early, he wasn’t late for the first train - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 He was accepted for the job because he had much experience - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Exercise 6: Rewrite the sentences, using because/because of Kevin has failed many times, so he disappointed - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I had not eaten for 24 hours I was very hungry - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… He ate all the fruits The fruits were ripe - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… He hadn’t finished the letter He didn’t go to sleep - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… He is dismissed He was late for the work very often - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… He drove too fast He caused a serious accident - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The streets are narrow, so there are not many people driving cars in this city - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The test was so difficult that I couldn’t it - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… I don’t know Russian I have to have my document translated into Russian - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 The children had an accident They went to school late - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… She decided to go abroad for a year despite loving her boyfriend very much - ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… He went on holiday to Thailand in spite of... Exercise 3: Choose the correct answers He got wet A because of he forgot his umbrella B because He stops working A in spite of B although B although Jill and Jolly were happy A because D and C despite... even though C spite of D Despite Nobody could hear her A although she spoke too quietly B because We decided to leave early A although C because D because of C though D despite C in spite of D