KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE Q TIM HIEU MOT S6 CHUONG TRINH TINH TOAN THOY NHIET HAT NHAN PHUC VU NHIEM VU DAU TAD CHDYEN NDANH DIEN HAT N H A N TRlTaNG DAI HDC DIEN LlTC Iran Minh Ngoc, Nguyen Huy Cdng Phdng QLKH&HTQTJrUdng Dai hoc Oien lUc Tdm tdt: Trong nha mdy dien hat nhdn, cong nghe ve Id cung nhu nhCfng tinh todn vgt ly ve Id, dgc biet la nhdng tinh todn ve thuy nhiet hgt nhan la nhifng vdn de quan nha't, co tam dnh hUdng Idn nhdt ve chdt iddng cung nhu ve tinh an toan cua Id ndi rieng vd cua ca nhd mdy noi chung Chinh vi vgy, viec t'lm hieu ve cdng nghe cOa cdc the he Id phan dng cung nhU tim hieu ve cdc chuong trinh tinh todn thuy nhiet hgt nhan Id het sdc can thiet vd cd tdm quan trgng dgc biet Bai bdo trinh bdy tong quan ve cdc the hi Id phdn dng cung nhude cap den mgt so chuang trinh tinh todn ve thuy nhiet NhiJng kien thdc ve cdc logi Id va cdc kien thdc ve tinh todn thuy nhiet se Id nhdng tdi Heu het sdc bo ich cho sinh vien ndi neng vd phuc vu ddc lUc cho nhiem vu ddo tao nhdn ldc diin hgt nhdn ndi chung d trddng Dgi hoc Dien li/c Mddau Trong nha may dien hat nhan, cdng nghe v l Id cung nhu nhdng tinh toan vat ly v l Id Id nhdng van de quan trpng nhat, cd tam i n h hudng Idn nhat ve chat lupng cung nhu ve tfnh an toan ciia n h i miy Chinh vi viy, viec tim hieu ve cdng nghe cua cac the he Id phan ufng cung nhu tim hieu v l cie chuong trinh tinh t o i n thuy nhiet hat nhan l i het sdc can thiet, nham trang bj cho sinh vien chuyen nginh dien hat nhan nhuYig kien thUc ed sd Vdi die thii la mpt ehuyen nganh het sUe mdi m l nen tdi lieu de phye vu giang day chuyen nganh cdn dang rat han c h l , n l u khdng mudn ndi la hau nhU chua ed gl Cac ndi dung ma bai bdo de cap se ddng gdp duac mdt phan eho viee khac phye nhCmg su ban c h l ve tai lieu Ndi dung ey the ciia bai bao bao gdm nhdng van de sau d i y : I Cac the h^ 16 phan CTng a) The he I Cic Id thude the he niy bat ngudn tU nhCfng mau thiet ke ban dau duoe p h i t triln de sd dung tren tau bien eudi nhdng n i m 1940 Ld phin iimg thUdng mai dau tien tren t h i gidi vdi cdng suat MW Nha miy dien hat nhan thUdng mai dau tien tai My la Shippmgport van hanh vao nam 1957 vdi cdng suat 60 MW Cac Id phan dng thUdng mai nguyen mau (prototype) van hanh vao nhdng nam 1950 - 1960 nhu Shippmgport (My); Dresden - 1, Calder Hall - 1, Magnox (Anh); hay UNGG (Phdp) Phan ldn chung deu da hoae dang dupe dd bd da trd nen Idi thdi vi khdng edn hieu qua cao v i mUe d i m b i o an t o i n thap b) The he 11 Cac Id the he ddOc phat trien tU the he I Da cd nhieu thay doi d i n g ke thiet ke va k l c i ed mdt sd kieu hoan toan mdi so vdi the he trude Cic Id phan Ung dUdc xay dUng vao dau nhdng ndm 1970 va 1980 vd hien tai van dang dupe v i n hdnh thuong mai Cae Id phan dng nhU: Ld dp luc (PWR: Pressurized Water Reactor), Ld nudc sdi (BWR: Boiled Water Reactor) cua cic nudc My, Phap; Ld p h i n Ung nude nhe (WER: Vodo-Vodo Energo Reactor) va Ld phan dng hat nhan kieu kenh nang lUdng cao (RBMK: tieng Nga: reaktor bolshoy moshchnosti kanalniy ciia Nga; Ld CANDU nudc nang (Canada Deuterium Uranium) eua eie nudc Canada, An Dp; la nhdng vi du dien hinh ciia Id the he II [2] Chung dupc gpi la cic Id phdn dng nUde nhe (LWR: Light Water Reactor) dUdc sddyng eae phUdng phdp ehii ddng truyen thdng bao gdm eie t i c ddng dien hoae cd khf thyc hien theo lenh Mdt sd he thdng edn dUdc t h i l t k l van hanh theo kilu thy ddng lam viec ed ngudi dieu khien hoae mat ngudn dien tu diing Da sd cic nha m i y dien hat nhan tren t h i gidi dang van hdnh theo cdng nghe va 2/3 sd nha m i y dang xay dung eung theo md hinh the he t h d II Thdi gian hoat ddng eua eic Id t h i he 11 la 40 nam the he I chi cd 30 nam c) The he III Cie Id the he III la cac thiet ke mang tinh eii tien so vdi the h i 11.Tfnh Uu Viet hon eiia t h i he Id ndy the h i l n d nhUng dae diem sau: a) Hodn thien ffien &ff&isoni'^ 15 El KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE cdng nghe nhien lieu; b) Dp an toan eao hdn; c) Tieu chuan hda cae t h i l t ke; d) Khi nang ty dpng hda eao hon vdi it sU can thiep eua ngUdi; e) Nang suat nhiet cao hon [2,3] d) The he 111+ Mac dil cac Id the he III mdi ddi, nd lai da dupe nhieu chuyen gia xem nhu da ldi thdi vl ciing mdt ky thudt vdi cic Id PWR Gia thdnh xdy dyng cua cic loai Id ndy thudng cao hdn cic loai the he 11 khoing 1,5 den lan (ddn g i i eho kW cdng suat khoing 6.000 USD) Va ehinh d i l u dd da thue day cic nha khoa hoc t i l n tdi cic chuang trinh nghien cdu ve t h i he Id phdn dng mdi the he 111+ cho hieu q u i vd tdi Uu hdn e) The he IV Ld phan dng hat nhan the he IV dang dupe 10 nUde ehung sde nghien eUu khudn khd Hiep dinh FIG, My d l xUdng tU n i m 2000 vdi kieu Id bao gom Id neutron nhanh vd Id nhiet da dUde lUa chon Cae Id tuong lai ed khuynh hudng t i l n tdi chu ky kin, nghTa Id cie Id phai ed k h i nang ddt ehiy phan Idn chat thai (Id nhanh) de dap dng tieu chuan chi'nh la tiet kiem tai nguyen; t i l t kiem v l ehu ky nhien lieu; han che chat t h i i phdng xa; va han c h l sU lan rdng vu nguyen td Vi dang edn thdi ky phdi thai, nen phan ldn eic Id nay, t r i n ly thuyet Id an toan hdn, nhUng ehua the xuat hien tren thj trUdng trudc nhdng nam 2035-2040, ngoai trd mpt phien b i n ciia 16 p h i n dng nhiet dd rat cao {VHTR: Very High Temperature Reactor) la mdt kieu t h i l t k l cho Id p h i n dng hat nhan the he mdi - the he IV) va dUdc gpi la Nhd m i y hat nhan t h i he mdi (NGNP: Next Generation Nuclear Plant) se duoc hodn t h i n h n i m 2021.[4] II Tim hieu mot sd chUtfng trinh tinh toan thuy nhiet hat nhan An t o i n van hanh nha m i y dien hat nhan ed y nghTa vd ciing quan trpng; bdi vl nd lien quan tdi khdng ehi van d l kinh t l 16 ffifn & ff&i song cua nha miy, an toan ciia ngudi khu vUc nhd m i y ma cdn i n h hudng tdi c i cae cU d i n va mdi trudng khu vUc xung quanh Cie su ed va tai nan x i y doi vdi nha m i y dien hat n h i n thdi gian qua la minh chdng cho viec Dae biet tai nan x i y vdi n h i m i y dien hat nhan Fukushima cua N h i t Bin t h i n g 3/2011 la mdt minh chdng Tai nan tai nha m i y dien hat nhan Fukushima dd dnh hudng khdng nhd tdi mdi trudng vd ngudi khdng chl cua Nhat Ban md ddi vdl c i t h i gidi; ldm i n h hUdng nang n l tdi nen kinh t l Nhit Bin; ldm thay ddi ea chinh sieh n i n g lUpng cua Nhat Ban Gia tri to Idn ma nang lUpng hat nhan mang d i n cho eon ngUdi la rd rang Song viec sddung ngudn nang lupng mdt cich an toan ed y nghia sdng cdn va dUpc t h i gidi dac biet quan tam De d i m b i o an toan eho hoat ddng cua nha may dien hat nhan; dd ddm bdo cho hoat dpng an t o i n cua Id phan dng hat nhan cd vai trd rat quan trpng Chinh vi vay, viec hieu b i l t thau dao hoat dpng ciia Id p h i n Ung hat nhan ndi chung vd cdc qud trinh vat ly, dac biet cac qua trinh thuy nhiet 16 cd y nghTa rat quan trpng Tat ei eae nude ed nha m i y dien hat n h i n d i u ed dpi ngu tinh t o i n thuy nhiet Viec tinh todn thuy n h i l t 16 phdn dng khdng ehi giiip hieu biet qua trinh dien b i l n boat ddng eua Id p h i n Ung de viec van hdnh an t o i n ; md nd edn giup hieu dUoc eae dien bien theo thdi gian cdsUco va tai nan Dieu rat hdu feh; bdi vi nd giup cie ehuyin gia, eie nha van hanh tien dodn cac dien bien se x i y de ed hudng khac phuc, giup gidm thieu h i u qud cua tai nan Viet Nam se xdy dyng nha may dien hat nhan tUdng lai rat gan ngudn nhan lUc dang thieu, die biet chiing ta ehua ed dpi ngu ehuyen gia v l tinh toan thuy nhiet; cung nhu ehUa ed cd sd ddo tao nao day cie chuong trinh tinh toan Day chfnh Id ly chiing tdi lUa chpn viee tim hieu, n g h i l n eUu chddng trinh tinh t o i n thuy n h i l t vdi muc dieh phyc vu viec dao tao Hien nay, mdt so chuong trinh tinh t o i n thuy nhiet cho Id phin Ung hat nhan dang dupc sUdung, nhutd: CATHARE, TRACE, COBRA, RELAP a) ChUtfng trinh CATHARE (Code for Analysis of ThermalHydraulics during an Accident of Reactor and Safety Evaluation) Id chuong trinh tinh t o i n thuy nhiet duoc phat trien tai GRENOBLE bdi ed quan nang lupng nguyen td Phip (CEA), Cdng ty dien lUe Phdp (EDF), Cdng ty FRAMATOME-ANP va IRSN vdo nhdng n i m 70 cua t h i k^ trudc ChUdng trinh dupc phit trien nham thuc hien tinh t o i n vdi chinh xic cao cho tai nan 16 phdn Ung nudc ap luc: tai nan mat chat lam mat (ed nhd va cd Idn, is vdng sd cap hay t h d cap) Do ddi sau, chUdng trinh Cathare cd t h i vien sd lieu ehUa nhilu v i dupe sU dung chii yeu tai Phip va mdt sd nude sd dyng cdng nghe Id phdn Ung hat nhan eua Phap ChUdng trinh tinh toan CATHARE bao gdm ba phan dupe chia thdnh file thuc thi: CATHARE pre-processing (READER.exe): dpc file dd lifu dau vao, sd ly d d lieu dau vao, phat hien loi, cung cap thdng tin eho vi&c tinh toan - CATHARE calculation (CATHAR exe): thUe thi vile md phdng dua tren tinh t o i n thiiy nhiet - CATHARE post-processing results {POSTPRO.exe): trich xuat kit qui phdn tich cho viec phan tich kit qud Ngoai ehUdng trinh CATHARE cdn cd t h i dUdc md rdng bang each ket hpp vdi eie ehUdng trinh khac nhU: chUdng trinh tfnh t o i n Notron 3D (CRONOS), ehUdng trinh tinh t o i n thuy nhiet vimg hoat (FLICA) va chuong trinh tfnh todn tai nan nghilm (CARE2) Ctf sit toan hoc ap dung CATHARE ChUdng trinh CATHARE dUdC viet dua tren viee giai cic phUOng trinh: Can bang nang lupng vd khdi lupng; phuong trinh c i n bang xung luang Cy t h i ed: KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE Q - phUdng trinh vd hUdng (phuong trinh c i n b i n g nang lUpng va khdi lupng cho moi pha Idng (nudc) v i (hoi nude)) nda Cic van d l chii y l u lien quan d i n eae blnh sinh hoi nam ngang cung nhu sU ngUng tu, t i c h pha cic dng ben so cap cua blnh sinh hdi - phuong trinh vector (phUdng trinh can bang xung luang cho moi pha nudc v i hdi nudc) b) ChUtfng trinh tinh toan thuy nhiet RELAP (Reactor Excursion and Leak Analysis Program) - phUdng trinh van ehuyen khdng ngUng ty (diing cho cie nito, hydro, oxi, khdng khi) - Cac phuang trinh van chuyen 12 phan hda phdng xa Cau true cua chUtfng trinh CATHARE Chuang trinh CATHARE dupe xiy dyng theo eau true modul Cic modul khie dimg de md phdng eae phan khic tfnh t o i n cic thdng sd cua Id phan dng Nghien cihi sijrdung chUtfng trinh CATHARE cho 16 phSn ij^g WER cDa Lien Bang Nga ChUdng trinh tinh todn thiiy nhiet CATHARE dUpc viet cho Id PWR ciia phuong Tay Ld WER v i Id PWR (Id PWR cua cac nude Au, My) cd mpt sd diem khie t h i l t kl, cu the la blnh sinh hdi n i m ngang IdWERva t h i n g ddng Id PWR Chuang trinh RELAP5 duac phat tnen bdi phong thi nghiemqudcgia Idaho-INEELddaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory) dUdi su d i t h i n g ciia Uy ban dieu t i l t hat nhdn hoa ky (USNRC) eho cie phan tich biln ddi chuyin t i l p vdl Id nude nhe Chuong trinh ndy dupe lien tuc phat tnen t d phien ban dau tien Id RELAPSE nam 1966, sau dd la RELAP 2, RELAP 3, RELAP Net mdi die trung chinh cua RELAP la viec sd dyng md hinh chat Idng kep, khdng cdn bang, khdng thuan nhat, md hinh thiiy dpng hpe eho md t i trang thai chuyen tiep ciia he thdng ehuyin tiep hai pha Md hinh thuy ddng hoc la mot chilu, md hinh chat long kep cho ddng trpn hai pha Idnghoi ed t h i chda ea cac phan khdng ngUng tu pha hoi hoae khdng tan chat Idng phUdng trtnh eiia trUdng dupe giai eho tdm bien khdng phy thudc gdm: Ap suat, hai bien nang lUpng ben ciia hai pha (Iciia pha Idng va eiia pha hoi), the tfeh hoi (bpt), hai bien toe dp ciia hai ddng pha, lupng chat khdng ngUng tu, mat dp cha't hda tan (vidy Bo) TU quan diem md phdng thuy nhiet, diem khic biet d i n g k l nhat gida Id WER va 16 PWR la t h i l t ke eua binh sinh hdi Trong ed hai trudng hpp, nude lam mat vdng sP cap ehiy cae dng nhd cua blnh sinh hdi Cac dng - Stf khdi ciia chUtfng trinh RELAP binh sinh hoi nam ngang trudng hpp Id WER va RELAP (Reactor Excursion and Leak Analysis thang ddng Id PWReCia phUdng Tay Ben vdng thd cap, nude sdi va hon hpp nUde - hdi nude ehiy len Program) dupe viet de tinh cae thdng sd ciia 16 p h i n Ung theo phuang t h i n g ddng Do dd, trudng hpp hat nhan trudng hpp hoat ddng binh thudng eung cua blnh sinh hoi t h i n g dUng, ddng ben thd cap chu nhu trudng hop chuyen t i l p va sy ed yeu Id song song vdi ddng ben so cap cdn trudng hpp Id WER, ddng ben t h d cap chii yeu la vudng gde vdi ddng ben so cap D i l m khdc biet quan thU hai gida loai Id la vj tri eua he thdng ECCS Trong hau h i t cae thiet ke Id p h i n dng cua phuong Tay, nudc cap cdu t d he thdng ECCS duoc bdm vao kenh lanh va hien tupng nhung lanh b l mat viing hoat xay t d d i y den dinh viing hoat Trong dd, mdt sd t h i l t ke eda 16 WER, nudc cap edu edn dUdc bdm tryc tiep vao khoang luu hdi hoae khoang tren viing hoat hoie c i hai.Vivay, vimg boated the dUdc cap nudc c i t d dudi len vdtUtren xudng Hon nda, nudc lanh duac ham t d he thdng ECCS v i o khoang tren viing hoat g i y hien So ldm viec tong the cua Relop tUdng ngung tu mdt the tich ldn Cic khic biet Trong dd: ddt cdc yeu eau dac biet ddi vdi cae chudng trinh tinh toan vl eie ehuong trinh khdng ed k h i ndng md t i INPUTD: Khdi sd lieu Idi vao: sd ly, kiem tra sd lieu cac hien tUpng n i y hoie khdng duac ddnh gia mdt file input; chuan b| cae khoi dd lieu can t h i l t cho cic each thfch dang tinh t o i n sau RELAP5 INPUTD Cac k i t qua d i n h g i i va kiem ehdng chi ring cd the sd dyng chUdng trinh CATHARE eho eie nghien cdu danh gia an t o i n thCiy nhiet eho Id WER Tuy nhien, danh gid ciing ehi rang mdt sd van de can phii dupe d i n h g i i lai sau cd cic d d lieu tU cae thyc nghiem khic TRNCTL STRIP TRNCTL: khdi trang thai dn dinh v i chuyen tiep (transient/steady-state): handles eho ei q u i trinh hoat ddng dn dmh va qua trinh chuyen tiep STRIP: Khdi chuyen t i l p so lieu tinh todn ffien A ff&i songl \j S K H O A HQC - CONG N G H E I TRNSET I Sau xdy dung xong input file; dting input file dua vao ehUdng trinh RELAP d l tinh toan ede thdng sd eiia Id phan Ung quan tam (da chi input file) Chuong trinh se tinh t o i n c i c thdng s6 quan tam cua 16 p h i n Ung (da ehi input file) vd cho k i t qua (out put file) D [j I TRAN | | TRNFIN | Mot so ket qua tinh toan tren RELAP 5; I CONVAR I I CHKLEvI : : G D n : c Sddo khoi dung de tinh todn qud trinh chuyen tie'p Trong do: TRNSET: khdi lien k i t cie mang d d lieu; qudn ly qua trinh tinh toan TRAN: khdi quin ly eae qud trinh chuyen tiep Sd dung ehuong trinh tfnh toan RELAP de tinh mpt sd thdng sd ciia 16 phan Ung trudng hdp chin lanh bj vd Sd bd trf thf nghiem nhu hinh dudi Vet vdtai phan nam ngang ciia chan lanh;cd dang hinh trdn, dudng kfnh 27 cm; v i t vd hudng len tren Gid sii, Id dang van hdnh d trang thdi binh thudng vdi cdng suat 100% Tai thdi d i l m t - 200s, vet vd bat dau xuat hien Chiing toi di tinh cic thdng sd: Nhiet dp, dp suat Id; nhiet dp v6 nhien lieu; boat ddng ciia bdm dp suit cao, bam dp suit thap, ACC; Kit q u i tinh todn dUdc chi dudi day TRNFIN:khdi qudn ly qud trinh goi vd giai phdng sd lieu sau da tfnh toan L6 phan Ung CHKLEV: khdi mUc, dilu khien sU dich chuyen cdc mUe pha TRIP: khdi he thdng danh g i i eic trang t h i i logic TSTATE: khdi tfnh t o i n trang t h i i nhiet ddng hpc ciia nudc HTADV: khdi tinh todn qua trinh truyin nhiet HYDRO: khdi tinh todn thiiy ddng hpe RKiN: khdi tinh t o i n ddng hpe 16 p h i n Ung CONVAR: khdi he thdng dieu khien DTSTEP: khdi dilu khiln bUdc thdi gian tfnh t o i n - Nguyen tac hoat ddng cua RELAP Cac thong so dau vao De chay chuong trinh, ngUdi thyc hien phal xay dung file dau vao (input file) theo dinh dang qui dinh cua RELAP Chupng trinh se dpc eae y l u cau v i sd lieu input file va thue hien ede budc tinh toan va cho k i t q u i (output) theo yeu cau eua ngUdi sd dyng dudi dang sd Relap duac v i l t tren ngdn ngdfortran; vay input file can dUdc viet theo dung mau ciia fortran RELAP qui dmh ddng ed 96 ky tU; neu sd lieu dUa vdo tren ddng nhd hdn 96 thi cae ky t y trdng dupe dUa vao cudi ddng de cho dil 96 ky tU Tuy nhien chi 80 ky ty dau tien dUpc sddung eho ehUPng trinh RELAP 5; 16 cdt edn lai diing de chu giai De thuan tien, chi 72 cpt duPc sd dyng cho sd lieu tinh t o i n ; edt cdn lai ciia 80 cdt diing de danh sd ddng va eae khoang trdng Mdt b i n input RELAP bao gdm it nhat card ten, cac card tiiy chon, card sd lieu va card ket thiie - Cach thiiTc chay chUtfng trinh RELAP 18 Oien & Dtfi song Hinh Vj tri vet vd 1.2 Mot so ket qua tinh toan Luu lu^ng ECC -^15 ^10 - I ' " 200 300 400 500 600 700 Thdi gian (s) Hinh Lt/u luang dong ECC — HPI —ACC LPI KHOA HQC - CONG NGHE Sau chin lanh bj vd, i p suat he thdng g i i m , dan tdi khdi ddng he thdng cap nude khi'n cap ECC Sau v i t vdxuat hien, dp suat thiing Id g i i m xudng cdn 9,61 MPa (sau 20 giay); luc bdm dp suat cao dUdc khdi ddng, bdm nudc vao thiing Id; nhUng be ehUa nude cho bdm i p suat cao khdng nhieu; vay sau 115 giay bdm i p suat cao ngdng vi h i t nudc; Lue van dupe md de chuyen nUdc tU ACC vdo thiing Id Do nudc t d v e t v d t i l p tuc chdy ngoai, i p suat thiing Id t i l p tuc gidm; sau 240 giay, i p suat g i i m tdi 1,12IVlPa thi bdm ap suit thap khdi ddng, cung cap t h i m nudc eho Id p h i n Ung Q Muc nudc g i i m dan mat nudc tU vet vd, sau tang mpt lUpng nhd duac cung cap nUdc tU ACC va cac he thdng cap nUdc khan cap khdc Luu lugng chao ^ Luu lugng d6iig bj \ Hinh Luu Iddng dong tgi chan Ignh Lull luang ddng nudetuan hodn tai chin lanh g i i m i p suat Idgiimdanvadoludng nUde 16 giam Nhi^d^b iim$tU$u Nfai^d$b£m$llu6i Nhi^d$b£iii|tlii6i2 250 ^^^^S 300 350 400 Th6i gian (s) Nhift d$ bi ni$t ItiM ZBH^B Hinh LUu Iddng dong vd ^tuO ^ Luu lupng ddng vd gidm dan i p suat giam bdi vi lupng nudc Id g i i m ; nhiet cung cap tU nhien nhieu g i i m Pbaabdapsuat ••]'• ~|' Nhift bi mjit biAi S Nhi^