Lecture 4: Animal Husbandry Techniques In this lession you will study some of the key terminologies commonly used in pig and poultry management You will be divided into small groups of 6-8 students and each group will discuss some aspects relating to heating and ventilation of the pig nursery, pig castration, selection of feeder pigs, chicken brooding and laying pullet keeping There will be no assignments given to you this time, but you will be asked to some exercises about key stress rule patterns Key terminologies -Nursery (n): khu chuồng nuôi heo cai sữa -All year round: quanh năm -Heater (n): máy sưởi -Thermoneutral temperature (n): nhiệt độ trung hòa -Soffit (n) mặt mái chuồng -Gable (n): đầu hồi -Power-cut (n): điện -Fail-safe (n) an toàn -Castration (n): thiến -Purebred (adj): chủng -Seedstock (n): đàn hạt nhân -Breeding (n): gây giống -Intact (adj): không bị thiến -Testicle (n): dịch hoàn -Germ (n): mầm -Slaughter (n): giết thịt -Odor (n): mùi -Tainted odor: mùi nọc, mùi thối, mùi hư hỏng -Feeder pig (n) heo choai (từ 18 đến 37 kg) -Hair coat (n): lông -Coughing (n): ho -Pot belly (n): bụng xệ, bụng phệ -Gauntness (n): gầy, hốc hác -Listless (adj): bơ phờ, lờ đờ -Worm (v): tẩy giun sán -Tail-docked: cắt đuôi -Parasite (n): kí sinh trùng -Brood (v): úm -Hover-type brooder (n): chụp úm treo -Flock (n): đàn, bầy -Battery brooder (n): chuồng úm đa tầng -Wire cage (n): chuồng lồng kim loại -Disinfect (v): tẩy uế, sát trùng -Peat moss (n): bùn rêu -Sugarcane pulp (n): xác mía -Corncob (n): cùi bắp -Straw (n): rơm -Wood shaving (n): dăm bào -Sawdust (n): mạc cưa -Pullet (n): gà mái hậu bị -In confinement: ni nhốt -On range : ni thả (có thể thoải mái lại) -Cull (v): loại thải, chọn lọc -Lay (v): đẻ trứng Reading Pig Management Heating and ventilation of the nursery The nursery is mechanically ventilated all year round Heaters (gas or electric) provide the high operating temperatures required by newly weaned pigs and thermoneutral temperatures for all nursery pigs at low outside temperatures Fans draw air in through primary inlets situated at the soffits, gable ends, ridge or exterior of the hallway and into the room through ceiling or wall inlets The system is fitted with high-temperature or power-cut fail-safe panels and alarms and is controlled by a multi-stage electronic controller Pig castration Castration is a standard management practice in swine herds In commercial herds all males are castrated before the growing-finishing phase of the life cycle In seedstock or purebred herds, males are culled and castrated, and only the superior animals remain intact for use as breeding stock Castration is the process of removing the two testicles of the male pig The testicle is an organ responsible for the production of sperm (the male germ cell) and the male hormone, testosterone Pigs are castrated if they are to be marketed for slaughter, because the meat from boars or uncastrated male pigs may have an odor when cooking that is very offensive to many people This odor is called a “boar odor” or a “tainted” odor Selecting feeder pigs Factors to consider when buying feeder pigs include health, type, size, and uniformity Only healthy pigs should be purchased Pigs that have visible signs of sickness, such as coughing, infected eyes, rough hair coats, pot bellies, gauntness, or listless appearance, should not be selected Pigs should be wormed, tail docked, and castrated Do not buy pigs that show signs of external parasites The other factors are also important Chicken management Brooding chickens Small farm flocks are usually brooded on the floor using hover-type brooders or infrared heat lamps Large commercial flocks are usually brooded in battery brooder units or in wire cages in houses with controlled heat and ventilation The brooder house must be prepared for the chicks Be sure that it is in good repair Clean and disinfect the house before the chicks arrive Use clean litter for brooding chicks Commercial litters such as peat moss or sugarcane pulp may be used Other materials ground corncobs, chopped straw, wood shavings, or sawdust may be used Battery brooders and wire cages not use litter Raising laying pullets Replacement pullets for laying flocks may be raised in confinement or on range The trend is toward confinement raising Less land and labor is needed for confinement systems Losses from parasites and predators are lower in confinement raising Pullets may be raised in the same house that is used for brooding, or they may be moved to a growing house Pullets should be culled when they are moved to the growing house They may be grown in cages, using one of two systems: partial cage growing or complete cage growing Partial cage growing is floor brooding for the first to 10 weeks and then miving the pullets to cages Complete cage growing is brooding and growing entirely in cages Light affects the age of sexual maturity and the rate of egg production The length of the day is the controlling factor Thus, increasing day length speeds up sexual maturity, and decreaseing day length slows down sexual maturity If pullets reach sexual maturity too early, they will lay small eggs for several months Văn phạm: Cấu trúc VC+E VV âm -Một số phần cuối phụ theo sau phần cuối qui tắc nhấn âm áp dụng theo qui tắc nhấn âm -er -ive -al -able -ate -y -ary Executioner Appreciative Professional Fashionable Disorientate Intermediary Visionary 10 11 12 13 14 -ory -ize -ist -ism -alize -alist -alism Conciliatory Familiarize Imperialist Creationism Rationalize Rationalist Rationalism -Để biết cách phát âm chuẩn từ việc dự đốn ngun âm trượt, khơng trượt hay giảm âm, cần biết mẫu âm nguyên âm (kết hợp việc nhấn từ, cách phát âm nguyên âm dự đoán nguyên âm) việc chuyển đổi nguyên âm trượt (tên) không trượt (biểu tượng) Có dạng âm nguyên âm bản: 1.Các phần mẫu âm nguyên âm: Cần phải có phần Mẫu phát âm nguyên âm: gồm có kí tự ngun âm đích kí tự theo sau (trừ cấu trúc i+V u+V) Kí tự nguyên âm kí hiệu V kí tự phụ âm (trừ kí tự r) C “+E” tượng trưng cho “phần cuối (e, ed, ing)” Hãy xem kiểu phát âm từ đây: Sole Soap VC+E VV VC+E: chứa kí tự nguyên âm đích kí tự phụ âm Phần “+E” phần cuối đề cập cấu trúc VC+E VV: chứa kí tự nguyên âm Kí tự đầu kí tự nguyên âm đích Các kí tự w, y kí tự nguyên âm đứng sau kí tự nguyên âm (ow, ay, ey, oy) Nhấn: mức độ nhấn gồm nhấn (), nhấn phụ (`) khơng nhấn (˘) Nhấn nhấn phụ gọi nhấn Dạng âm nguyên âm: phiên âm dạng tên dạng biểu tượng Kí tự Dạng tên a e i o u y /ey/ /iy/ /ay/ /ow/ /yuw/ /way/ Dạng biểu tượng /ӕ/ /Ɛ/ /I/ /ɔ, Ɑ/ /ʌ/ /I/ Dạng âm giảm /ә/ /ә, I / /ә I/ /ә/ /ә/ /ә I/ 2.Các mẫu âm nguyên âm nguyên âm trượt nguyên âm giảm VC+E=tên: âm âm dạng tên (trượt) Ví dụ: c'ase, comp'eted, st'yle (VC+E=tên) VV=tên: âm nguyên âm đầu dạng tên (trượt) Ví dụ: tr'ays, rece'ived, sn'ow (VV=tên) ˘VC+E=giảm: âm nguyên âm dạng âm giảm Ví dụ: p'il˘oting, m'in˘ute V˘VC=giảm: âm nguyên âm đầu dạng âm giảm Ví dụ: c'apta˘in, f'orfe˘it V˘V=tên: âm nguyên âm đầu dạng tên Ví dụ: m'onke˘y, h'allo˘wed Bài tập 1: Gạch âm từ Viết mẫu âm nguyên âm âm Đọc lớn từ kiểm tra cách phát âm V˘V=tên Ví dụ: to'urne˘y sh'ado˘wing compla'int int'u˘ited pl'anta˘in w'ido˘wed m'an˘aging inv'ite he'ars`ay excl'uded perm'uted