lecture 3 animal breeding and genetic

Lecture 3: Animal breeding and genetic In this lesson you will study some of the key terminologies commonly used in Animal Breeding and Genetic You will be divided into small groups of 6-8 students and each group will discuss some aspects relating to heat detection and some aspects of pig reproductive biology At the end of this lesson, you will be asked to some exercises about those terms to make sure that you understand and use them correctly vKey terminologies -Abbreviated (adj): ngắn (về thời gian) -Artificial insemination (n): thụ tinh nhân tạo -Beef (n): Thịt bị, bị ni thịt -Boar (n): heo nọc -Breed (n): giống -Bulbourethral gland (n): tuyến hành niệu quản -Calving interval (n): khoảng cách lứa đẻ (đối với bò) -Capacitation (n): khả -Colostrum (n): sữa đầu -Conception (n): thụ thai -Corpora lutea (corpus luteum, n): hoàng thể -Dairy (n): sản xuất sữa sản phẩm từ sữa, trại bò sữa, cửa hàng bán sữa -Delivery (n): trình sinh con, đẻ -Dry period (n): thời gian (giai đoạn) cạn sữa -Ejaculate (n): xuất tinh, phóng tinh -Estrus synchronization (n): lên giống đồng loạt -Farrowing (n): đẻ -Fertility (n): khả sinh sản, tỷ lệ đẻ -Fertilization (n): thụ thai, thụ tinh -Follicle (n): nang noãn -Genetic variability (n): khả biến dị di truyền -Genetic variation (n): biến dị di truyền -Genetically (adv): mặt di truyền, có liên quan đến di truyền -Gestation (n): thời kỳ (giai đoạn) mang thai, thai kỳ -Gestation sow (n): nái mang thai -Gilt (n): hậu bị -Gonadotrophic (adj): hướng sinh dục -Hand mating (n): ghép phối -Heat (estrus, estrous, n): động dục, động hớn, lên giống -Herd (n): đàn (bò, dê) -Heritability (n): hệ số di truyền -Hypoxia (n): thiếu oxy -Improvement (n): tiến bộ, cải tiến -Inseminate (v): gieo tinh, thụ tinh -Interstitial (adj): kẽ -Lactation (n): tiết sữa -Lactation sow (n): nái nuôi -Libido (n): khát dục, dục tính -Litter size (n): kích cỡ ổ đẻ -Luteinizing hormone (n): kích thích tố tạo hồng thể -Milk ejection (n): tiết sữa -Mortality (n): chết, tỷ lệ chết -Nursing interval (n): khoảng thời gian lần bú -Offspring (n): con, đời -Ovarian (adj): thuộc buồng trứng, liên quan đến buồng trứng -Ovulate (v): rụng trứng -Ovulation (n): rụng trứng -Ovum (ova, n): trứng -Parity (n): lứa đẻ -Parturition (n): sinh con, trình sinh đẻ -Pig production (n): chăn nuôi heo -Placenta (n): thai -Prenatal (adj): tiền sinh (trước sinh) -Prolificacy (n): mắn đẻ (đẻ nhiều, đẻ sai) -Prostate (n): tuyến tiền liệt -Puberty (n): thành thục sinh dục -Receptor (n): thụ thể -Regression (n): thối hóa -Reproduction (n): sinh sản -Selection (n): chọn lọc -Seminal vesicle (n): túi tinh -Service (n): giao phối -Sow (n): heo nái -Sperm (semen, n): tinh dịch -Spermatogenesis (n): sinh tinh -Spermatozoa (n): tinh trùng -Stillborn (n): chết sinh -Suckle (v): bú, cho bú -Symptom (n): triệu chứng -Testicular (adj): thuộc dịch hồn -Trait (n): tính trạng -Udder (n): bầu vú -Weaning (n): cai sữa vReading Heat detection A number of both beef and dairy producers use artificial insemination and hand mating each year One of the major problems with these programs is heat (estrus) detection An experienced observer with a well-trained eye can a good job by observing the herd for ½ to hour early in the morning and ½ to hour in the evening Heat detection is more an art than a science, and not everyone can a good job of it The observer must be taught to regconize the signs of estrus and must be aware that some cows show only abbreviated signs of estrus If heat periods are missed or incorrectly identified, increased calving intervals will result, with longer dry periods and reduced profits It is extremely important that cows be inseminated at the proper time in relationship to ovulation Estrus synchronization can be used to help reduce the time spent on heat detection Some aspects of pig reproductive biology Reproduction is an essential process for the maintenance of a species It has to be genetically controlled to ensure that the reproductive process is repeated with a strong degree of precision Yet a considerable genetic variability exists between breeds for both male and female reproductive traits For instance, average litter size of mature sows varies from four to 16 piglets per litter among breeds These differences, combined with the appreciable genetic variation that also exists within breeds, have given the opportunity for substantial genetic improvement of sow prolificacy over the last 15 years (up to 30% of the mean in some breeds) The main consequence of increased litter size has undoubtedly been large gains in the efficiency of pig production systems, but it has also resulted in some adverse effects, such as weaker estrus symptoms or lower piglet survival Such unfavourable correlative trends not only reduce the positive short-term effects of selection on efficiency, but may also have long-term consequences, such as decreased fertility owing to an increased proportion of undetectable estrus or, for piglet mortality, may raise ethical problems This emphasizes the importance of a broad perspective of the consequences of genetic improvement, which generates new questions, such as the societal or ethical consequences of selection, but it also strengthens the need for a good knowledge of the genetic (co) variation of a large number of potentially important traits Puberty in gilts, usually defined as the moment of first ovulation, occurs at 3–4 months of age in the earliest maturing breeds (Chinese) and at an average of 6–7 months of age in the most widely used Western breeds It generally coincides with the first estrus, though ovulation without external manifestation of estrus (silent heat) occurs occasionally in pigs, and generates a steroidsecreting activity of the corpora lutea Age at puberty is quite tedious to measure and is often replaced in field studies by age at first mating or at first farrowing Although strongly correlated, the two traits differ owing to the large variability in management strategies between breeders Ovulations then occur every weeks during the second half of a 2–3 day estrous period in the absence of gestation, and have a mean duration of 2–5 h The estrous cycle is controlled by gonadotrophic hormones Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates recruitment and development of ovarian follicles Ovulation and corpora lutea formation are stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) Ovulation rate increases with estrus and parity number until the fourth or fifth parity Conception rate in the pig is high (80–90%) and has increased with the generalization of multiple matings (two or sometimes three services 12 or 24 h apart during estrus) Fertilization of the ova begins a few hours after mating after a necessary period of spermatozoa capacitation Fertilization rate is generally close to 100% The rate of prenatal mortality in pigs is 30–40% on average The largest part of losses (20–30%) occurs during the first month of gestation, with an additional 5–10% of fetal loss during late gestation Farrowing lasts 3–5 h on average, with large variations between sows It is initiated by the piglets, which produce corticosteroids, resulting in a production of prostaglandin by the placenta, which causes the regression of the corpora lutea and the initiation of the farrowing process Parturition and the first few days after birth are critical periods for piglet survival Up to 10% of piglets are stillborn in some populations, predominantly as a result of hypoxia during delivery After birth, the time to get the udder, suckle and ingest an appropriate amount of colostrum and milk is a major determinant of piglet survival and growth The sow has a strong control of milk ejection, with duration of milk flow of 10–20 s, and an average nursing interval of less than an hour Colostrum and milk production are difficult to measure directly, but can be indirectly estimated from piglet weight gain Colostrum is essentially produced during the first 24 h after parturition, and amounts to kg on average Milk production peaks at around 21 days of lactation, and may reach kg daily for each piglet in sows nursing 10–12 piglets With very few exceptions, the lactating sow has a very limited follicular development, and does not ovulate or show any estrus symptoms The total removal of the sow from her litter at weaning normally results in an acceleration of follicular growth and in ovulation within 4–10 days Spermatogenesis in the boar starts at 4–6 months of age in most pig breeds, but may begin before 100 days of age in some early maturing breeds, such as the Chinese Meishan Sperm quality and quantity then steadily increase with testicular development, testosterone production and libido until sexual maturity at 6–8 months of age, and then at a much lower rate until boars reach their adult body size A parallel rise in male accessory glands (the seminal vesicle, prostate and bulbourethral glands), which produce 95% of the seminal plasma, results in a correlated increase in the volume of the ejaculate Sexual activity is controlled by gonadotrophic hormones FSH stimulates spermatogenesis, whereas LH stimulates steroid hormone (testosterone, but also other steroids such as androstenone) synthesis and secretion by the interstitial Leydig cells The action of LH is dependent on the FSH induction of LH receptors on the Leydig cells Boar ejaculate is characterized by its large volume (around 300 ml on average) and spermatozoa number (80 to 120 billion when semen is collected once a week), which corresponds to total sperm reserves and widely exceeds daily sperm production (10 to 20 billion spermatozoa a day) As a consequence, spermatozoa number per ejaculate steadily decreases when the boar is used or ejaculate is collected more than once a week, in spite of a slight increase in sperm production with ejaculation frequency Large amounts of spermatozoa and semen are necessary to ensure normal conception rate and prolificacy (50 ml of semen and billion sperm are usually considered as minimum requirements for artificial insemination) Frozen boar semen can successfully be employed, with comparable or slightly lower conception rate and litter size than fresh semen, but it remains rather expensive and requires good technical expertise, so its commercial use remains quite limited vAssignment Search for hidden words between letters of the alphabet Find at least words and write down their meanings G E R M I N A T E M R L I T T E R E E U E L Y M P H A T I C T N K C E C A I L O I U E A O B L C E S C R T R O L E L U A U S U L G V Y E M B L E I N U Y A S G K U S Y N T H E S I S M O R T A L I T Y S 2.Translate the following paragraph into Vietnamese The first objective of a breeding program is to produce the ‘most improvement per unit of time’, as stated by Dickerson and Hazel (1944) They showed that selection response depends on three parameters, which may differ between the sexes, i.e selection accuracy (defined as the correlation between the aggregate genotype and the selection criterion), selection intensity or standardized selection differential, and generation interval Genetic gain increases if selection intensity increases, if accuracy of estimating the genetic value increases or if generation interval decreases Genetic variation is considered to be a given constant, although it might be differentially expressed (e.g in heat- or disease-challenged environments) Accuracy of the genetic evaluation depends on the availability of observations and on the heritability of the trait under scrutiny The main basis of observations is records on an animal’s own performance In addition, other sources of information are performance records on parents, offspring and other relatives vVăn phạm: Key stress rule pattern -Bất kể ký tự a, e, i, o, u, y, w nguyên âm, phụ âm hay phần cuối từ, chúng phát âm sau: a e i o u y w /ey/ /iy/ /ay/ /ow/ /yuw/ /wye/ /dʌbəәl yuw/ -Các ký tự nguyên âm tiếng Anh chia thành nhóm bản: ngun âm đầy đủ (nhấn chính, nhấn phụ) nguyên âm giảm (không nhấn) -Nguyên âm trượt (nhấn chính) -Ngun âm khơng trượt (nhấn phụ) -Ngun âm giảm (không nhấn) iy, ey, ay, ɔy, ow, uw, aw, ȝr I, Ɛ, ӕ, ʌ, Ɑ, Ʊ, ɔ əә, i -Những từ nhấn âm có phần cuối theo qui tắc nhấn âm Phần cuối có đặc điểm sau: +Chứa chuỗi kí tự sau: ia, io, iu, ienC (C: kí tự phụ âm) +Có âm bên trái Ví dụ 1: Những từ có phần cuối theo qui tắc nhấn âm med(iate prem(ium rat(io convenience consortium eviction Ví dụ 2: Những từ có phần cuối khơng theo qui tắc nhấn âm dial carrier lion -Phần cuối (ia, io, iu, ienC) theo qui tắc nhấn âm kết hợp với kí tự sau: +Cách 1: i + nguyên âm + *Các nguyên âm khác: obvious *Các phụ âm khác: radiant +Cách 2: i + nguyên âm + (Có khơng có thêm ngun âm phụ âm theo sau) *Phần cuối trung tính: ratios, obviously *Phần cuối bản: mediate, mediating -Trong qui tắc nhấn âm chính: “ea” tách thành âm nguyên âm giống cấu trúc i+ nguyên âm u+nguyên âm Ví dụ 3: creat(ion react(ion Bài tập 1: Gạch âm đánh dấu nhấn lên âm Đọc lớn từ ambitious sectioning admission pronunciation influential acquisition maturation initiation petitioned vacationed senior partially audiences auctioned olympiads