lecture 2 animal feed and nutrition

Lecture 2: Animal Feed and Nutrition In this lession you will study some of the key terminologies commonly used in Animal Feed and Nutrition You will be divided into small groups of 6-8 students and each group will discuss some aspects relating to the feed ingredients, nutrient categories, and digestive systems At the end of this lession, you will be required to write a short paragraph using the special terms that you have learnt Additionally, you will be asked to some exercises about those terms to make sure that you understand and use them correctly Key terminologies -Abomasum (n): múi khế -Antinutrient (n): kháng dưỡng chất -Antinutritional (adj): kháng dinh dưỡng -B-complex vitamin: vitamin nhóm B -Broiler (n): gà thịt -Brush border: niêm mạc -Bulk density: tỷ trọng khối, mật độ khối -By-product (n): phụ phẩm -Cattle (n): đại gia súc -Cecum (n): manh tràng -Cereal (n): ngũ cốc -Cleaning of rice: lau gạo -Colon (n): kết tràng -Compartmentalize (v): chia thành ngăn -Conventional (adj): thông thường, truyền thống -Coprophagy (n): ăn phân -Dehull (v): tách vỏ -Diagnose (v): chẩn đốn -Digestibility (n): khả tiêu hóa -Digestible energy: lượng tiêu hóa -Dispensable (adj): khơng thiết yếu -Disrupt (v): phá vỡ -Duodenum (n): tá tràng -Element (n): nguyên tố -Energy-yielding ingredient: thực liệu cung lượng -Epithelium (n): biểu mô -Essential (n): chất thiết yếu, chất cần thiết -Excrete (v): thải -Fat-soluble vitamin: vitamin tan chất béo -Feces (n): phân -Fermentation (n): lên men -Fiber (n): chất xơ -Filamentous web: màng sợi -Foreign matter: ngoại vật -Germinate (v): nẩy mầm -Gross energy: lượng thô -Growth depression: suy giảm tăng trưởng -Growth rate: tốc độ tăng trưởng -Gut (n): ruột -Heat treatment: xử lý nhiệt -Hemagglutinin (n): ngưng kết hồng cầu -Hypertrophy (n): triển dưỡng -Ileum (n): hồi tràng -Indispensable (adj): thiết yếu -Inhabit (v): sống (nơi nào) -Inhibitor (n): chất ức chế -Jejunum (n): không tràng -Kernel (n): hạt -Macroelement (macromineral, n): khoáng đa lượng -Metabolizable energy: lượng trao đổi -Microbe (n): vi sinh vật -Microvilli (n): vi nhung mao -Mineral (n): chất khoáng -Mold infestation: nhiễm nấm mốc -Net energy: lượng -Nutritive value: giá trị dinh dưỡng -Omasum (n): sách -Pancreas (n): tụy tạng -Polishing: lau bóng gạo -Pollard (n): cám mịn -Pouchlike (adj): dạng túi -Poultry (n): gia cầm -Projection (n): gai lồi -Ration formulation: tổ hợp phần -Rectum (n): trực tràng -Reticulum (n): tổ ong -Rice bran: cám gạo -Rumen (n): cỏ -Ruminant (n): thú nhai lại -Secrete (v): tiết ra, tạo (1 chất, dịch) -Soybean meal: khô dầu đậu nành -Strain (n): giống -Substance (n): chất -Swine (n): heo -Toxin (n): độc tố -Trace element (microelement, n): khống vi lượng -Uncooked (adj): chưa nấu chín, cịn sống -Under-heated (adj): gia nhiệt chưa đủ -Variety (n): giống (thực vật) -Water-soluble vitamin: vitamin tan nước Reading Corn Corn has become the standard against which other cereals, cereal by-products and other energy-yielding ingredients are compared In most poultry diets, corn will be the major contributor of metabolizable energy World production is around 600 m tonnes of which 240 m tonnes are produced by the U.S.A Although China is the world‟s second largest producer at around 100 m tonnes, Brazil at 40 m tonnes, is the second largest world exporter The feed industry usually uses the equivalent of U.S.A grade #2 As grade number increases, bulk density declines and there are greater permissible levels of damaged kernels and foreign matter allowed in the sample Corn grade #2 should contain no more than 5% damaged kernels and 3% foreign material While damaged kernels are unlikely to affect its energy value, foreign material is likely to reduce its energy value and hence monetary value Broken kernels are also potential sites for mold infestation Most corn samples contain – 4% oil, although newer varieties are now available which contain up to 6–8% oil, and so contribute proportionally more energy Rice by-products Rice by-products are the result of dehulling and cleaning of brown rice, necessary for the production of white rice as a human food Rice by-products are one of the most common cereal byproducts available to the feed industry, with world production estimated at around 45 m tonnes The by-product of preparing white rice, yields a product called rice bran, which itself is composed of about 30% by weight of rice polishings and 70% true bran In some regions, the two products are separated, being termed polishings and bran Alternatively, the mixture is sometimes called rice bran, whereas in other areas the mixture may be called rice pollards The polishings are very high in fat content and low in fiber while the true bran is low in fat and high in fiber The proportions of polishings and true bran in a mixed product will therefore have a major effect on its nutritive value Soybean meal Soybeans contain a number of natural toxins for poultry, the most problematic being trypsin inhibitor As with most types of beans, the trypsin inhibitors will disrupt protein digestion, and their presence is characterized by compensatory hypertrophy of the pancreas Apart from reduced growth rate and egg production, presence of inhibitors is therefore diagnosed by a 50-100% increase in size of the pancreas Fortunately, the heat treatment employed during processing is usually adequate to destroy trypsin inhibitors and other less important toxins such as hemagglutinins (lectins) In developing countries, trypsin inhibitor levels are sometimes controlled by fermentation or germinating beans, where after 48 hrs of treatment, protein digestibility is almost equivalent to that seen in conventionally heated beans Discussion about soybean meal quality invariably involves the significance of trypsin inhibitor relative to other antinutrients It is often claimed that only about 50% of the growth depression resulting from consumption of under-heated soybean meal is due to active trypsin inhibitor The other antinutrients of importance are isoflavones, lectins and oligosaccharides Lectins are antinutritional glycoproteins that bind to the intestinal epithelium resulting in impaired brush border function Such „thickening‟ of the epithelium results in reduced efficiency of absorption There are strains of soybeans that contain no lectins, and so studying their feeding value provides some information on importance or not of lectins Feeding uncooked lectin-free soybean meal produces greater broiler growth than does feeding regular uncooked soybean However, the growth is still less than using trypsin inhibitor-free soybeans These data support the concept that lectins are much less important than are trypsin inhibitors in assessing nutritive value of soybean meal Nutrient categories A nutrient is a dietary essential for one or more species of animals Not all animals require the same nutrients For example, ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, etc.) have quite simple nutrient requirements in comparison to nonruminant (monogastric) species, such as swine, poultry, and humans All of the known nutrients are in one of the following categories: protein, carbohydrates, lipids (fats and oils), minerals, vitamins, and water Protein: Protein is composed of substances called amino acids The indispensable amino acids must be provided in the diet (or in the case of ruminants), are synthesized by microbes in the gut) Those that can be synthesized in animal tissues are referred to as dispensable amino acids, because they are nonessential in the diet They generally are not of concern in ration formulation Minerals: Various mineral elements are dietary essentials for animals Some of them are required in relatively large quantities These are termed the “macroelements” or macrominerals” Others are needed in very small (trace) amounts and are referred to as the “trace elements” or microelements” Vitamins: Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in fatty tissues of the body and are poorly excreted Thus, a long period of time on a deficient diet is needed for a deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins to occur In contrast, water-soluble vitamins (except vitamin B12) are readily excreted in the urine If they are not provided in the diet, they rapidly become deficient because they are poorly stored in the body Vitamin B12 is efficiently stored by the liver, unlike the other water-soluble vitamins With the exception of vitamin C, the water-soluble vitamins are also referred to as the Bcomplex vitamins Digestive tract Monogastric animals have a pouchlike, noncompartmentalized stomach and not depend much upon microbial digestion in any part of the gut They accomplish their own work of digestion, by digestive enzymes secreted into the gastrointestinal tract The major site of digestion and absorption in a monogastric animal is the small intestine, consisting of three segments, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum Digestion is completed by enzymes in the brush border or intestinal mucosa The mucosa is made up of projections, called villi, which in turn have minute projections called microvilli At the tips of the microvilli are filamentous webs, the glycocalyx The stomach and small intestine are referred to as the foregut The hingut is composed of the the cecum, colon, and rectum Bacterial growth in the hingut results in synthesis of B-complex vitamins This can be of nutritional significance in animals that consume their feces, a practice known as coprophagy A ruminant animal differs from a monogastric animal in two major respects It has a large, compartmentalized stomach which consists of rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, and muck of the work of digestion is accomplished by microbes that inhabit the large stomach, rather than by enzymes the animal produces itself Assignment -Write a short paragraph using your own words and the technical terms that you have learnt Your paragraph must contain at least sentences Văn phạm: Âm âm trái Âm nhấn hầu hết từ đa âm rơi vào âm âm trái -Để xác định âm cách đánh vần, âm bắt đầu mẫu tự nguyên âm tất phụ âm theo sau Ví dụ 1: âm cuối từ gạch âm Một âm Hai âm Ba âm nhiều graph credit economic list program paragraph stop echo misinterpret -Vì âm bắt đầu nguyên âm, cần phải biết mẫu tự nguyên âm Tất nhiên mẫu tự a, e, i, and o nguyên âm Mẫu tự u and y lúc nguyên âm +Âm tự y phụ âm Ví dụ 2: phụ âm (yatch, yard), nguyên âm (style, stayed) +Âm tự u phụ âm cấu trúc qu gu+nguyên âm Ví dụ 3: phụ âm (quite, guard), nguyên âm (gum, august) Thế âm chính? 1.Âm xuất cuối từ hay nằm bên trái phần cuối từ 2.Âm bao gồm: +Tất nguyên âm gần kề, trừ nguyên âm cấu trúc i + nguyên âm u + nguyên âm +Tất phụ âm theo sau đến cuối từ đến phần cuối từ Ví dụ 4: hai nguyên âm tạo thành âm đơn nguyên âm Impairing, schools, sound, appeared, etc Ví dụ 5: hai nguyên âm tạo thành âm nguyên âm riêng biệt (2 âm) i + nguyên âm (ia, io, iu, iet, ienC): dieted, bias, triad u + nguyên âm (ua, ue, ui, uo): fluid, duet, nuance Làm tìm âm chính? Sử dụng cách tìm âm sau: -Bắt đầu từ phần cuối từ: greetings +Phần cuối trung tính: s, s‟, ly +Phần cuối bản: e, ed, ing -Dùng dấu gạch chéo bỏ phần cuối trung tính: greetings -Dùng dấu ngoặc đơn mở tách phần cuối bản: greet(ings -Nhìn bên trái tìm tất nguyên âm gần kề: greet(ings -Gạch tất nguyên âm phụ âm theo sau đến cuối từ đến dấu ngoặc đơn mở phần cuối trung tính: greet(ings Bài tập 1: Thực hành tìm kiếm âm Gạch âm từ Sử dụng phương pháp tìm âm third sound audit concerns promoted growing proudly admires enhance stirringly reputedly relaxing needles mountain sustaining Thế âm trái? 1.Âm trái xuất bên trái âm 2.Âm trái bao gồm: -Một nguyên âm -Tất phụ âm theo sau đầu âm Ví dụ 6: diminish, challenging, strategic, unique Làm tìm âm trái? -Sử dụng phương pháp tìm âm trái sau: 1.Tìm âm chính: develop(ing 2.Nhìn bên trái tìm thấy nguyên âm: request 3.Gạch đường gợn sóng nguyên âm tất phụ âm trước âm chính: develop(ing Bài tập 2: Thực hành tìm kiếm âm âm trái Gạch đường thẳng âm đường gợn sóng âm trái từ Sử dụng phương pháp tìm âm âm trái escaping interested stress requires determine greatly introduced cruelly promoted tutoring