lai nguyen, B V M T LVS Gam trong digu kien co cong trinh thiiy dien Tuyen Quang; 3/ Phiin lich dac diem tiJ nhien, K T - X H lien quan den tai nguyen, moi trflbng va van de khai thac,
Trang 1Social Sci., 2016, Vol 61, No 5 pp 131-139
This paper is available online at hllp://stdb.hnue.edu.vn
CAC QUAN DIEM VA PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN CtTU
Sir DUNG HOP LI TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN,
BAG VE u 6 l T R U 6 N G L U U V U C SONG GAM
Nguyen Quyet Chien
Khoa Dia li Trudng Dgi hgc Suphgm Hd Ngi
Tdm tat Phan tfch hien trang tai nguyen, moi Irtfdng Itfu vtfc sbng (LVS) Gam nhtf la he
qua cua mdi quan he thdng nhit, chat che giffa cac dieu kien ttf nhien (DKTN), kinh tl - xa hgi (KT - XH); de xuil sff dung hpp li (SDHL) tai nguyen, bao ve moi trtfdng (BVMT) chu yeu tap trung vao ba loai tai nguyen co moi quan he chat che (dil, rffng va ntfdc mat)
la htfdng tiep ein tdng hdp, co cd sb khoa hpc va phu hpp vdi dilu kien dac thii cua LVS Gam Tiep can nghien cffu long hdp theo lUu vtfc doi hoi viec van dung cac quan diem va phtfdng phap nghien cflu chii dao Irong nghien cffu dja li ttf nhien tdng hdp gdm quan die'm tdng hdp, quan diem he thing, quan diem Ijch sff, phal sinh, quan die'm kinh te - sinh thiii; phtfOng phap danh gia tiem nang xoi mon dil theo Itfu vtfc phtfdng phap phan tfch DPSIR vit phtfdng phap phan tfch he thdng
lijfkhda: Ltfu vtfc song Gam, iai nguyen thien nhien, bao ve moi trtfdng
1 Md dau
Quy hoach, SDHL ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien (TNTN) da drfdc nhieu nffdc tren the gidi nghien cffu va ffng dung rgng rai CJ Viet Nam, trong giai doan hien nay, nghien cflu quan If long hdp va SDHL tai nguyen theo LVS dang dfldc nhieu ca nhan, td chffc quan tam vbi nhffng quan diem va hrfbng tiep can khac nhau
Sdng Gam la phu Irfu cap I Ibn nhat cua he thong sdng Lb - Gam LVS cd dang dai va hep, vdi dien tich 14.972 km^, trong dd, dien tfch Irfu vrfc thugc lanh thd Viet Nam la 9.168 km^ Ho Tuyen Quang drfdc xay dtfng d trung Itfu sdng Gam, tren dja phan cdc huyen Lam Btnh, Na Hang, tinh Tuyen Quang Ben canh nhflng Idi ich KT - XH, cdc tac dgng tieu cflc dot vbi ngudn TNTN
va moi trffbng la khong nhd: hd chffa hinh thanh da thu hep nhieu dien tieh rflng thudc cac khu bao tdn thien nhien va dat canh tac do bi ngap nflbc; mbi trfldng sinh thai bj bien dbng [8-10] DKTN chia cit manh cua LVS cflng vdi viec xay dffng hd chfla thuy dien Tuyen Quang ndi rieng, cdc boat dgng nhan tac nbi chung ngay cang da dang ve hinh thffc, pho bien ve khbng gian xuat hien da cd nhflng tac dgng manh me va chffa dffng nhflng nguy cd suy thoai lai nguyen tren ca he thong lffu vitc Xuat phat tfl thtfc te do, vin de dat ra la phai xac lap dffbc muc tieu, nhiem vu nghien ctfu, hrfbng tiep can, quan diem vii phffbng phap nghien cflu phfl hbp v6i dieu DKTN cung nhtf KT
-XH mang tinh dac thu cua LVS Gam, nhdm khai thac, sff dung hieu qua TNTN va BVMT Irfu vrfc
Ngay nhan bai: 5/1/2016 Ngay nhan dang: 25/3/2016
Lien he: Nguyen QuyeC Chien e-mail: chicnhnue@gmail.com
Trang 22 Noi dung nghien cihi
2.1 Quan diem ve suf dung hop li tai nguyen thien nhien
Srf khai thac qua mflc va sfl dung lang phi la nguyen nhan chii yeu lam suy ihoai nguon
T N T N nbi rieng, mbi trtfbng sinh thai ndi chung Chinh vi Ihl, S D H I Idi nguyen va BVMT ta yeu
cau cap thilt cua moi qudc gia T h e o quan diem chung nhat, S D H L T N T N la each thffc stf dung
vffa ddp flng dtfbc nhu e i u sff dung tai nguyen cua xa hgi hien tai vffa diim bao duy in lau dai
ngudn tai nguyen cho cac the he Itfbng lai
T h e o each hieu nay, S D H L T N T N trtfbc h i t phdl la viec khai t h a t , stf dung co hieu qua va
lilt kiem cdc ngudn T N T N Ddy la mdt trong 17 giai phdp nhdm thffc hien "Chien ttfdc QUOL gia
ve tang trtfdng xanh thbi ki 2011 - 2020 va tam nhtn den nam 2 0 5 0 " dii dffdc Thii ttfbng Chmh
phii phe duyet [7] S D H L tai nguyen phai phu hdp vdi chffc ndng, kha nung cung cap cdc dan lai
nguyen cua cac ddn vi Idnh tho S D H L cung ddng thbi phai dam bao sffc iiii tao, kha nang phuc hoi
cua ttf nhien, han che cdc tai bien thien nhien, eai thien va duy trt Iau din chat Iffdng moi trtfdne
S D H L ngudn T N T N va B V M T la dieu kien eho stf phat trien, M u c lieu cua SDHL tai
nguyen va B V M T la htfdng tdi sif phat trien ben vfing, bao gdm stf ben vffng ve kinh te, ben viing
ve xd hpi va ben vfing ve mbi trtfbng
2.2 Muc tieu, nhiem vu va htfdng tiep can nghien cihi sti dting hop li tai nguyen
thien nhien, bao ve moi tnttfng liTu vtfc song Gam
2.2,1 Muc tieu va nhiem vu nghien cihi
Jjphtiifii'^'
„»«'»"?
J o i ' « " ' ' " '
^ ilicii (Miininnel'" [„ isivitcl
Tli IjCtlSfl
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itu
1, Cicqwuitei iliiiD.liaJBi Quan ton ti
Muc lieu nghien cdu: X a c djnh yeu cau va de xuat sfl dung ciic loai tin nguyen chii yeu
cd m6i quan he mat thiet (tai nguyen dat, tai nguyen rflng, tai nguyen nfldc miit), nham gdp phan
nghien cliu, S D H L tai nguyen, B V M T LVS Gam vii sfl ben vflng cfla cong trinh thiiy dien Tuyen
Quang
Nhiem vu nghien ciiu: D e dat dflpc muc tieu nghien cflu tren, Ciic nhiem vu chii yeu can giiii
quyet la; 1/ Tong quan cac hfldng nghien cflu SDHT tai nguyen, B V M T luu vflc tren the gidi va
d Viet Nam; 2/ Xac lap cp sd li luan, hfldng t i l p can va phflpng phap nghien cflu de su5t SDHI
lai nguyen, B V M T LVS Gam trong digu kien co cong trinh thiiy dien Tuyen Quang; 3/ Phiin lich
dac diem tiJ nhien, K T - X H lien quan den tai nguyen, moi trflbng va van de khai thac, sfl dung J|"™!lii»;Siia
DTO
!lVS(
lanh tho LVS Gam; 4 / Phan tich, hien trang va bien doi tai nguyen, moi tnidng do tiic dong clia
dap thuy dien Tuyen Quang; 5 / Xac dinh yeu cau, de xuat S D H L tai nguyen dat, tai nguyen rflng,
till nguyen nfl6c mat va B V M T LVS G a m ; 6/ D6 xuat dinh hfldng khai thac vung ho Tuyen Quang
tren cd sd phan tich tiem nang tfl nhien vung long ho
2,2,2, Hirdng tiep can nghien cihi
- Ph3n tich hien trang tai nguyen, moi trfldng LVS Gam nhfl la he qua cfla moi quan he
thong nhat, chat che gifla ciic DKTN, KT - XH vii tac dpng cua ho Tflyen Quang den toiin bo he tfl nhien - m6i trflbng sinh thai Iflu vflc: Trong moi quan he gifla cac DKTN va KT - XH vdi tai
nguyen, moi trflcing LVS Gam, cac DKTN quy djnh dac diem tai nguyen, moi tnidng lflu vuc duoc
hinh thanh trong Ijch sfl thanh tao canh quan dudi tac dgng cua cac qua trinh tfl nhien dien ra trong
Irfu viic Srf bien doi trang thai va chat lfldng tai nguyen, moi trfldng LVS Gam chu yeu la he qua
tac dpng cua tac nhan con ngfldi trong hoat dpng khai thac, sfl dung tai nguyen va xay diing cac
cong trinh ki thuat, dac biet la dap ho Tuyen Quang Doi vdi LVS, he qua Clia cac tac dpng nay den sfl bien doi tai nguyen, moi tnidng dfldc bieu hicn ro iihat va mang tinh lien hoan la tai nguyen dat,
,' Qadimhtih
"^i'Slitt
•"*J;Mr,jiitnj(
••' ^toi\ii
• -iiaoaoivji
i'^iTiwigj '*'! till Ji lip,
* 4, ling, '*»*SoiJi
QwnSm
Trang 3Idp phu thffc vat va tai nguyen nrfdc miit,
- De xuit SDHL tai nguyen, BVMT lffu vffc chu yeu tap trung vao ba Ioai tai nguyen la tai nguyen dit, tai nguyen rflng va tai nguyen nffdc mat: LVS Id he thong Iff nhien tffdng doi hoan chinh doi vdi cac qua trtnh ttf nhien gin kit cac bd phan thtfdng, trung va ha Iffu trong cau true ngang cua lffu vtfc Trong LVS Gdm, ddp hd Tuyen Quang da Iam phan phdi iai tai nguyen ntfbc,
cd cau sff dung, quan ti dit va bien ddi rffng Xae djnh y6u eiu SDHL tai nguyen dat, rffng vd nffdc mat dtfa tren phan tich dac diem DKTN, KT - XH ttnh trang khai thac, sfl dung va hien trang tai nguyen mbi irtfbng Iam cd sd de xuat SDHL eac Ioai lai nguyen nay
- Cung vdi viec khai thac va SDHL ngudn nffdc mat, ddi vbi toan bd dien tich LVS Gam, viec phan tich lffu vffc ve xbi mbn tiem nang (XMTN), tinh trang thoai hba dat, tiem nang dat dai, trang thai rflng la cd sb dl xuat phan cap diu ngudn, cd ciu sfl dung dat hdp Ii, xac djnh ti Ie che phii va phuc hdi rflng nham giff ngudn nffbc, bao ve dit, chdng xoi mon - bdi ling Ibng hd Cach lam nay dfldc coi la khau then chdt trong SDHL tai nguyen, BVMT LVS Gam va gdp phin dam bao hieu suit sff dung cong trtnh thuy dien Tuyen Quang,
23 Cac quan diem van dung trong nghien cihi svi dung hop li tai nguyen thien
nhien, bao ve moi trtfotng ltfu vtfc song Gam
23.L Quan diem tong hop
Mbi trflbng tfl nhien la mgt chinh the thdng nhat Chinh vi the khbng the tiep can danh gid tflng thanh phan rieng biet cua the long hdp ma cin xem xet long hdp toan bg dia tdng the vbi cdc thanh phan va moi quan he phflc tap cua mgt he thong
Quan diem long hdp la quan diem ehii dao trong suot qua trtnh giai quyet cac nhiem via nghien cffu cu the Trong nghien cflu nay, quan diem tdng hbp dffdc van dung de phan tich ldc dgng tdng hdp ciia DKTN va KT - XH den sff hinh thanh dac diem, sff bien ddi va hien trang tai nguyen, mdi trffbng LVS Gam Trong dd, lap trung vao mgt sd thanh phan chu yeu ma sff bien doi Clia nb cd vai trd chu dao tao nen nhflng thay doi cua tat ca cac thanh phin ttf nhien khac, ddng thbi cd tinh chal quyet dinh din ehflc nang va trang thai khac nhau cua moi trtfdng Itfu vtfc Quan diem tdng hdp cflng dtfdc cu the hda b cac phtfbng phap nghien cflu: danh gia tong hdp cdc yeu td ttf nhien trong mb htnh djnh Itfbng XMTN va danh gia tdng hbp tiem ndng, hien trang lai nguyen, mdi trtfbng trong de xuat SDHL tai nguyen, BVMT LVS Gam
2.3.2 Quan diem he thong
Theo quan diem he thdng, moi ddn vj Ianh thd ltf nhien la mgt the tdng hbp hoan chinh, thong nhat, gdm nhieu thanh phan cau tao cd mdi quan he va ciu true chat che Trong nghien cflu cac the tdng hdp Ianh thd, quan diem he thong cd vai trb quan trong nham xac djnh eiu true khdng gian, chflc nang tflng thanh phan trong cau tnic thing dffng ddi vdi mdi ddn vj lanh thb va chflc nang eua tffng ddn vj lanh thd ddi vbi cdc ddn vj lanh thd khac trong cau true ngang thbng qua cac qua trtnh trao ddi vat chat va ndng Irfdng
Van dung quan diem he thdng trong nghien cffu, LVS Gam dffdc xem xet nhrf mgt he thong thong nhat Trong do, eac thdnh phin trf nhien va hoat ddng nhan tac cd moi quan he chat che Nghien ctfu da tap trung phan tich lam ro srf phan hda khbng gian, hien trang va bien ddi ciia tai nguyen dat, tai nguyen rflng va tai nguyen nffdc mat do tac dgng cua cac DKTN va KT - XH Stf phan bo va bien ddi cua ba Ioai tai nguyen nay cd anh htfbng quan trgng den dien bien trang thai, chat Irfbng tai nguyen, mdi trrfbng Irfu vffc va phtfdng htfdng khai thac, sff dung lanh tho
Quan diem he thdng cbn dffbc van dung de phan tich dac tinh cau true cua LVS Gam vbi
Trang 4vai trb la mgt he thong hoan chinh ve mat Iff nhien trong dd cac thanh phiin cau thdnh lubn lao nen
stf on djnh trfbng ddi Theo cau true dffng, LVS Gam dtfbc ciu thanh bbi cdc nhan id tao canh quan
bao gdm dia chat, dia htnh, khi hau, thuy van, thd nhtfbng va sinh vat Theo cdu true ngang LVS
Gam la mgt bp phdn cua LVS Ld - Gdm va la mgt he thdng cac LVS cap 2 (eua song Gam) Moi
LVS bao gdm cde bg phdn eau thdnh cd moi lien he chat che la thtfdng ltfu, trung Itfu, ha luu Nang
Itfdng dbng chdy tao nen stf xuyen sudt tfl thffbng ltfu den ha Itfu cua mdi Itfu vtfc va lien ket giifa
cac cip Itfu vtfc Chinh vt vdy, nang Itfbng ddng chay la nhan td dpng Itfc gay xbi mbn dit va cung
la nhan td cb the tac dgng de dilu chinh qua trinh xdn mdn ltfu vtfc
Viec xac djnb cac mdi quan he thdng nhit trong he ltf nhien, gitfa he itf nhien va he KT
XH trong he thdng ltfu vtfc la cb sb de de xuat eac giai phap khai thac, SDHI lanh thd LVS Gam
ndi ehung va viing Ibng bd Tuyen Quang ndi rieng
2.3.3 Quan diem lich suT, phat sinh
Yeu td thdi gian cung cdc dae diem ttf nhien, TNTN va mbi trtfbng, ,stf phan hoa cua lanli '
•thd LVS Gam hien tai la he qua cua Ijch sfl htnh thanh, qud trtnh phai smh, phal men ciia lit nhieti
va tac nhan KT - XH Do vay, qud trinh iff nhien va nhan tac dffdc coi !a nhflng nhiin lo cau thanh
canh quan va anh htfdng den hien trang, bien ddi tai nguyen, moi irtfbng cung nhtf phtfbng hifOn
khai thac, SDHL tai nguyen, BVMT Itfu vffc rtirjo 2.3.4 Quan diem kinh te - sinh thai
Hoat dgng khai thac canh quan cho cac muc dich phat trien KT - XH dd tao ra stf bien doi
manh me ve khong gian, thdi gian cua cac TNTN, cau true, chflc nang va tfnh ben vtfng ciia cac he
sinh thai Nghien effu phan tich hien trang lai nguyen, mdi trtfbng LVS Gam phai tao dUdc cd sd ' "
If luan va thtfc tien cho viec de xuat eac giai phap SDHL Ianh tho nham ket hdp hdi hoa giUa cac T
muc lieu phat trie'n KT - XH vdi kha ndng ddp ffng cdc nhu ciu khai that tai nguyen va BVMT |||,| ^
Ve muc tieu on djnh mbi trffdng sinh thdi: Mbi trtfbng sinh thdi la mbi trtfbng song cua con
ngffbi va the gibi sinh vdl trong do con ngtfbi la thanh phan chu the trong moi trtfdng, viia la doi y^^
ttfdng htfbng Idi tfl mdi trffbng, vfla la tac nhan chu yeu gay nen nhflng bien ddi manh me cho
moi trrfbng thong qua cac hoat dgng sdng cua minh Trong nghien cflu nay, muc tieu dn dinh moi
trffdng sinh thai dffdc xdc djnh qua viec ddnh gia yeu cau phbng hd theo cat t i p Itfu vtfc tren cd sd
xac djnh mfle do va stf phan boa khbng gian vl XMTN dit trong mdi quan he vbi hien tran che
phu rflng Day la eb sb d l xuil mffc dam bao ti le che phii va phuc hdi tbp phu rffng theo mitc do '"
xung yeu ve phbng hb cua tffu vffc nhdm dilu hba nang lffdng ddng chay, han che xbi mbn dat T
v l muc lieu phat trien KT - XH: Kit qua danh gia XMTN de dc xuil li le che phu ritng hdp
li Uieo yeu cau phbng hd diu ngudn (PHDN) khong nhtfng dam bao stf dn dmh moi trtfbng smh
thai ma cdn htfbng tbi muc lieu han che bdi Iang long hd, keo dai ludi thg hd chfla va lang hieu
nang hoat dgng cua nha may thuy dien Tuyen Quang Muc tieu phat tnen kinh te cung dtfdc thttc
hien b viec danh gia tdng hdp hien trang va bien ddi tai nguyen, mbi trtfbng nham de xual ei^i
phdp khai thac hieu qua khdng gian mdt nffdc hd Tuyen Quang
2.4 PhtfOng phap nghien c^hi de xuat suf dung hop h' tai nguyen thien nhien
bao ve moi trtfbng ltfu vtfc song Gam
2.4.1 Phtfdng phap danh gia tigm nang xdi mdn dat theo Itfu vtfc
a Lita chgn phUdng phdp ddnh gid
Tren the gidi co nhieu phtfdng phap danh gia xbi mbn ddt Trong do nhiing phtfdng phap
Trang 5chu yen thffbng dtfpc sff dung nhieu nhat la [1, 8]:
- Phan loai, phan vung lanh tho theo mtfc do xdi mdn tren cb sb danh gia tong hdp anh hrfdng cua cac DKTN den xoi mbn Day la phffdng phap dffdc ap dung rgng rai d Lien Xd (cu)
va Trung Qubc Cac ban dd phan vung theo do nguy hiem tiem nang xual hien xbi mdn drfdc xay drfng tren cb sd tdng hdp cac ban dd phan cap cac nhan id ttf nhiln tham gia vao qua trinh xdi mbn nhrf dia hinh, khi hau, Idp phu thtfc vat, trong dd dia htnh va khi hau la nhflng nhdn td drfdc chu y nhieu nhat
- Phtfdng phap mo hinh hoa dtfa tren ed sd mb hinh thtfc nghiem nghien cffu qua trinh xdi mdn (mo htnh thffc nghiem), nhflng ket qua quan sat xdi mon thffc te (mo htnh kinh nghiem) hoac drfa tren stf hieu biet vl cac quy luat van dgng va cd che ciia qua trinh xdi mon dd dtfdc li thuyet hba dffbi dang cde dinh ludt bay phffbng trinh vat li Day la phffdng pbap mang tinh dinh Iffdng, stf dung cac mo hinh toan thtfc nghiem hoac mb htnh Ii thuylt de the hien qua trinh xoi mdn Phtfbng phap mo htnh hoa cb the cho phep ffng dung cac cbng nghe hien dai vao nghien cffu tinh todn Tuy nhien, do qua trinh xdi mbn dien ra rat da dang va mang tinh dja phtfdng eao nen khi dp dung cho cac Ianh thd khac nhau can ehff y tdi nhflng dac thu dja If cua tflng dja phffdng bdng each sff dung cac thbng sd cua mo hinh da dffdc kiem chffng cho dia phtfdng
Do kha nang flng dung rgng rai cua he thdng lin dia If (GIS) vbi cac tfu the cua nhflng kT thuat mdi trong qua trinh nghien effu xbi mon nen lac gid da sff dung phffbng phdp mb hinh trong nghien cffu danh gia XMTN Itfu vffc
b Lita chpn md hinh ddnh gid
* Ca sd Ufa chgn md hinh
Md htnh danh gia dffdc sff dung can dam bao cac yeu ciu chfl yeu sau
- Tfnh kha thi, bao gdm ca viec kha thi ve ngudn ltf lieu va phtfdng phap thtfc hien
- Tfnh chinh xdc va phii hdp ve thong tin: kit qua linh loan ciia mb hinh phai cd do chinh xac cao, day du va phu hdp vdi muc tieu, nhiem vu nghien cflu diit ra
- The hien dffdc srf phan hda khdng gian phu hbp vbi dilu kien chia cat dja hinh ndi rieng, stf phan hba cac DKTN ndi chung cua Ianh thd nghien cffu
Tac gia da sfl dung mo htnh mat dat pho dung USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) cua Wischmeier va Schmid de danh gla XMTN LVS Gam, sau khi da loai bd he sd C va P Viec liJa chpn md htnh nay xuat phat tfl nhflng li do sau day:
Thff nhat, viec Irfa chgn mb htnh USLE cho phep dap ffng drfdc yeu cau nghien cflu phan cap XMTN Iam cd sd cho viec dl xual phan cap phbng hd theo Iffu vrfc, trong dd cac nhan td anh hrfdng tdi xdi mdn dffdc de cap mgt each rieng biet trong mdt mdi trfdng quan chat che
Thff hai, nhieu tac gia nghien ctfu xbi mbn tren the gibi va trong nrfdc da khdng djnh USLE
la mo htnh cd the ap dung thanh cong cho xdi mdn lffu vffc [4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10]
Thfl ba, cac tham sd cua phffdng trinh USLE cd the drfdc sfla ddi de thi'cb hdp vbi nhtfng hoan canh cu the vl li Ie khong gian, dieu kien khi hau cflng nhrf cac dieu kien dja If khac TXiy nhien, cd the xuat hien cdc sai lech do dp dung may mde cac cong thflc cua USLE Chi'nh vt vdy,
de cd the sfl dung phfldng trinh USLE, chung tdi da chu y den lap Iuan va cbng thtfc cua cae tae gia khac da cbng bd vbi cac ltfu vtfc cd dieu kien ttfbng ttf va ddc bill la trong dilu kien cua Viet Nam Cac he sd dtfdc quan tam nhieu trong viec thay ddi la LS, R va K
Thff tff, vdi each tiep can he thdng theo tflng thdng so anh htfdng xdi mbn, md htnh USLE
ed the dffdc tinh toan bang cdng cu GIS (Hinh I) Theo dd, cac he sd cua qua trinh xdi mon dat drfdc tinh toan tren GTS tfl cac ban dd thanh phan vdi vai trb la nhflng dfl lieu dau vao, ttf dd xay
Trang 6dffng ban dd xdl mdn Ihrfc tl va ban dd XMTN De cb the tfnh loan dffbc tren GTS, viec dau tien can quan tam la phai xay dffng mgt cd sb dfl lieu hoan chinh, dong bg
Ban d6 tui;mg mua
tninc binh nam
Hinh 1 Svt dung mo hinh USLE trong tinh todn xdi mon bdng GIS
* Md hinh ddnh gla
- Phffdng trinh mat dit long quat USLE dffdc Wischmeier va Schmid hoan thien vao nam
1978 ttf ket qua quan trdc va thong ke Ibn tff thiic te, dtfbc thiet lap tren cd sb djnh Iffdng cac nhan
to gay ra xdi mbn Ltfdng xdi mbn dat Id mdi hdm cua nhieu bien so; tien hanh tdch biet tffng bien
sd va bieu diln nb bang sd; khdi Itfdng dit xdi mdn bdng tfch cua tat ca cae bien so dd PhUdng trtnh mat dat tdng quat cb dang: A=RxKxLxSxCxP
Trong dd:
A: Ltfbng dit mat trung btnh hang nam chuyen tdi chan stfdn (kg/m2.nam)
R: He so xdi mbn do mtfa (thang do do xoi mbn dffbc lap tren cb sd E130) (KJ.mm/m^.h.nam)
K: He sd khang xdi cua dat (dffdc xac djnh bang Itfbng dil mil di cho mgt ddn vj xdi mon cua mtfa trong dieu kien chieu dai stfbn la 22,4m, do doc 9%, trdng Iuong theo chieu ttf tren xuong stfbn doe) (kg.h/KJ.mm)
L: He sd chieu dai stfbn ddc, ti Ie dat mat di cfla thtfa dat can tfch loan so vdi Itfdng dat mat
di cua thtfa dit chuan
S: He sd do ddc (li le dil mil di cua thffa dit cin lich loan so vbi Itfbng mat dat cua thtfa dat chuan cd do ddc 9%),
C: He s6 cay Irdng hoac Idp phu (khbng thtf nguyen) ti le Itfdng dit mit cua thtfa dit so v6i Iffdng dat mat di cua thfla dit chuan (bd hoa each nam)
P; He sd canh lac bao ve dat (ti Ie Itfdng dat mat di cfla thfla dat can tinh loan so vbi Irfbng dit mat di cua thtfa dat khdng thrfc hien bien phap canh tac bao ve dat (thfla dit ehuan, trdng luong theo chieu tfi tren xuong srfbn ddc) Trong ngi dung nghien ctfu, he so C va P dffbc loai bo de thanh lap ban dd XMTN Itfu vffc Khi dd, md htnh USLE cd dang: A=R x K x L x S
Ban dd XMTN drfdc thanh lap the hien mtfc do xdi mon vbi gia thiet khdng cb tdp phii thiic vat va cdc bien phap canh tac chdng xdi mdn Chinh vt vay, ket qua tinh loan xdi mbn khdng hrfbng tdi viee phan anh Irfdng dil xdi mbn thffc le ma nhdm phan cap kha nang xdt mdn lffu vrfc do anh
Trang 7hrfdng cfla cac DKTN (Irfdng mrfa, loai dit, do ddc, do dai srfbn ddc) den qua trinh xdi mbn dil, lam ed sb cho viee dl xuat SDHL va bao ve tai nguyen dit, phan cap phbng hb va phuc hdi Ibp phu rflng Irfu vrfc
2.4.2 PhtfOng phap phan ti'ch DPSIR
Phffdng phap phan tich DPSIR (Driving forces (ngudn tac dgng) - Pressures (ap Iffc) - State
(hien trang) - Impacts (tdc dgng) - Responses (ffng phd)) da dffbc CO quan Mdi trffdng chau Au
(EEA, European Environmental Agency) kl thfla va nang cap tfl phtfdng phap phan tich PSR (Pressures - Stale - Responses) eua Td chffc hbp tac va phal trien kinh ll (OECD, 1993) tfl nam
1994 sau khi da bd sung them 2 chi sd la Dgng Iffc (D) va Tdc dong (I)
DPSIR la mgt mo htnh nhan thflc dflng de xac djnh, phan tich va danh gia cac chudi quan
he nguyen nhan - kit qua - gial phap ffng phb Tac gia da sff dung phflbng phap DPSIR de phan tich tdng hgp cac van de lien quan den tai nguyen nffbc mat LVS Gam lam cb sb xac djnh cac giai phap can de xuit SDHL va bao ve lai nguyen nflbc mat LVS Gam (htnh 2)
- D (Driving forces) - ngudn tdc dgng: cac hoat ddng KT - XH gay tac dong tdi tai nguyen nrfbc LVS Gam
- P (Pressures) - ap Iffc: cae sflc ep Ien tai nguyen ntfdc Itfu vtfc tff boat dgng KT - XH cua con ngtfbi
- S (Slate) - hien trang: cae thdng tin djnh tfnh ve hien trang tai nguyen ntfbc va van de khai thac, sfl dung ngudn nffbc Itfu vffc
-1 (Impacts) - lac dgng: eae tdc dong tieu cffc ldi tai nguyen nffdc vd cgng ddng dan ctf tren Itfu vffc
- R (Responses) - flng pho: cac giai phap SDHL va bdo ve tai nguyen nflbc Iflu vtfc
Giai phap irng pho
Hinh 2 Sd do khdi gu^ phttdng phdp phdn tich DPSIR
Ket qua phan tfch bang phtfdng phdp DPSTR cho phep xac djnh cac mdu thuan trong stf dung tai nguyen ntfdc mat, nguy cd va nguyen nhan suy thoai cung nhtf cac vin de cbn tbn tai trong cdng tac quan If tai nguyen ntfbc, lfl dd de xuat cac nhdm giai phap khai thdc va SDHL tai nguyen nffbc mat liru vtfc
2.4.3 Phtfdng phap phan ti'ch he thdng
Phffdng phap phan tich be thong dffdc van dung vao giai quyet cac nhiem vu nghien cffu theo trinh ttf eac ngi dung (eac btfdc) sau:
Bffdc I: Phan tich ddc diem cac DKTN, KT - XH va hien trang tai nguyen, mbi tnfbng LVS Gam
Brfbc 2: Thanh lap ban dd phan eap XMTN LVS Gam Iam cd sd cho viec dl xuat phan cap phong hd; SDTTL va phuc hdi rffng; sff dung, bao ve tai nguyen dat
Trang 81'
Nguyen Quyel Chien ] Cat'/"""
Brfbc 3 Ddnh gia yeu cau sff dung ngudn ntfbc (hien trang ngudn nffbc mdt, ddc infng
dbng chay mat, hien trang khai that, stf dung ngudn ntfdc mat, cae ton tai trong quan li tai nguyen
nffbc ) Idm cd sb de xuat SDHI tai nguyen nffdc mat Irfu vrfc
Bffdc 4: De xuil djnb htfbng phat trie'n thuy san va du Ijch viing long ho TuyiJn QuaU; tren
cd sd phan tich, danh gid long hdp DKTN, TNTN vung hd
Viec van dung phtfdng phap phan tfch he thdng tho phep xiic dmh rb moi quan he gufa cac
hdp phdn ttf nhien va nhan tac, gifla cac bd phan thtfdng Itfu, trung ltfu, ha ltfu vii giffa cac liru
vrfc cap 2 nhim tao cd sb dl xuat SDHI tdi nguyen dit, rflng, nguon ntfbc mat va vung ho Tu\en
Quang
3 Ket luan 1 Xdc lap dffbc mue tieu, nhiem vu, quan diem, hrfbng tilp can vd phtfdng phdp nghien cilu
phu hdp vdi DKTN cung nhtf KT - XH mang tfnh ddc thu ciia LVS Gam Id yeu cau cap thiet nham
khai thac, sfl dung hieu qua TNTN va BVMT theo lffu vflc Ddy la nhiem vu trong tam trone \iec
de xuat SDHL tai nguyen va BVMT LVS Gam
Ve htfdng tiep can nghien effu: Phan tfeh hien trang tai nguyen, moi trtfdng 1 ,VS Gam nhir la
he qua cua mdi quan he thong nhit, chdt che gifla cac DKTN, KT - XH vii tac dong cua hb Tu\en
Quang den loan bg he ttf nhien - moi trtfdng sinh thdi Itfu vtfc De xuat SDHL tai nguyen, BVMT
ltfu vffc tap trung vao ba Ioai tai nguyen ehu yen la tai nguyen dat, lai nguyen rtfng va tai nguyen , , ^
nffde mat Trong 66, phan tich Itfu vtfc ve XMTN, tinh trang thoai hba dat, liem nang dat dai trang
thai rffng la cb sb de xuat phdn cap dau nguon, cd cau sff dung ddt hop If, xac dinh tf le che phu va
phuc hdi rflng nhdm gifl ngudn nfldc, bao ve dat, chdng xbi mbn - boi tang long hb la khau then
chot trong SDHL tai nguyen, BVMT LVS Gam vd gdp phan dam bao hieu suit stf dung cong irmh
thuy dien Tuyen Quang ^ r
v l quan diem va phtfbng phap nghien ctfu: Cac quan diem nghien cffu chii yeu dUdc \an
dung trong qua trinh nghien cflu gdm: quan diem tong hdp, quan diem he ihbng, quan diem lich |ji^
sff, phdt sinh va quan diem kinh tl - sinh thai Tff muc lieu, nhiem vu, quan diem va hffbng tiep can (ij^ ^
nghien ctfu, cac phtfdng phap dffdc van dung trong nghien cffu dc xuat SDHL TNTN va BVMT
LVS Gam bao gdm: ^ ^ ^^,^1, ^
1/ Phffdng phap danh gia tiem ndng xdi mon dat theo ltfu vtfc, trong dd mo hinh m ii dii
pho dung USLE cua Wischmeier va Schmid dd dtfbc sff dung de danh gia XMTN 1 VS Gam, sau
khi da loai bb he sd C va P Day la mb htnh da dffbc dp dung thanh cong trong nghien cffu xoi mon
lffu vtfc, dap ffng dtfbc yeu eau phan eip XMTN va kha nang flng dung rong rai tbng cu GIS
2/ Phtfbng pbap phan tfeh DPSIR dtfbc sff dung de xac djnh cac mau thuan trong stf dung tai
nguyen nffbt mat, nguy cd va nguyen nhan suy thoai eung nhtf cat vin de cbn ton lai trong cong
tac quan If tai nguyen ntfbc, tff dd de xuat cdc cac giai phap khai that vii SDHI lai nguyen ntfbc
mat ltfu vffc
3/ Phffdng phap phan tfeh he thdng dtfde van dung giai quyet cat nhicm vu nghien cifu Ihco
trinh ttf cac btfdc gdm: phdn tfch dac diem cdc DKTN, KT - XH vd hien trang IJi nguyen, moi
trtfbng LVS Gam; thanh lap ban dd phdn cip XMTN LVS Gam lam cd sb cho viec dl xuat phan
cap phdng hg; de xuat SDHLva phuc hdi rffng; sff dung, bao ve tai nguyen dat danh gia yeu cau
sff dung ngudn ntfbc va de xuil SDHL tdi nguyen ntfbc mat; de xuit dinli htfbng phal trien thtiy
san va du ljeh viing Ibng hd Tuyen Quang
Trang 9TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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conference yol.2: Process of soil erosion and its environment effect, Beijing
[2] Ha Van Hanh, 2002 Nghiin ctiu ddnh gid tdi nguyin phuc vu cho phdt triin KT - XH bin vting d huyin vting cao A Ludi linh Thtia Thiin Hui Luan dn Tien st Dia If trtfbng Dai hgc
Khoa hoc Ttf nhien - Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Nbi
[3] K Honda, S Murai, R Shibasaki, 2002 Reference lo the soil erosion and vegetation mdex model - /, A watershed management application using CIS GPS and remote sensing STAR
program Asian Institule of Technology, Thailand
[4] D Ouyang, J Barlholit, 2001 Web-Based GIS application for soil erosion prediction Proceeding of An International Symposium-Soil erosion research for Ihe 2Isl century
Honolulu, TTI Jan pp.3-5
[5] K.G Renard G.R Foster, G.A, Weesies et al, 1997 RUSLE - A guide lo conservation planning with the revised universal soil loss equation USDA Agrieultural Handbook No 703
[6] STAR program, 2002 Modelling in Geographic information system A watershed management
appUcation using GIS, GPS and remote sensing STAR program, Asian Institute of Technology
Thailand
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Phe duyet "Chiin luac qudc gia vi ldng trudng xanh thdi ky 2011 -2020 vd ldm nhin din ndm
2050
[8] Trung tam lien nganh Viln tham va GTS - Bp Nbng nghiep va Phdt trien Nbng thon, 2000 Bdo cdo de tdi khoa hgc Ddnh gid XMTN vting ddi nui Bac Trung Bg Viet Nam Ha Nbi
[9] Trung tam VTGEO - Vien Dia chat - Trung tam Khoa hoc Tff nhien va Cbng nghe Quoc gla,
1997 Bdo cdo du dn nhdnh: Md hinh hda khong gian lugng ddt mdt do xdi mdn huyin Thanh Hda - Vinh Phu - Viet Nam Bao cdo de an "He thong tin moi trffbng ddng bing sbng Hdng",
HaNoi
[10] Tran Van Y, Nguyen Quang My, Nguyen Van Nhffng, 1999 Stidung hi tbdng lin dja Uxdy dting bdn dd xdi mon liim ndng Viel Nam li li 1.1.000.000 ling dung vien tham va he thong
tin dja Ii trong quy hoach mbi trtfbng Ha Ndi
ABSTRACT
Viewpoints and methods applied in Research on the Rational use
of Natural resources, Environmental protection of Gam river basin
Analyze the current state of resources, environment of Gam river basin as a result of the unified and tight relationship between the natural and economie - social conditions; propose rational use of natural resources, environmental protection mainly focused on three main types
of resources in close relationships (land, forests and surface water) is a synthesized approach, has a scientific basis and accords with specific conditions of Gam river basin Synthesized research approach according to basin requires the application of decisive research viewpoinls and methods in research on synthesized physical geography including: synthetic viewpoint, systematic viewpoint, historical and generating viewpoint, ecological - economic viewpoint; methods of assessment of potential soil erosion in the basin, DPSIR analysis method and system analysis method
Keywords: Gam river basin, natural resources, environmental protection