Tài liệu kiến thức cơ bản Tiếng anh lớp 11

Tài liệu Kiến thức Tiếng Anh 11 Trường THPT Đào Sơn Tây Lớp: 11B… Họ tên:………………………… Năm học 2021 - 2022 UNIT 1: FRIENDSHIP VOCABULARY acquaintance → acquainted with aim bright → brighten up changeable common → commonly = usually, normally concerned with constancy → constant → constantly down enthusiasm → enthusiastic → enthusiastically 10 give-and-take 11 gossip 12 incapable ≠ capable 13 influence → influential 14 joy → joyful 15 lasting 16 lifelong 17 loyal to → loyalty 18 mutual 19 pursue → pursuit 20 quality 21 rumor → rumor 22 secret → secret 23 selfish → selfishness ≠ unselfishness 24 sorrow 25 suspicion → suspect → suspicious of/ about → suspiciously 26 sympathy → sympathetic → sympathize with sb 27 trouble → trouble → troubled (n) (a) (n) (a) (v) (a) (a) (adv) (adv) (a) (n) (a) (adv) (a) (n) (a) (adv) (n) (n) (a) (a) (n) (v) (a) (n) (a) (a) (a) (a) (n) (a) (v) (n) (n) (n) (v) (n) (a) (a) (n) (n) (n) (n) (v) (a) (adv) (n) (a) (v) (n) (v) (a) người quen quen thuộc với mục đích sáng, vui tươi làm sáng lên, vui lên hay thay đổi phổ biến, thông thường thông thường quan tâm, lo lắng kiên trì liên tục thường xun buồn rầu lịng nhiệt tình nhiệt tình cách nhiệt tình cho nhận, nhân nhượng chuyện ngồi lê đôi mách khơng đủ khả đủ khả ảnh hưởng lực, có ảnh hưởng lớn niềm vui vui thích lâu dài suốt đời trung thành lòng trung thành chung, tương hỗ theo đuổi (một mục đích) theo đuổi chất lượng, phẩm chất tin đồn phao tin đồn điều bí mật bí mật ích kỷ tính ích kỷ tính khơng ích kỉ nỗi buồn nghi ngờ hồi nghi nghi ngờ cách đáng nghi thông cảm thông cảm thông cảm với rắc rối gây rắc rối lo lắng, gặp khó khăn 28 trust 29 two-sided 30 talkative (n) (v) (a) (a) tin cậy hai mặt, hai phía hay nói, điều GRAMMAR A Infinitive with "To" “To-infinitive” (động từ nguyên mẫu có “To”) thường dùng trường hợp sau: Verbs + To-infinitive: “To-infinitive” dùng sau số động từ thơng dụng như: - afford: có đủ tiền - hope: hy vọng - agree: đồng ý - learn: học - appear: xuất hiện, - manage: xoay xở - arrange: xếp - offer: tự nguyện - attempt: cố gắng - plan: dự định - ask: hỏi, yêu cầu - pretend: giả vờ - choose: chọn - promise: hứa - decide: định - refuse: từ chối - demand: đòi hỏi - resolve: tâm - determine: tâm - seem: dường - expect: mong đợi - threaten: đe dọa - fail: thất bại - want: muốn - happen: xảy - wish: mong muốn - hesitate: dự - would like: muốn Ex: How did you manage to get this part-time job? Verbs + object + To-infinitive: “To-infinitive” dùng sau số động từ với cấu trúc “động từ + túc từ + Toinfinitive”: - advise sb (not) to sth.: khuyên làm việc - allow sb to sth.: cho phép làm việc - ask sb (not) to sth.: yêu cầu làm - enable sb to sth.: tạo điều kiện cho làm - encourage sb to sth.: khuyến khích làm việc - forbid sb to sth.: cấm làm việc - force sb to sth.: bắt làm việc - invite sb to sth.: mời làm - order sb to sth.: lệnh cho làm việc - permit sb to sth.: cho phép làm việc - persuade sb to sth.: thuyết phục làm - remind sb to sth.: nhắc nhở làm việc - request sb to sth.: yêu cầu làm việc - tell sb (not) to sth.: bảo làm việc - urge sb to sth.: thúc giục làm việc - want sb to sth.: muốn làm việc - warn sb (not) to sth.: cảnh báo (đừng) làm việc - would like sb to sth.: muốn làm việc Ex: He persuaded his parents to lend him the money The police warned us not to drive very fast on this road 3 “To-infinitive” dùng làm chủ từ cho động từ appear, be, seem động từ nối khác (link verbs) Ex: - To solve the traffic problems seems impossible Tuy nhiên, trường hợp này, thường dùng cách nói bắt đầu chủ từ giả (unreal subject) “It” đặt “To-infinitive” sau câu: - It seems impossible to solve the traffic problems “To-infinitive” dùng sau số tính từ (adjective + To-infinitive), thường dùng với cấu trúc “It is + adjective (for sb.) + To-infinitive” Ex: - His explanations were difficult to understand - Is it convenient for you to work in the evening? “To-infinitive” dùng sau động từ “cost/take + túc từ” Ex: - It'll cost a lot of money to make a trip around the world - It would take many years to rebuild this ancient temple “To-infinitive” dùng để giản lược mệnh đề quan hệ (reduce relatives), dùng sau từ “the first / the second / the last / the only (+ noun)” Ex: - She bought some new clothes to wear during the holiday (She bought some new clothes which she could wear during the holiday.) - Who was the first student to find out the answer? (Who was the first student who found out the answer?) “To-infinitive” dùng để mục đích (To-infinitive for purposes) Trong cách dùng mục đích, dùng cách nói “in order to + infinitive” “so as to + infinitive” thay cho “To-infinitive” Ex: - They borrowed the money from the bank in order to/so as to/ to buy a car (They borrowed the money from the bank They wanted to buy a car.) “To-infinitive” dùng sau “Too + adjective/adverb (for sb.)” Ex: - This job is too hard for him to (This job is so hard that he can’t it.) - He spoke too quickly for me to understand (He spoke so quickly that I couldn’t understand him.) “To-infinitive” dùng sau “adjective/adverb + enough (for sb.)” Ex: - The sea was warm enough for us to swim in (The sea was warm, so we could swim in it.) - He didn’t speak slowly enough for me to understand (He didn’t speak slowly, so I couldn’t understand him.) * Chú ý: Chúng ta dùng “enough + noun + To-infinitive” Ex: - I didn’t have enough time to visit my relatives (I didn’t visit my relatives because I didn’t have time.) 10 Verbs + how / what / when / where / which / why + To-infinitive: “To-infinitive” dùng sau số động từ + how / what / when / where / which / why Ex: - I don’t remember when to hand in the report * Chú ý: Chúng ta dùng “whether + To-infinitive” sau “want to know” “wonder” Ex: - She wanted to know whether to stay or leave (Cơ ta muốn biết liệu có nên lại đi.) B Infinitive without “To” “Bare infinitive” (động từ nguyên mẫu không “To”) thường dùng trường hợp sau: “Bare infinitive” dùng sau trợ động từ “do / don’t / does / doesn’t / did / didn’t”, sau trợ động từ khiếm khuyết “can / could / would / may / might / must/ should / ought to / would rather / had better” Ex: - She doesn’t know where to go “Bare infinitive” dùng sau động từ “Make/Let + object” Ex: - The robber made the cashier hand over the money - I’ll let you borrow my car if you promise to take good care of it Khi động từ “Make” dùng câu bị động, phải theo sau “Toinfinitive” Ex: - The cashier was made to hand over the money by the robber * Chú ý: Sau “help” dùng “Bare infinitive”: - I’ll help you clean the floor OR: I’ll help you to clean the floor “Bare infinitive” dùng sau số động từ giác quan sau: see hear watch notice find feel + object + bare infinitive Ex: - I saw that man take your bike * Chú ý: Các động từ theo sau “Verb+ing” với ý nghĩa “nghe thấy làm gì” Ví dụ: - I saw that man running out of the building EXERCISES I Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets There are some _ characters hanging around outside our house (suspicion) _ is one of the most important factors for true friendship (Loyal) Some people tend to view foreigners with (suspect) Her can compensate for her lack of experience (enthusiastic) I can’t concentrate with that _ noise by the children (constancy) She tried her best to get a place at the University of Fine Arts in of her dream (pursue) The boss was very about my problems when I told him about them yesterday (sympathy) I hope you’ll consider me a friend and not just an (acquainted) He just can’t that job without help He seems to be totally of doing it by himself (capable) 10 This newspaper is considered to be the most in the country (influence) II Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences It is a belief that a person’s friends can affect his/her way of life A loyal B influential C common D lifelong He first met his wife at a party held by a(n) _ friend of theirs A gossip B mutual C changeable D incapable Some were circulating about her past, but later they were proved to be false A facts B truth C concerns D rumors Everyone expressed their at the death of the highly respected leader A sorrow B selfishness C influence D gossip Her mood is very She may laugh happily now and then suddenly she may cry bitterly A suspicious B changeable C constant D concerned “Thank you so much for your help, Steve” “ _.” A That’s right B I’m OK C My pleasure D Forget me not The weather is very , so you should take an umbrella with you A incapable B mutual C changeable D unbelievable A(n) is a person that you know but who is not a close friend A intimate B true friend C friendship D acquaintance They knew each other at primary school, and their friendship a lifetime A took B lasted C spent D continued 10 The wine had made him of thinking clearly A unable B impossible C incapable D inaccurate 11 A(n) person is unlikely to keep a secret long A talkative B quality C intimate D selfish 12 Everyone needs a close friend to their joys and sorrows A share B present C communicate D feel 13 She had always been to her husband A sympathetic B understanding C enthusiastic D loyal 14 There is a(n) going around that the minister is going to resign A information B rumour C news D uncertainty 15 Our relationship is based on respect A mutual B common C uncertain D selfish III Complete the passage by putting the words in the box into the blanks a professor kept since friendship to friends continued When in In front of the enormous Shibuya train station in Tokyo, there is a life-size bronze statue of (1) _ dog Even though the statue is very small when compared to the huge neon signs flashing, it isn't difficult (2) find It has been used as a meeting point (3) _ 1934 and today you will find hundreds of people waiting there for their (4) to arrive- just look for the crowds Hachiko, an Akita dog, was born (5) _ 1923 and brought to Tokyo in 1924 His owner, Professor Eisaburo Uyeno and he were inseparable friends right from the start Each day Hachiko would accompany his owner, a (6) at the Imperial University, to Shibuya train station when he left for work (7) _ he came back, the professor would always find the dog patiently waiting for him Sadly, the professor died suddenly at work in 1925 before he could return home Although Hachiko was still a young dog, the (8) _ between him and his owner was very strong and he (9) to wait at the station every day Sometimes, he would stay there for days at a time, though some believe that he (10) _ returning because of the food he was given by street vendors He became a familiar sight to commuters over time In 1934, a statue of him was put outside the station In 1935, Hachiko died at the place he last saw his friend alive IV Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence Can you manage the work by yourself? A finish B finishing C to finish I really can’t to travel by plane A enjoy B afford C stand They’re planning a flyover at this crossroads A building B to build C build My parents to send me to a different school A disliked B decided C avoided I’m sorry I’ve arranged to Susie’s birthday this Saturday A go B to go C going Bill agreed a speech at the meeting A make B making C to make Phil to have a difficult problem A can’t stand B give up C seems I failed in touch with him A getting B got C to get The workers to have longer holidays A enjoyed B suggested C hoped 10 Do you coming back in half an hour? A want B mind C expect 11 Kate was made the report by Monday A to finish B finish C finishing 12 Carl staying one night in the village A suggests B hopes C plans 13 Linda to have a headache and left the meeting early A afforded B offered C pretended 14 Do you think your father will you to go out at a late time? A make B let C allow 15 The lifeguard warned all of us too far from the shore A to not swim B not to swim C don’t swim 16 Why don’t you your son go camping with his classmates? A let B permit C urge 17 Some people saw the man out of the fourth floor window A fall B to fall C fell 18 Annie’s a nurse, but she’d rather at weekends A not to work B not work C doesn’t work 19 You to go today It may rain tomorrow A must B should C ought 20 Would you like now or shall we wait till the end? A go B to go C going V Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one He’s very ill; he can’t eat anything  He’s too ill You won’t get up early so you never catch the fast train  You won’t get up early enough He was so drunk that he couldn’t answer my question  He was too drunk _ It’s not very dark so we can’t see the stars clearly  It’s not dark enough _ We look forward to meeting our cousins again  We expect He expects to buy those books  He looks It takes me 30 minutes to go to school every day  I spend _ They spend four months finding this shop  It takes _ My father didn’t agree to help Tom because he was a robber  My father denied _ 10 Do you feel like going to the cinema tonight, Ba?  Would you like ? UNIT 2: PERSONAL EXPERIENCES VOCABULARY affect appreciate → appreciation at once = immediately attitude confidence → confident → confidently cotton embarrass → embarrassed → embarrassing → embarrassment exact → exactly experience → experience → experienced 10 extreme → extremely 11 floppy hat 12 get on a bus 13 glance → glance 14 idol → idolize 15 imagine → imaginary (v) (v) (n) (adv) (adv) (n) (n) (a) (adv) (n) (v) (a) (a) (n) (a) (adv) (n) (v) (a) (a) (adv) (n) (v) (v) (n) (n) (v) (n) (a) có tác dụng, có ảnh hưởng coi trọng, đánh giá cao coi trọng, đánh giá cao thái độ tự tin, tin tưởng tự tin, tin tưởng cách tự tin vải làm bối rối, xấu hổ bị bối rối xấu hổ gây bối rối xấu hổ bối rối xấu hổ xác cách xác kinh nghiệm trải nghiệm giàu kinh nghiệm cao độ mũ mềm lên xe buýt liếc nhìn liếc mắt thần tượng thần tượng hóa người tưởng tượng tưởng tượng (không thật) → imaginative → imagination 16 make a fuss 17 make sure 18 note 19 notice 20 point 21 protect → protection 22 sneak → sneaky → sneakily 23 turn away 24 wad (a) (n) (v) (v) (n) (v) (v) (v) (n) (v) (a) (adv) (v) (n) giàu trí tưởng tượng tưởng tượng; trí tưởng tượng làm ầm ĩ lên chắn tiền giấy, tờ giấy bạc để ý, nhận thấy tay vào bảo vệ, che chở bảo vệ, che chở hành động lút lút, gian xảo cách lút quay xấp (tiền giấy) GRAMMAR A Present simple (Thì đơn) * Đối với động từ To be (am/ is/ are) Affirmative Negative (Khẳng định) (Phủ định) S + am/ is/ are + … Interrogative (Nghi vấn) S + am/ is/ are + not + … Am/ Is/ Are + S + …? is not = isn’t are not = aren’t Ex: Ex: Ex: I am a student (Tôi He is not a teacher (Anh khơng Am I a student? (Tơi có phải học sinh.) phải giáo viên.) học sinh không?) She is a student (Cô I am not a winner (Tơi khơng phải Is it sunny? (Có phải trời nắng học sinh.) người chiến thắng.) không? We are very happy (Chúng They are not at home (Họ khơng Are you a doctor? (Bạn có tơi hạnh phúc.) có nhà.) phải bác sĩ khơng?) Động từ To Be chia theo chủ ngữ câu: I She, He, It, Singular noun (Danh từ số ít), Uncountable Noun (Danh từ khơng đếm được) You, We, They, Plural noun (Danh từ số nhiều) * Đối với động từ thường Affirmative Negative Interrogative (Khẳng định) (Phủ định) (Nghi vấn) S + V/Vs/es + … S + do/ does + not + V + am is are Do/ Does + S +V + …? Do not = don’t Does not = doesn’t Ex: Ex: Ex: I go to school every day She doesn’t study on Friday Do you play volleyball? Dog likes meat Jack and Peter don’t work late → Yes, I do./ No, I don’t today Does Lan listen to music after I don’t listen to music school? → Yes, she does./No, she doesn’t Động từ thường đơn chia theo chủ ngữ câu: I, You, We, They, Plural noun (danh từ số nhiều) She, He, It, Singular noun (danh từ số ít), Uncountable Noun (danh từ khơng đếm được) V Vs/es Thì đơn dùng trường hợp sau: Diễn tả thói quen sinh hoạt thường ngày (habitual actions) Trong cách dùng này, Thì đơn thường dùng với trạng từ như: always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never, how often, every day, once/twice a week, … Ex: Phil usually has a headache whenever he has trouble Diễn tả điều gần chân lý: Ex: Most rivers flow into the seas Có thể dùng để diễn tả tương lai hành động có kế hoạch theo thời gian biểu: Ex: The plane leaves Hanoi at 9:30 and arrives in Ho Chi Minh City at 11:30 * Chú ý: Khi dùng đơn với ngơi thứ ba số (He, She, It) với chủ ngữ danh từ số ít, phải thêm "s" vào động từ Ex: He usually walks to work Thêm "es" vào động từ tận nguyên mẫu có: "ss, sh, ch, x" "o" Ex: - I cross, he crosses Khi nguyên mẫu tận có "y", mà trước phụ âm, đổi "y" thành "i+es" Ex: - I try, he tries Nếu trước "y" nguyên âm, không đổi "y" thêm "s" Ex: - I play, he plays B Present progressive (Thì tiếp diễn) Affirmative (Khẳng định) Negative (Phủ định) Interrogative (Nghi vấn) S + am/ is/ are + V-ing +… S + am/is/are + not + V-ing + Am/ Is/Are + S + V-ing +…? is not = isn’t 10 Reading enables me to learn about so many things that I would otherwise not know I learned about how people lived in bygone days of magic and mystery I learned about the wonders of the world, space travel, human achievements, gigantic whales, tiny viruses and other fascinating things of our world The wonderful thing about reading is that I not have to learn things the hard way For example, I not have to catch a disease to know that it can kill me I know the danger so I can avoid it Also I not have to go deep into the jungle to learn about the tiger I can read all about it in a book Books provide the reader with so much information and facts They have certainly helped me in my daily life I am better equipped to cope with living Otherwise, I would go about ignorantly learning things the hard way So I continue to read Besides being more informed about the world, I also spend my time profitably It is indeed a good hobby * Answer the following questions in complete sentences How did the author start to learn to read books? ………………………………………………… What is the wonderful thing about reading according to the author? ……………………………………………………………………… How can he learn about the tiger without going into the jungle? …………………………………………………………………… Why does the author say that “reading is indeed a good hobby”? ……………………………………………………………………… V Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word given in parentheses Organizing the sporting event was one of his remarkable (accomplish) He went to the club to play chess with his friend as it was his hobby (regular) He is known for his _ , an uncommon characteristic for a rich businessman (modest) His in alcohol resulted in his nervous breakdown (indulge) Her latest of short stories was received with great enthusiasm.(collect) We are full of for your hard work (admire) VI Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one Qatar was the country where the 15th Asian Games were held It was in ……………………………………………………… The first mobile phone were commercially produced in 1983 It was in ……………………………………………………… The noise of the traffic has driven me crazy It is …………………………………………… That girl’s mother works in my father’s office That’s the girl ………………………………… It is essential that this letter be posted today This letter ……………………………………… Can you give me directions for the Grand Theater? Could you tell me how …………………………… -UNIT 15: SPACE CONQUEST VOCABULARY approximately astronaut attention congratulate  congratulation conquer  conquest cosmonaut deal with (adv) (n) (n) (v) (n) (v) (n) (n) (v) khoảng chừng phi hành gia ý chúc mừng, khen ngợi lời chúc mừng khen ngợi chinh phục chinh phục phi hành gia đối phó, giải 85 extreme failure 10 feat 11 flight 12 hero 13 last 14 orbit 15 precise  precisely 16 psychology  psychological 17 react to  reaction 18 routine  routine 19 satisfaction  satisfy  satisfied with 20 share 21 speed 22 technical 23 telegram 24 temperature 25 tense  tension 26 tragedy  tragic  tragically 27 uncertain  uncertainty 28 venture 29 view 30 weightless  weightlessness (a) (n) (v) (n) (n) (v) (n, v) (a) (adv) (n) (a) (v) (n) (a) (n) (n) (v) (a) (v) (n) (a) (n) (n) (a) (n) (n) (a) (adv) (a) (n) (n) (v) (a) (n) cực độ thất bại kì cơng, cơng trình chuyến bay anh hùng kéo dài quỹ đạo, bay theo quỹ đạo xác cách xác tâm lý thuộc tâm lý phản ứng với phản ứng thường lệ việc thường lệ thỏa mãn hài lòng làm thỏa mãn hài lòng thỏa mãn, hài lòng chia sẻ, dùng chung tốc độ kĩ thuật điện tín nhiệt độ căng thẳng, hồi hộp căng thẳng bi kịch bi thảm cách bi thảm không chắn bất trắc, không chắn mạo hiểm xem, quan sát khơng trọng lực tình trạng khơng trọng lực GRAMMAR A “Can, could, be able to”: “Can”: Chúng ta thường dùng ‘can+ bare infinitive’để diễn tả ‘một việc khả xảy ra’ ‘một người có khả làm gì’ trong tương lai Ví dụ: I can see you tomorrow afternoon, not tomorrow morning Chú ý: hình thức phủ định (negative forrm) ‘can’ ‘can’t’ ‘cannot’ Ví dụ: I can’t/cannot cook, so we should eat out Chúng ta dùng ‘can’ với ý nghĩa ‘cho phép phép làm gì’ Ví dụ: You can go out if you’ve finished your work “Could” hình thức khứ ‘can’ thường dùng để nói khả nói chung khứ Ví dụ: she could sing very well when she was a child “Be able to+ infinitive” dùng để nói ‘một người có khả làm gì’, tương tự ‘can+bare infinitive’ Ví dụ:Are you able to type 80 words a minute? Chú ý: tiếng Anh đàm thoại thông dụng (informal English) người ta tường dùng ‘can’ ‘be able to’ Tuy nhiên, ‘can’ có hình thức hình thức khứ ‘could’ Vậy nên số trường hợp phải dùng ‘be able to’ diễn tả khả 86 * Diễn tả khả với ‘To-infinitive’: It’s difficult to be able to speak English flutently (NOT: it’s difficult English flutently) - His English is not verry good enough to be able to study able to study abroad * diễn tả khả sau động từ khiếm khuyết - You must be able to make yourself understood in English (NOT: You yourself understood in English) * diễn tả khả với hoàn thành (present perfect); - How long have you been able to drive? (NOT: How long?) Chú ý: diễn tả khả tương lai, dùng ‘will be able to’ ‘can’ Ví dụ: I’ll be able to meet you tomorrow after class ‘Could’ ‘was/were able to’: dùng ‘could’ ‘was/were able to’ nói khả tổng quát khứ Ví dụ: Lisa could play/ was able to play the piano when she was Tuy nhiên nói khả hành động xảy riêng biệt lần (particular action) khứ, dùng ‘could’ mà dùng ‘was/were able to’ Ví dụ: The car suddenly caught fine, but they were able to escape from it (trong trường hợp này, dùng ‘they could escape from it they were able to escape’ đồng nghĩa với’ they manager to escape’ ‘they succeeded in escaping.) - He was able to get job although he didn’t have enough qualification (NOT: He could get the job , ‘he was able to get’ = he succeeded in getting or he managed to get’) Trong câu phủ định câu hỏi (negative sentence and question), hai dùng ‘could’ ‘was/were able to’ dùng mà khơng thay đổi ý nghĩa Ví dụ: The weather was awful, so I couldn’t go/ wasn’t able to go sailing Chúng ta thường dùng ‘could’ (hơn dùng ‘was/were able to’) động từ giác quan (see, hear,…) động từ hoạt động trí tuệ (understand, remember,…) Ví dụ: I could smell something burning when I came into the kitchen B Question tags (câu hỏi đuôi): * Quy tắc: Câu phát biểu khẳng định câu hỏi phủ định ngược lại Cụ thể: - Vế đằng trước (+) phần (-) Ex: You play the guitar, don’t you ? - Vế đằng trước (-) phần (+) Ex: You didn’t your homework, did you? * Ví dụ câu hỏi với thì: Thì Động từ “To be” - He is handsome, isn't he? Hiện đơn, tiếp diễn - You aren't studying, are you? - I am late, aren't I? Động từ thường - They like me, don't they? - She doesn't love you, does she? Quá khứ đơn, khứ tiếp - He was reading, wasn't he? - He didn't come here, did he? diễn - They weren't surprised, were they? - You came late, did you? 87 - She will be loved, won't she? Thì tương lai đơn - It won't rain, will it? - We shall go out tonight, shan't we? Hiện hoàn thành, Hiện hoàn thành tiếp diễn - He hasn't been here all week, has he? - They have left, haven't they? - She has studied well, hasn't she? Quá khứ hoàn thành, Quá - They had been working hard, hadn't they? khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn - He hadn't met you before, had he? * Một số lưu ý quan trọng cách chuyển đuôi: Ở phần câu hỏi đuôi phủ định, ta bắt buộc phải dùng dạng viết tắt, không dùng ‘not’ Ex: You are a student, aren't you? (không dùng “are not you”? Câu hỏi đuôi “I am” “aren’t I” Ex: I am going to it again, aren't I? Đối với câu mệnh lệnh, câu hỏi “will + you” Ex: Close the door, will you? Câu giới thiệu dùng “Let’s + V-inf”, câu hỏi đuôi “shall we” Ex: Let's go for a picnic, shall we? Tuy nhiên, Let me …, will you? Chủ ngữ "nothing, anything, everything, something " câu hỏi đuôi dùng "it" Ex: Everything is ok, isn't it? Chủ ngữ đại từ bất định: "everyone, someone, anyone, no one, nobody " câu hỏi đuôi "they" Ex: Somebody wanted a drink, didn't they? Trong câu có trạng từ phủ định bán phủ định như: "never, seldom, hardly, scarely, little …; nothing, nobody, no one " phần hỏi dạng khẳng định Ex: He seldom drinks wine, does he? You hardly call each other, you? Chủ ngữ "this, that", dùng "it" câu hỏi đuôi Chủ ngữ "these those", dùng "they" câu hỏi đuôi Ex: This isn't your bag, is it? These are oranges, aren't they? Chủ ngữ mệnh đề danh từ, dùng “it” câu hỏi đuôi Ex: What you have said is wrong, isn't it? 88 10 Câu đầu có: "It seems that + mệnh đề", lấy mệnh đề để hình thành câu hỏi Ex: It seems that you are right, aren't you? 11 Câu đầu "I wish", dùng "may" câu hỏi đuôi Ex: I wish to study English, may I? 12 Chủ từ "One", dùng "you" "one" câu hỏi đuôi Ex: One can be one's master, can't you/one? 13 Với câu cảm thán, lấy danh từ câu đổi thành đại từ dùng "is, am, are" Ex: What a beautiful dress, isn't it? How intelligent you are, aren't you? 14 Câu đầu có "Must" câu hỏi biến đổi sau * "Must" cần thiết => dùng "needn't" Ex: They must study hard, needn't they? * "Must" cấm đoán => dùng "mustn't" Ex: You mustn't come late, must you? 15 Câu đầu có: "I + think, believe, suppose, figure, assume, fancy, imagine, reckon, expect, seem, feel" + mệnh đề phụ, ta lấy mệnh đề phụ làm câu hỏi đuôi Ex: I think he will come here, won't he? I don't believe Mary can it, can she? 16 Câu đầu dùng "used to", câu hỏi đuôi dùng "didn't " Ex: She used to live here, didn't she? 17 Câu đầu có "had better", ta mượn trợ động từ "had" để lập câu hỏi đuôi Ex: He'd better stay, hadn't he? 18 Câu đầu có "would rather", ta mượn trợ động từ "would" để lập câu hỏi đuôi Ex: You'd rather go, wouldn't you? EXERCISES UNIT 15 I Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets: Passengers are requested to check in two hours before the (fly) You could feel the in the room as the students were waiting for their exam results (tense) All I can say now is “ on your exam results!” (Congratulate) This book tells you about the Spanish in South America (conquer) Another crop _ could result in widespread famine (fail) Life is full of _ (certain) Her sickness is more than physical (psychology) There has been a mixed _ to the appointment of the new director (react) _, most of the villagers were killed by the tsunami (Tragedy) 10 Astronauts have to work in conditions (weight) II Complete the sentences using “can” or “could” where possible If “can” or “could” is not possible, use a form of “be able to”: 89 Nam has been living in England for a year He _ speak English very well now I won’t complete the report by Friday When I was younger, I _ run ten kilometers every morning You’ll _ find a job easily when you finish university It was very dark but we see a figure moving in front How long has Lisa play the violin? III Put a question tag at the end of each sentence (Sometimes more than one answer is possible): You don’t like this program, ? Your mom isn’t at work today, _? I’m too impatient, ? I shouldn’t have lost my temper, _? Lynne speaks French and German, _? That was a good movie, ? You’ve never come to class late, ? You’d like something to drink, ? Everybody can answer this question, _? 10 Don’t ask me any more questions, ? -TEST FOR UNIT 15 I PRONUNCIATION Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others A foot B moon C look D would A gravity B aspiration C biography D possible A technical B conquest C psychology D launched Choose the word that has the main stress placed differently from that of the others A scientist B president C engineer D astronaut A conquest B venture C technical D artificial II LANGUAGE FOCUS A Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence or substitutes for the underlined word or phrase Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon 20 July 1969 A in B at C on D of She is never satisfied what she's got A to B with C for D in In 1961 Yuri Gagarin lifted into space aboard the Vostok A off B up C on D Ø After landing, the team members were greeted like heroes A conquer B conquering C conqueror D conquest 10 No one knew precisely what would happen to a human being in space A exactly B clearly C carefully D vividly 11 Neil Armstrong, an American , was the first man to step on the moon's surface A scientist B cosmonaut C astronaut D astronomer 12 The 27-year-old Soviet cosmonaut became the first person to eat and drink in A weight B weighting C weightless D weightlessness 13 About 100 Russian satellites are _ the earth A flying B orbiting C traveling D circuiting 14 Many people are demonstrating to express their with the new land law A satisfied B satisfactory C satisfaction D dissatisfaction 15 The astronauts were able to send the information back to the earth 90 A spaceships B space stations C spacemen D space shots B Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence 16 No one is better cook than his mother, ? A is she B isn't she C are they D aren’t they 17 Do it right now, ? A will you B shall you C you D don't you 18 There are no easy ways to learn a foreign language, ? A are they B are there C aren't they D aren't there 19 He seldom goes to the library, ? A doesn’t he B is he C does he D isn’t he 20 Let's go for a long walk, ? A will we B shall we C don't you D you 21 I'd lost my key, so I the door when I got home A could lock B wasn't able to lock C couldn't unlock D was able to unlock 22 When Mr Lee was younger, he work in the garden for hours A has got to B should be able to C can D could 23 Yesterday I to a furniture store I bought a new lamp there A could go B could have gone C went D ought to have gone 24 Do you think there less conflict in the world if all people the same language? A would be/ spoke B were/ would speak C were/ spoke D would have been/ had spoken 25 Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, eleven times the size of the earth A being B has C is D having C Choose the word or phrase - A, B, C or D -that needs correcting 26 After the stock market crash of 1929, less people were able to find employment A B C D 27 The average temperature on Mars, the fourth planet from the sun, is A B C about eighty degrees than colder on Earth D 28 Halley's comet was named of the astronomer Edmund Halley, who A was the first to realize that some comets appear in regular cycles B C D 29 A number of people still wants to apply for the position of accountant in that company A B C D 30 If I were a little taller I could be astronaut, but I don't meet the height requirement A B C D III READING A Fill in each blank space with one appropriate from the box manned seriously affected weightlessness harmless space radiation journey flown groundless appeared effects Before man had (31) in space it was thought that his physical and mental capabilities might be (32) by long periods of (33) , and that he might be endangered by high levels of (34) Yuri Gagariri's first (35) flight in April 1961 showed that man could live in space and, although this (36) only lasted for 108 minutes, it gave encouragement to those interested in the future of (37) space flight In fact most of the early fears about man's health in space have proved (38) , 91 and although several odd medical (39) have been observed, none has (40) affected man's ability for useful work B Read the passage carefully, then decide whether the following statements are true (1) or false IF) Throughout history there have been many great explorers Have you, for example, heard of Marco Polo, the famous Italian traveler? He was the first European to travel to China He arrived in China in the late 13th century About 200 years later, Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain by ship He was looking for a new way to reach India However, as you probably know, he didn't reach India He landed in America Five hundred years after Columbus in the' 1930s a famous explorer named Richard Byrd was one of the first persons to fly over both the North and the South Poles Today we continue to explore this world and are studying to explore other worlds, too In the 1930s Russian and American scientists sent many unmanned spacecraft to the moon These spacecraft sent back very valuable information about the moon Then on July 16th 1969 the first manned spaceship to the moon left earth On that day Apollo 11 blasted off with three American astronauts on board Four days after blast-off, two of these astronauts landed on the moon They later explored the surface of the moon About two days after landing on the moon, they started back to the earth They arrived safely back on earth a few days later Today we are sending unmanned spacecraft to other planets In the future, we might walk on Mars or Venus the way we did on the moon We might even travel to other galaxies Who knows? One thing we know for sure is that we will continue to explore this world and other worlds, too 41 Marco Polo traveled from England to China in the late 13th century 42 While he was looking for India, Christopher Columbus reached America 43 In the 19thcentury Richard Byrd flew over both the North and the South Poles 44 Unmanned spacecraft went to the ,moon before manned spacecraft did 45 Apollo 11 was the first manned spaceship to go to the moon 46 Apollo 11 was damaged in the blast 47 All of the American astronauts on the spaceship landed on and explored the surface of the moon 48 Today we are sending spacecraft with astronauts on board to other planets IV WRITING Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence 49 by meteorites whose impact formed craters of all size A The surface of the moon was shaped B The moon whose surface shaped C The surface of the shaped moon D The surface was forming the shape of the moon 50 Many craters on the earth's surface were probably formed by very large meteorites A when smashed into the ground was an explosion B which smashed into the ground and an explosion C smashing into the ground and exploding D they smashed into the ground and exploded 51.Throughout history, the moon has inspired not only song and dance A but poetry and prose as well B but poetry also prose C together with poetry and prose D and also poetry and prose 52 Claudius Ptolemy, of the first century A.D., left a good description of the geocentric theory A he was an astronomer and a philosopher B being an astronomer and a philosopher C an astronomer and who was a philosopher D who was an astronomer and a philosopher 53 the fifth largest among the nine planets that make up our solar system A The Earth being B The Earth is C That the Earth is D Being the Earth 54 If my aunt had not fallen down yesterday, A her legs would not be hurting now 92 B she can walk normally now C she does not have to go on crutches now D she would not have been painful now 55 Glass that has been tempered may be up to A as hard as ordinary glass five times B five times as hard as ordinary glass C hard as ordinary glass five times D ordinary glass as hard as five times -UNIT 16: THE WONDERS OF THE WORLD VOCABULARY base belongings block of stone burial  burial chamber  bury consist of enclose huge involve journey 10 mysterious  mysteriously  mystery 11 pharaoh 12 proceed 13 process 14 proposal  propose 15 protect  protection 16 pyramid 17 ramp 18 rank 19 region 20 serve 21 site 22 spiral 23 straight 24 structure 25 surpass 26 theoretical  theoretically  theory 27 tomb 28 transport  transport  transportation 29 treasure 30 wonder (n) (n) (n) (n) (n) (v) (v) (v) (a) (v) (n) (a) (adv) (n) (n) (v) (n) (a) (v) (v) (n) (n) (n) (v, n) (n) (v) (n) (n, a) (a, adv) (n) (v) (a) (adv) (n) (n) (v) (n) (n) (n) (n) móng, chân đế vật dụng cá nhân, vật sở hữ khối đá việc an táng phịng mai táng chơn cất, mai táng gồm có bao quanh khổng lồ liên quan, dính líu hành trình bí ẩn cách bí ẩn điều bí ẩn, huyền bí vua Ai Cập cổ tiến hành, tiến tới tiến trình, trình lời đề nghị đề nghị bảo vệ, che chở bảo vệ che chở kim tự tháp đoạn đường dốc xếp hạng, thứ hạng cấp bậc vùng, khu vực phục vụ địa điểm lị xo, hình xoắn ốc thẳng cấu trúc, cơng trình xây dựng vượt trội lý thuyết mặt lý thuyết lý thuyết mộ vận chuyển, chuyên chở vận chuyển vận chuyển kho tàng kì quan 93 GRAMMAR * Reporting with passive verbs: “ It is said that …”; “ He is said to ….” (Câu tường thuật bị động:“ It is said that …”; “ He is said to ….” ) (Người ta nói/ đồn/ … rằng… ): Để chuyển từ câu chủ động với động từ tường thuật sang câu bị động, ta có cách sau: - Active (chủ động): People (they)/ S1 + say (s)/ động từ tường thuật (hiện đơn) + that S2 V2 O2 => Passive (bị động): Cách 1: It + is + said/ động từ tường thuật dạng V3/ed + that + S2 V2 O2 to-inf (to V1) (nếu câu đề có V2 (s/es/am/is/are/ tương lai)) Cách 2: + said/ động S2 + is/ are từ tường thuật + that + to have + V3/ed dạng V3/ed (nếu câu đề có V2 (was/ were/2/ed/quá khứ/ hoàn thành)) O2 * Một số động từ tường thuật thường dùng với hai cấu trúc này: say, think, believe, consider, understand, know, report, expect, allege, claim, … Ex1: - Active (chủ động): People say that he is intelligent => Passive (bị động): Cách 1: It is said that he is intelligent Cách 2: He is said to be intelligent Ex2: - Active (chủ động): They think that he has passed the final exam with the best result => Passive (bị động): Cách 1: It is thought that he has passed the final exam with the best result Cách 2: He is thought to have passed the final exam with the best result * Chú ý: - Chúng ta dùng “Subject + Passive verb + to be doing”: diễn tả hành động diễn tiến (continuous verbs) Ví dụ: (People think that they are traveling in Africa.) It is thought that they are traveling in Africa They are thought to be traveling in Africa - Khi diễn tả hành động xảy trước người ta nói, dùng “Perfect infinitive”: to have + past participle” Ví du: (People say that Freddie was in the army.) Freddie is said to have been in the army (“Freddie was in the army” xảy trước “people say”) - “Be supposed to” dùng với ý nghĩa tương tự “be said to” Ví dụ: The man is supposed to have been married before (= That man is said to have been married before.) Ngoài ra, “be supposed to” diễn tả việc làm hành động đưc dự định chờ đợi 94 Ví dụ: I must leave now I’m supposed to meet the bank manager at 8.30 (= I have arranged to meet the bank manager at 8.30.) - Chúng ta thường dùng “not be supposed to” để nói người khơng nên làm khơng phép làm điều Ví dụ : You’re not supposed to smoke here (= You’re not allowed to smoke here.) EXERCISES UNIT 16 I Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets: She wondered who had sent her the _ email (mystery) , it is possible for him to achieve his goal in life (Theory) His that the workers should be given a pay rise was rejected (propose) The company is providing free to the city center from the airport (transport) These clothes can provide good against the wind and the sun while you are at the sea (protect) Passengers are reminded to take all their personal _ with them when they leave the plane (belong) Last month, my family went back to my hometown for my grandfather’s (bury) , the light came on although no one was near the switch (Mystery) His latest book is about the and practice of teaching high school students (theoretical) 10 The finally decided not to with their plan (process) II Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning: People know that cars pollute the environment → It → Cars _ People believe that the robber has broken into the bank → It → The robber Many people believe that she is a hot girl → It → She They think that the president will arrive soon → It → The president They say that he has passed the final exam with the best result → It → He is _ People say that he has been all over the world → It → He People believe that Omachi is from Quang Nam → It _ →Omachi They think that Danny can clean the floor → It _ →Danny _ People think that Tom has been punished by the teacher → It _ 95 →Tom _ → 10 They think Benam will attend the party → It _ → Benam _ TEST FOR UNIT 16 I PRONUNCIATION Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others A world B wonder C theory D proceed A pyramid B spiral C private D recycle A weather B treasure C great D jealous Choose the word that has the main stress is placed differently from that of the others A wonder B pyramid C treasure D belongings A surpass B spiral C propose D mysterious II LANGUAGE FOCUS A Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence or substitutes for the underlined word or phrase The structure consisted approximately million blocks of stone, A on B with C of D in The Great Pyramid ranked the tallest structure on earth for more than 43 centuries A in B of C at D as The purpose of the pyramid was to protect the burial chamber the weather A for B from C of D in The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the, famous man-made wonders of the world A artificial B natural C modern D eternal 10 The Great Pyramid was only in height in the nineteenth century AD A proposed B promoted C improved D surpassed 11 There are rumors of buried in that old house A belongings B tomb C treasure D chamber 12 Each tower of the Ponagar Towers was to a different god A dedicated B distributed C delivered D contributed 13 The Great Wall is China's most popular A construction B attraction C impression D contribution 14 A visit to the Great Wall will certainly bring tourists great in each step of the wall A excite B exciting C excitement D excited 15 The Great Wall of China is considered one of the greatest wonders in the world its magnificence and significance A in spite of B because C instead of D thanks to B Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence 16 The current constitutional problem is by the top legal minds in the country A studying B being studied C being studying D been studied 17 It was announced that neither the passengers nor the driver in the crash A were injured B are injured C was injured D have been injured 18 If it keeps on raining, the basketball game ought A to postpone B to be postponed C postpone D be postponed 19 The first question must before you attempt the others A be answered B have answered C answer D to answer 20 The manager expected the team because they hadn't done enough training A to be lost B have lost C by losing D to lose 96 21 The floor in the room was so dirty as if it for days A hadn't swept B wouldn't have swept C haven't been swept D hadn't been swept 22 What's wrong with your car? ~ I think it needs A check B checking C to check D be checked 23 I think you should A have your hair be cut B have your hair cut C cut your hair D have your hair been cut 24 Both domestic and imported automobikes must anti-pollution devices A equip with B equip by C be equipped with D be equipped by 25 that we have to leave the building A We have informed B It has been informed C It has beep informed us D We have been informed C Choose the word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that needs correcting 26 They are planning on attending the convention next month, and so I am A B C D 27 Financier Andrew Mellon donated (A) most of this magnificent (B) art collection (C) to the National Gallery of Art, where it is now locating (D) 28 Because of its (A) vast tracts of virtually (B) uninhabited northern forest, Canada has one of the lowest (C) population density (D) in the world 29 Some of the (A) people were standing (B) the street watched (C) the parade, while others (D) were singing songs 30 As soon as Pete had arrived (A) , he told us that he will be leaving (B) for London tomorrow (C) after the board (D) meeting III READING A Fill in each blank space with one appropriate from the box visible structure network conservative discernible designated Astronauts measured monument dispelled The Great Wall is probably China's best-known (31) and one of its mast popular tourist destinations In 1987 it was (32) a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) The Great Wall is not a single, continuous (33) Rather, it consists of a (34) of walls and towers that leaves the frontier open in places Estimates of the total length of the monument vary, depending on which sections are included and haw they are (35) The Great Wall is about 2,400 km (about 1,500 mi) long, according to (36) estimates Other estimates cite a length of 6,400 km (4,000 mi), or even longer Some long-standing myths about the wall have been (37) in recent decades The existing wall is hat several thousand years old, nor is it, as has been widely asserted, (38) with the naked eye from outer space ((39) have confirmed this However, same of the wall is (40) in special radar images taken by satellites.) B Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answer The ruined temples of Angkor are perhaps one of the mast impressive Seven Wonders of the World Located in modern day Cambodia near Lake TonIe Sap, the largest freshwater lake in Asia, Angkor was the seat of power for the Khmer Empire from the ninth to the fifteenth century The ruins of Angkor are d9cumented as same of the mast impressive ones in the world, rivaling the pyramids of Giza in Egypt Why this mighty civilization died out is a question that archeologists are now only beginning to ponder The answer, it turns out, may be linked with the availability of fresh water 97 One possible explanation far the downfall of the Khmer Empire has to with the inhabitants' irrigation system The temple and palaces of Angkor were constructed around a series of artificial reservoirs and canals which were annually flooded to capacity by the Mekong River Once filled, they were used to irrigate the surrounding rice patties and farmland during the course of the year Farmers were completely dependent upon the water for their crucial rice crop Without consistent irrigation, the farmers would have been unable to maintain functional crop production Scientists speculate that toward the end of the Khmer Empire the hydraulic systems of the reservoirs and canals broke down The construction of hundreds of sandstone temples and palaces required an enormous amount of physical labor In addition, as the capital of the Khmer Empire, Angkor contained upwards of one hundred thousand people who resided in and around Angkor In order to feed so many people, the local farmers were driven to grow food quicker and more efficiently After centuries of continual use, the irrigation system was pushed beyond its capacity Soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and the loss of water led to decrease in the food supply With less food available, the people of Angkor slowly began to migrate to other parts of Cambodia thus leaving the marvelous city of Angkor to be swallowed by the jungle Therefore, it is speculated that the Khmer Empire may have fallen victim to its own decrepit infrastructure 41 What is the passage mainly about? A Modern day agricultural procedures in Cambodia B A possible explanation for the, decline of a civilization C The essential role water plays in farming D Religious temples of the ancient Khmer Empire 42 The passage preceding the passage most likely discusses A architecture of ancient Asian civilization B religious practices of the people of Angkor C the form of government practiced by the Khmer Empire D the other six wonders of the world 43 According to the passage, Lake Tonle Sap in Cambodia A is an enormous fresh body of water in Asia B was unable to supply enough fish for the people of Angkor C became polluted due to a population explosion D is one of the Seven Wonders of the World 44 Why does the author mention the hydraulic systems of the reservoirs? A They supplied irrigation from the Indian Ocean B They became non-functional due to overuse C They were destroyed by nearby warrior tribes D They helped transport the sandstones for constructing temples 45 It can be inferred from the passage that the inhabitants of the Khmer Empire A were intentionally starved by the farmers B lost their food source due to excess rainfall C supplemented their diets with 'meat hunted in the nearby jungles D depended upon rice as their main source of food 46 All the following are mentioned as events that can affect food supply EXCEPT A erosion of soil B contamination of soil C reduction of nutrients D loss of water supply IV WRITING From the four words or phrases- a, b, c or d – choose the one that best completes the sentence 47 Over the centuries, that try to explain the origins of the university A although many theories B many theories C have many theories been D there have been many theories 48 Green plants combine with water and carbon dioxide to make food A energy derived it from light B energy derived from light C energy is derived from light D from light, and energy derived' 49 To plant rice, farmers, , set young plants in the mud 98 A they wade with bare feet in the water B water wading in their bare feet C whose bare feet wading in the water D wading in the water in their bare feet 50 Only by reproducing at a tremendous rate to survive in the sea A many plant and animal species manage B many plant and animal species manage C manage many plant and animal species D plant and animal species manage many THE END - 99 ... tự nguyện GRAMMAR A Gerund and Perfect gerund I Gerund (Danh-động từ) hình thức "Verb-ing", dùng danh từ Có nghĩa Gerund dùng vị trí mà danh từ dùng câu Như vậy, Gerund dùng: Làm chủ từ (Subject):... chia theo chủ ngữ câu: I, You, We, They, Plural noun (danh từ số nhiều) She, He, It, Singular noun (danh từ số ít), Uncountable Noun (danh từ khơng đếm được) V Vs/es Thì đơn dùng trường hợp sau:... theo chủ ngữ câu: I am He, She, It, Singular noun (danh từ số ít), Uncountable Noun (danh từ không đếm được) is We, You, They, Plural noun (danh từ số nhiều) are Thì tiếp diễn dùng trường hợp