MOI TRUONG 32 SU PHAT TRIEN CAC QUAN BIEM XA HOI HOC TRUdC NHlTNG THACH THUC CUA CAC VAN BE MPI TRU'dNG TS Ngu)-en Xudn Nghta* TOM TAT Trudc nhirng thach thirc to l&n cua nhiing vdn di moi tru&ng md xd hdi ludi ngu&i dang ddi diin, cdc nha xd hgi hgc xudi phdt tir nhiing su kiin suy tw vd khdi qudt hod ihdnh cdc ly thuyil di ly gidi cdch h4 thdng nhiing vijn di tren Bdi viit phdc thdo lgi suphdt iriin cdc quan diim ndy tit cdc quan diim truyin thong, c6 hiru lu tu&ngxdhgi hgc nhu thuyet chdc ndng, ihuyel xung dot vd thuyit lutmg tdc bieu tugng, din cdc quan dtem mdi xudt hi^n Irong nhung thdp ky' gdn day: xd hgi hgc vi lieu th\i vd vdn di mdi Iru&ng thuyet vi xa hgi nguy ca, quan diim phdt trien bin vOng, ly thuyil hien dgi hod sinh thai vd cuoi citng quan diem ve cdng hdng vd quyin cda cong ddn vi sinh thdi Cdc quan diim ndy cd vai tro to l&n viec thiie ddy thay ddi cdc moi quan hf giOa ngudi vd moi sinh Nim 2003, Martin Rees, nha thien vin hoc ndi lilng nhit d Vuang qude Anh hifn nay, xuit bin cuon sach gay ^soc" cho ci Ihl gidi vdi nhan de Thi ky cudi cung ciia chung ta vdi phu dl "Nhin io^i cd s€ ton tai din hit ihl ky 21 khdng?"' Ong dua cic sy kien v i lap luin ring nhihig tien bd vupt b^c cua khoa hgc ky thu^t ciia cic nginh cdng nghf nhu sinh hgc, thdng tin, nano va khoa hpe khdng gian, khdng chi mo cho ngudi nhihig vien inh tdt dep, nhung cdn ham chiia nhung khia e9nh den loi (dark side), nhihig hiu qui khdng ludng inxdc duoc nhu Cham ho? h^t nhan, vu sinh hgc khung bo hay xung dpt giiia cic qude gia, nhiing sai lam phdng thi nghifm tao nhixng can bfnh mdi Ben canh dd nhung vin dl mdi trudng rit cip bich dang dupc d& cap d«i, nhu: d nhiein khdng va nudc, chit thii ran, xdi mdn dat va sa mac hoi, thyc pham bien ddi gen, da dang sinh hoc giam dan, hien tirong Irai dat am din len va biln ddi h?u Va Martin Rees dira xac suat 50/50 cho sy tdn tai cua ngudi vao cuoi the ky niy Trudc nhCimg van dl mdi trudng, nganh xa hpi hoc di xuat hien mdn hoc xi hdi hgc ve mdi Irudng (envinDnmenial sociology) cd nhifm vy "'tim hieu nhitng nilm tin cua ngucfi, thai dp ciia hg ve mdi trudng cCia minh vi nhung phuong each ma ca ciu xahdi inh hudng din hp va gdp phin vio vifc l^m dyng dai dang vdi mdi trudng" (Cable & Cable, 1995, tr 5) Cung nhu nhirng nha nghien ctiu khic, cic nha x3 hdi hgc vl mdi trudng tilp c^n van dl bing quan diem xa hdi hgc hay quan diem x3 hdi hgc khac T'rudc nhitng biln ddi nhanh chdng cua cic van de mdi Irudng, cic quan dilm xa hdi hoc ciing nhanh chdng Uiich irng Bai viel phac thio l^i cic quan diem xi hdi hpe truyen ihdng vi nh&ng quan diem mdi xuil hien Irong thdi gian gin day ] Cic quan diem xa hdi hoc truyen thdng vl moi Iririrng /./ QuanOiimchircniSnglugn Mgt sd nhi xi hgi hpe theo thuylt chirc ning (funciionaliwn) dgl trgng tam vio vice nghien ciru cic moi luong quan giua ciu triic xa hpi, bien doi k? thu^l va nhihig vin dl mdi tnrong- Mot mat ho cho thiy khoa h9c kJ thuat ' ^"V^ J "'"?» - thong qua tw dgng hoa va san xual hang loat (mass production), da sin xuit xe hai, may Knh ma hang trieu ngudi sd hu'U vi sir dung mdi each tien nghi Nhung khoa hoc ky thuit cung cd phin chirc nang (dysfunctions) ciia chung - tao d nhilm khdng khf su lam dung, pha hiiy tii nguyen thien nhien vi Uiil chit ';!r1"^f,**X'*" mis.cna,^,.^m.u7,m ^'"^"'fi^w.JrWJ.J Wio-Fimj/Ccn/uo' ằã'tf(/(r/yMIJôRaaã ã5>>"ôfc;,.f,,ci.m^.,j ằ,ằ,,Hm 33 TAP CHI KHOA HQC SO (19)-2011 thai ran (solid waste) khd tigu huy Va cung theo quan diem niy, mgt sd vin de mdi trudng li cai gii ma xa hdi phii tra cho tiln bd khoa bpe ky Ihuat Ve giii phap, cic tac gii niy tin tuong viec phat trien cac ky thuat mdi se giii quyet nhung vin dl mdi trudng vua neu, vi nhu ngudi la chl tao d to vdi cac bd phan chuyen ddi hay sii dung nhien lieu mdi kbdng lim d nhiem mdi trvdng Hp cung quan nifm nhiing giai phap cho vin dl din so qua ddng, van dl mdi trudng nam irong chi'nh cac djnh chl xi hdi: djnh chS chinh trj vi djnh chl giio due G i o dye se day cho ngudi cac phuang phap kiem soit sinh sin gay y thuc cho ngudi ve nhumg gidi han ciia trai dat neu din sd phat trien qui nhanh Chi'nh quyen cic quoc gia va cic td chixc qude tl nhu Lien Hifp Qude se cpng lac vd) nhau, tim cic giii phip canh tin ky thuat siJ dyng tai nguyen trii dit mpt cich cong bing hon (Macionis, Blumer, 1998,658-659) J.2 Quan diim xung apt Ngupc lai, cic nhi xa hgi hgc Iheo quan diem xung ddt (conflict perspective) khdng quan nifm nhthig van de din so hay mdi trudng ti din s6 qui ddng hay thilu hut tai nguyen ma la chenh lech quyen lyc cac xa hgi vi he thdng kinh te the gidi Marx vi Angghen khdng cho rang vifc thieu hut thyc pham li dan so ddng, bdi Ie k^ thual ndng nghiep cd the giii quyet dieu Theo hai dng, viec thilu an hay - rdng Idn hon la nan ngheo ddi ciia ngudi lao ddng - li sy bdc lot ciia cac tay tu san Tang ldp tu sin lai diing lpi nhuan cd dupc de mua may mdc cd the thay the cdng nhan va sir dung dpi quin that nghiep vdi gia re dd nhiing cdng nhan khic khdng dim ddi tang lucmg, cii thien dieu kifn lao ddng Ngiy nay, cac nhi xa hgi hoc theo quan dilm xung dot giii thich sy d nhilm mdi tnrdng la ciu kit giiia cac cdng ty va gidi uu til nim quyin lyc (political elite), bang cich ngo^i hien hoi chi phf mdi trudng cua viec sin xuit (externalizarion of environmental cost of production), hay ndi cich khac chuyen chi chf dd cho quan chiing Dieu niy cd nghTa, nhixng inh hudng tai hai len mdi trudng - vi nhu viec thii nudc ban mdi trudng - cua chi phi sin xuit khdng bao gdm gii cua sin phim Mdt ldi (iep cin khic ciia quan diem xung dot la sy ky thi chung tgc v6 mat mdi trudng (environmental racism) Theo ldi tilp can ngudi ta thay nhiing co sd cd nguy co ve mdi trudng thudng nam d nhUng vimg ciia cu dan ngheo cu dan da miu hay cic dan toe thieu sd Nim 1987, Uy ban ve Cdng bfing chiing tgc d My da dua bio cio vdi nhin djnh; "Chiing tpc li biln sd tilm ning nhit d^ tien doan vi tri ciia cac dia diem chdn chat thai nguy hilm d My" (Bullard, Wright, 1992 tr 42) Dien hinh li khu gia cu cua 100 hg ngirdi My gdc Phi da duac xay dyng d Texarkana, Texas, tren khu vuc trudc dd di bi nhiem hoi chat cua co sd xir ly gd 1,3 Quan diem tmmg tdc bieu tuffng Cic nhi xa hdi hoc theo quan diSm tuong tic bieu tir^g (symbolic interactionist perspective) nhin van de mdi irudng d cap dp vi md, tuong quan vdi nhiing ci nhin Cic lic gia cho ring, cic vin de ve mdi truong cing trd nen trim trpng cii nhin chii quan ciia ngudi ve mdi trudng Cii nhin niy hinh thinh cic gia tri cdt I5i ma ngudi da cd dupc qua qui trinh \a hgi hoi Nhiing gid tri ndy chi phoi thdi dd vd hdnh vi cua cnn ngu&i ddi v&i mdi tru&ng Liy thi dy mgt sd gii trj cdt IQi va niem tin ciia ngudi My rat tai hai cho mdi trudng (Cable & Cable, 1995 11-12), nhu; a) Thi gidi u; nhien li vd ban; b) Niem tin vio ky thuat: ky thuvit cd the dip ung mpi thach do; c) Tim the ve phat trien: ting Irudng ddng nghTa vdi tien bd; d) Thuyet vie sy cdng cd the ludng qua viec tieu diu: e) Chu nghTa ca nhin: quyen ciia ca nhin vi sy thinh dat ca nhan la quan nhit: f) Thi gidi quan lly ngudi lim tnmg tim: ngudi li trung tim ciia the gioi va ngudi li sinh vit cao ban hit cac loii khac MOl TRUCJNG 34 chilm hon 60% tdng sd ciia (he gidi Ngupc lai, viing ngheo nhii the gidi, cic cu din viing Ha Sahara chau Phi chilm 11% dan sd thi gidi nhung chi tieu thu 1,2% Sy gia tang tieu chu de nang len mdi nudng va nguoc ddi thay "Ar xudng cap cda mdi inrang hidn luon anh hu&ng ngng ni nhdl nhGng dang sdng ngheo Jt;;o-'(PNUD, I998,tr 74) Con ngudi cd lieu thy mdi tdn tai dupc Nhung chii nghTa tu ban cdng nghifp di tao hinh thiic tieu thy mdi Viec sin xuil hang loat (mass-production) di ddi \ oi vice lieu thy d qui Cac quan diem xa hgi hoc thdi md Idn, Vdi qua trinh toan cau hoa, san pham gian gan diy ve van d£ moi trudmg cd chl dupe san xuat d bit cir nai dau cd gia re ZI Xd hgi hpe vi tiiu thy vdvdntU mdi trudmg nhit vi lieu thy bat cii a dau cd gia lot nhal Mgt van de quan trpng lien quan den mdi Vdi cic nha xS hdi hgc, lieu thu dang Ird Irudng vi phat trien kinh il li cic khudn mau mpi ldi tu mgt he tu tudng, bdi le tieu th^ Tieu thy bao gdm ca cic sin pham, ngudi khdng chi tieu thu cic san phim hay djch vy, nang lupng va cic lii nguyen Tieu thu dich vu \ I gii in su dung ciia chiing - cd the CO ci khia canh lich cyc vi lieu cyc Tich cyc, giilp ngudi lieu thy tiet kiem thdi gian vi sue bdi le mirc tieu ihu nhin chung tren the gidi lyc - nhung ngudi cdn lieu Chu de the hien ngiy cang duoc nang cao, cho chiy dieu kien d{a vj xa hpi, d^c biet vdi cic sin pham va dich sinh sdng ciia ngudi tot hem so vdl qui vu xa xi Dieu ma nhi xa hpi hgc Thorstein khir Nhung m^t khac tieu thy ciing cd nhChit: Veblen (1857-1929) gpi la "lieu thy phd lac dgng lieu cyc bdi le cic khudn mau lieu iruang'* (conspicuous consumption) Vdi thdi Ihy cd Ihc gay thifi hai cho mdi trudng va gia gian, ngudi ta xem vice sd hiru nhixng san pham dd - vi nhu did, may dieu hoi - la dieu ting su bat binh ding xa hgi binh thuimg Nhung sd lupng ngudi tieu Bio cio nam 1998 cua To chtrc Phat thu len qui md ldn sfi iao (uong d nhiem va lri£n Lien Hiep Qude ve khuynh hudng cieu thu chit thii Idn ca viec san xual va ca v iec tieu tren Ihl gidi hien lim eho chung ta sung sdl chu Them vao dd, ngudi ta din lo^i bd nhiJng (PNUD, 1998, tr 51-96) Theo s6 lieu ciia bao sin phim - mac dii gia cri su dyng vin - d6 cao vio nam 1900 mirc lieu thy cua ca the mua nhung sin pham mdt nhac hang hieu vi gidi chi kboang 1,5 nghin ty la My, nhung nhung san phim cho phep hg ndi len dieu din cudi Ihl ky da len den 24 nghin ty' la My gi dd \ c chinh hg Vifc thai sd lupng Idn cac cd nghTa la gip doi miic tieu thy cua nim 1975 sin pham loi thdi, loi mdi (xe hoi dien tu ) va gap siu lincuanSm 1950 Mirc lieu ihu niy Iai tiio mdt siic cp len mdi trudng khdng dupc phin bd ddng deu Trong 30 nam qua, muc lieu Ihu gia tang 2,3% mdi nam a cic Mdt yeu td khac cua chu nghia tieu thy nudc cdng nghiep; 6,1% d cic nudc Ddng A, duong d^i la khia canh thti vj, l^c ihii ciia sin Trai I?i, ii'nh trung binh, cac hg d chau Phi tieu pham Theo mdc sd nha xa hpi hoc sy ibii vj thu it hon di 20% so vdi each day 30 nam Sy cua tiiiu thy khdng chi lai viec su dvng san bat binh ding irong tieu thy giua ngudi giau va phdm md & uirc mong dm, kiem khdt khao sa ngheo tren ihl gidi la rii ro ret: dan so Tiy ,Au hint, mua san phdm Viec Iicp thi cac sin pham vi Bic My chi chiem 12% dan sfi, nhung tieu da nhim vao tini thi cua ao udc lieu thu thy cic san pham va dich vy ciia cic hp gia dinh (anticipatory consumerism) bing each tao Con ngudi tich khdi thien nhien chir khdng thira nhan ngudi li mdt bg phin cua thien nhien, dd ngudi ehinh phuc va khuai phye thien nhien (Kendall, 2004, ir 346) Diy la nhixng gia trj, niem tin col ldi truyin thdng vin hoi ciia ngudi Mj Cd thi sixc ep cua nhihig van de ve mdi trudng, vifc quan tam den mdi tnrdng, nhiing vin de ve chil luong cugc sdng vdi su phit ddng ciia cic phong trio xa hdi ed die trd nhixng uu lien hing diu thdi gian sip den 35 TAP C H i KHOA HOC SO (19) - 2011 gia tang sy khat khao cd nhung san p h i m mdi dquan chung D u d i gde dp moi trudng, d i y la mdt tham hoa, vi khat khao lien tuc cua quan chiing ve nhirng san phim mdi se keo theo, iao vdng xoay trdn de viec s i n xuat hing loat, tieu thy dai chiing dau vao ciia qui lrinh san xual, ngudi ta six dung mdt lupng Idn tai nguyen thien nhi^n CJ d i u ciia qui trinh lieu thu, ngudi la I h i i mpt lupng ldn s i n p h i m khdng p h i i v i chung vd dyng ma vi chiing khdng cdn hpp mdt, khdng cdn dap img ky vpng the hien vi iri xa hdi cua hp N h u v i y , x3 hdi hoc ve tieu thy da cho thay sy ket hpp giira q u i lrinh cdng nghiep hoa, chil nghTa tu ban v i chii nghTa deu thu da b i l n dfii quan he giixa xa hgi v i mdi trudng N h i t l i qua lrinh cong nghifp hoa b^i dau dien d qui md loan cau, thi kha nang phuc hdi v i chiu dyng ciia mdi trudng thien nhien cing yeu di Cac n h i xa hdi hgc mdi (rudng d i cho t h i y nhtxng tic ddng nghiem trgng ciia mfi hinh ti8u thy hien dai ten sinh thai: nhu c i u lieu thy nudc s^ch gia ting gip ddi lir I960; vifc ddt nhien lifu da lam tral dat am Iwi g i p nam lan vdng 50 nam qua; viec lieu thu go gia tang 40% vdng 25 nam qua; dy tru lupng ea g i i m , dgng v i t hoang da bj trift lieu d i n (PNUD, 1998) M i c dil nhitng ngudi giau tren the gidi l i nhitng ngudi lieu thy chinh g i y nhirng lac hai ve mdi Irudng, nhimg ngucri ngheo lai la nhirng nan nhan cua tai hoa Tren binh dien qude gia va dja phuong, nhung ngudi g i i u luon CO k h i ning di chuyen khoi nhixng viing co v i n d l , chi cdn liguoi ngheo d lai ganh chju moi lai hoa Cac co sd hoa chat, tao ning luong, dudng cao toe sin bay Ihudng nam d nhung vung d i n cu cd lpi lire thap Tren binh dien loan c i u , c i c h i f n (upng xdi mdn d i l , sa mac h o i , pha rimg, t h i l u nudc d nhiem khdng khi, d nhiem nudc thudng lap trung d c i c quoc gia dang p h i t t r i l n Ngheo ddi lai gia ting nhitng van de mdi trutmg bai le ngudi ngheo khdng cd chgn lya nao ban la t i n dyng lai nguyen thien nhien ma hp cd t h i l i l p can, ma vifc ddn chai cay rimg lay ed, ddt rimg l i y than a Vict Nam la mdt tmdiig hpp minh ho? (PNUD, 1998 tr 74-96), 2.2 Quan diim viphdt triin bin vung Cang ngiy ngudi cang y thtrc dupc rang Idi song cdng nghifp vdi tam the banh trudng, tang trudng khdng kicm soit l i khong b i n vijng v i chic chin ring dieu sdm mugn roi ciing se cham dirt K h i i nicm phat trien b i n vung xuat hicn lan d i u lien n i m 1980, v i n kien Chien luge bao Idn Irdi ddi Lien Hiep Qude v i mdt sd td chirc phi chinh phu soan thio V i nam 1987 khai nicm niy chi'nh thirc dupc su dung bao cao cua Lien Hiep Qude mang ten Tucmg lai chung ciia chung ta cdn duoc ggi la B i o cio Brundland (len vj Thii tudng Na Uy, chu ljch Uy ban td chirc) Van kien dinh nghTa "Phdi triin bin virng Id ddp img nim cdu ciia cdc thi he hien tai md khdng ldm hgi kha nang thod mdn cua nhimg the h4 tmmg lai" (Brunei 2007, tr 3, 47) Mdt dinh nghTa rat ngan nhung mang y nghTa rit ldn Nd mudn ndi ten rang phit trien kinh le pi.L dupc thyc hien nhu the nao nhim tai tao lai cac t i i nguyen thien nhien hon la huy hoai chiing v i g i i i d nhiem d mirc t h i p nhat Bao cao Brundland cting nhin manh sy can thiet chia se sy tang trudng cua the gidi cho nhflng ngudi ngheo nhit v i giam sy b i t binh ding Nhu v?y, sy c i n bing giixa ba khia canh kinh te, mdi trudng va xa hdi dupe xem nhu ba try cgt ciia khai niem p h i i tnen ben vUng Nhung sy can b i n g Iren chi cd the cd dupc thdng qua mdt nen q u i n trj tdt (bonne goiivemance) bang nen dan chil tham gia (democratic participative) Thuat ngu tiep Iuc dupc sir dung lai Hgi nghi Thirgng Dinh vi Trdt ddt nam 1992 d Rio de Janerio (Bra-xin) va cudc hgp Thirang dinh vi Phdt Irien Ben vOng nam 2002 d Johannesburg (Nam Phi) va phat trien b i n vihig cung i i mdt cic Muc tieu Phil t r i l n ciia Thien nien ky da dugc 191 quoc gia ddng thuan Tuy nhien k h i i niem " p h i t i r i l n ben viing" cung bj phe binh la q u i mo hd (dau la nhu c i u ciia c i c the he hien tai, d i u I i uu (ien MOI TRUCiNG ciia cac chl hf tuang lai? Thi nio la bin vung? ') vi khdng quan tam den nhu cau ciia cic nudc ngheo; nd bj phe phin la khong thiy ring cich thirc tieu thy cua cac nudc giau di lim hai cic nudc khac Trong khai nifm niy cung him an sy doi nghfch giOa tfnh bin vung cuasinh thii viphattrien kinhte Tir ngudi ta dl bi quan v) khd can bing cac hoat dgng ciia ngudi vdi vifc gin giir sy ben vung he thdng sinh thii Mpt so tic gii khac cho thay mdt s6 nhi cam quyin giuong cao bieu ngii' •'Phit trien ben viJng'", nhim ru ngti quan ehiing, nhung thyc xe hg khdng lam gi hel M|t khic, cic lieu chuin ve tinh ben vung ed the che giau y dd "bio hd mau djeh", bio ve chii nghTa tir ban cua cic nudc cdng nghifp hoa; "Cim ludng mi khii nifm phai trien ben viing cho ta chi'nh li nd phuc vy mpt cich hoin hao chil nghTa tu bin"^ Tuy nhien, dii cd mdt sd han che, quan diem phit trien bin vimg da I90 minh dat chung mi cic nha nude, 16 chiic quoc te, phong trio mdi trudng cd thi gap gd, trao ddi, hpp tac d cic qui md khac sy nghifp bao vf sinh thai 36 chung la thien tai Nhtmg nay, ngudi phai ddi dien nhiing nguy co loai mdi duoc tao kiln thirc vi ky thuit cua chinh ngudi lac ddng len moi trudng ty nhien U Beck gpi la nguy co ngudi tao (manufactured risks) Nhung thu pham rit dl trdn tranh trich nhifm, vi nhung nguy co niy khd nhan difn, khd ludng trudc dupc va anh huang liu dai cic lh£ hf (uong lai, vi nhu chil ddc mau da cam, nhiem xa, thyc pham bien ddi gen Vdi Ioai nguy CO niy xi hgi cung rii khd xix ly Ndi khic di, la vd trach nhiem cd td chirc va diu mit (Biii Van Nam Son 2010) Die biet Beck da de cap den nhiing nguy CO bdt cinh toan cau hoi Theo dng, sy phat trien nhanh chdng cua khoa hoc ky thu?t da sin sinh nhirng nguy co dudi nhihig hinh thirc mdi ma ngixdi phii thich img, nhu sy thay ddi nhanh chdng md hinh nhan dyng, sy bil on irong lao dpng, anh hudng cua truyen thdng vi phong tyc tren sy hinh can tinh ciia cii tdi (self-identity) ngiy cing giim, md hinh gia dinh truyen thdng bj xoi mdn vi qua trinh dan chu hoicic quan 2.3 Quan diim cda nha xd hpi hpe Ulrichhf cua ca nhan So vdi xa hpi truyin thdng, Beck vi "Xd hpi nguy ca" ngiy mgi quylt djnh cua ca nhan diu chju Nhi xa h^i hpe U Beck dung mgt hinh inh sire ep ciia cac nguy co, Viec chpn lya hgc dpe dio de ndi ve vifc chuyen tir xa hdi cdng nganh nio, lay deu li nhflng hinh ddng chua nghifp cd dien sang xi hdi (cdng nghiep) nguy co: day nguy co Khdng nhflng viy, xi hgi nguy ca tu the ky- ] cuf c xung dpi chinh gitta giai cip tu mang tinh loin cau (world risk society): sy d t ^ vi giai cip cdng nhan li sy phin chia "milng nhilm mdi trudng khdng bilt din ranh gidi binh cua cii" dupc 190 Nhung nay, cang qude gia (nhu vy biin dd d Hungary, chuyen nhilu ngudi cing nhin chile binh ciia cai dd chd chat thai hat nhin d chiu Au, hien tupng thay ddi hiu toin cau ) Nhung hifn cung dang bi nhi&n ddc (Beck 2002,128) ngudi ciing chi bill dya vao khoa hgc ky Th|t ra, ttr Iau xi hdi loii ngudi da phii thuat de xd ly nhimg vin dl mdi trudng ddi dien vdi nhixng nguy co Nhung nhixng nguy CO trudc day la ti> ngoii tdi (external U Beck ciing cho thay ben binh difn chi'nh risks), vi nhu lut lgi, d^ng dit, khd han Ndi trj, nhiing quan tam ve mdi trudng tmdc day chi d ben le, da di vao tnjng tam cac chuang trinh ' Tinh b^n vOng Ihudng duKii: phdn lieh dxta^in Idl nffiven hoicon gpi la vdn (capimlf Vdn c6 hai loai M5B ti,t nhiin'fnhir ddt nghj sy qude gia vi qude tl - nhu nghi dinh thu dai miqc rimg ) vd i-on xd>- dvng (i;i^iial coniiniil) nhu ca iitrhq Irnip son phdm (Jpanflieni re llnh be» vQ„g ^(mh (dura Kyoto va sy xuit hifn cic dang Xanh hililiJorKf^doi hot bao ion van than nhiin quan diem \e (inh hfn vfing vru tdurabiliii(ad>h:] cht ddi hdi idng iva von iv nhien vd vdn ldy dung Uidng Uiay ddi hiip •Jrw,ki„d,aorg/wik,.W^C3'^49yelop,i,,mi:nl duruble Quan diem ciia Beck cung chju nhilu phe phin: 1) ly thuylt chuyen qua xi h§i nguy CO chtra CO nhflng du- kifn diy dii va chic chin 37 TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO (19) - 2011 mic du ngiy ngutri la nhan thuc hem v I cic nguy CO niy; 2) vifc cho ring nin chinh tri dya tren sy phin chia giai cip truyen thdng da ldi thdi vdi sy xuil hien ciia cac ding Xanh ;? tu'dng cung chua chin muoi vi sy tranh chip nrong x i hdi hien van chii ylu xung dot vifc tao ra, sd hCii vi phin phdi ciia cii xa hpi; 3) khai nifm nguy co di khdng quan tam den nhirng khac bift vl vin hoi Nhung du Beck cd cdng lal ldn gay y thiic ve nhung nguy cova budc ta phii suy nghT l^i ve md hinh hifn dat hoa (Giddens, 2009, tr 193-195: Engel,Strasser, 1998,0- 9UI01) 2.4 Hifn dcii hod vi sinh thdi Trudc sy that bai vi han che ciia cic mo hinh cdng nghiep hoi va hifn d^i hoi dang tdn tai (Nguyen Xuan NghTa, 2006), gidi nghien ciru vi cic nhi mdi trudng cd ging phat trien mdt quan diem dupc gpi la hifn dai hoi ve sinh thai (ecological modernization) Quan di£m niy chap nhin rang khdng the di vao dudng cdng nghifp hoa iheo kilu cu, nhung d6ng thdi cung khdng chap nhin giii the cdng nghifp hoa (de-induslriallzation) nhu chii Iruong ciia nhfl-ng nhi din mdi (neo-populists) de (Nguyen Xuan NghTa, 2010, tr 229-232) Quan dilm hifn dai hoa sinh thii nhin manh nhitng canh tan ky thuit vi su dyng nhimg co che thi trudng de dem lai nhimg ket qua tich cyc bing each bi£n ddi cac phuong phip sin xuit vi giam thieu d nhiem id* gdc Cac tac gia chii truang hien dfii hoa ve sinh thai nh$n thiy cac nen cdng nghifp d chau Au da giim su dung tai nguyen thien nhien nhimg ddng thdi khdng inh hudng den ling trudng kinh ll Hg tin tudng cic ky thuit lien tiln nhu cac bp chuyin ddi cac chat xuc tac, kiem soit viec thai khi, cd the giiip bao vf mdi trudng Ddng thdi hg cung tin tudng thdng qua co che thj trudng, neu nhihig ngudi tieu dimg ddi nhirng san phim "sach, xanh" (nhu thyc phim) thi nhixng nhi sin xuat bil bupe phai tuin theo Cdng nghiep tii che cung dupc quan dietn de cao De lim giiy mdi neu vifc tai chl giay d3 qua six dung cho ihiy re hem lit hon thi ngudi ta se khdng chit ciy rimg de sin xuit giay Cic hang xe hoi Honda, Toyota di dat den mirc tii che 85% cac bd phan xe hoi da qua su dyng Va cic nganh cdng nghifp dang dua mye ticu "chat thai d muc dp 0" Nhu vay chil thii khdng cdn la nguy co mi cd the la ngudn, la co hdi ciia cac nganh cong nghiep Mat khic irong viec san xuat cic san pham tieu dung hien nay, cdng nghe thdng tin dang dupc irng dung rgng rai Va cdng nglif thdng tin )i mdt cdng nghf sach ve mit mdi irudng Do dd cac nudc di sau phit biet nit kinh nghiem, cd the ting tnrdng kinh tl nhanh bing nhung cdng nghf khdng giy d nhiem De cd the di den hien dai hoi ve mdi trudng, phii cd sy ket hpp ciia cic tic nhan sau: a) khoa hpe - k^ thuat, de lam nhirng ky thuat liy mdi trudng lam trgng tim; b) co che kinh le \a thj tnrdng; c) nhi mrdc: tic ddng qua nhung chinh sach; d) cic phong trio xi hdi de gay y thirc quan chimg vi siic ep len nhiing nha lam chinh sich; ei he lu ludng moi Irudng, de (huyet phye, van ddng quan chiing Tuy vay, quan dilm hien dai hoi ve mdi trudng di bj phe phan mang nang chii nghTa lac quan vl ky thuit \ i cung it quan tim den cac xung dot van hoa xa hpi va chinh tri cac xi hdi hien Z Quan niem ve cdng bdng vd quyen cdng ddn vi moi tru&ng Nhu tren da trinh bay, vin de mdi trudng cd mgt sy ky thi ddi vdi nhdm xa hpi, nhiing quoc gia dang d the yeu kem Tir dd xuat phil cic cugc diu tranh ddi cdng bing Nhu d My, nam 1978 a \iing thac nudc Niagara, cd Lois Gibbs \a 900 hp gia dinh cdng nhan di dau tranh ddi dupc tai djnh cu d mgt dja diem khic, vi cgng dong cu tru ciia hp dupc xiy dyng tren mdt dia diem trudc day li mdi bai rac chdn chat thai hoa hgc Cudc dau tranh ciia hp da thinh cdng Cic nhdm ddi sy cdng bing MOI TRUCiNG vl mdi trudng Ihudng Ihudc ve cac ting ldp dudi Dieu cho thay, khac vdi dinh kien Ihdng thudng, quan tam ve mdi trudng khdng chi gidi han d ling Idp trung luu trd len Tren binh difn qude te, cic nhdm ddi sy cdng bing ve mdi trudng thudng chong lai cac cdng ty da qude gia khai thac dau hay khoang san Nhu Phong trao bio ve sy sdng cdn ciia Tdc ngudi Ogoni o Nigeria chdng l?i cdng ly khai thac dau Shell vao nam 1990 Chinh quyen Nigeria lai lien kit vdi cdng ty Shell chdng lai phong trao niy bang each din ap vi xiiluchin thinh vien linh dao ciia phong trio Cic phong trio cho ihay khdng chi ta phong trio hao ve mdi trudng mi cdn dau tranh cho phiic Ipi xa hgi ciia quin chung va chii quyen ciia qude gia Va budc phil trien cudi cimg la viec lien kit cac phong trao bio ve mdi trudng vdi quyen cdng din (rong nhung nim gin day, ma mdt sd nha xi hgi hoc (M, J Smith, Dobson, Bell) gpi la "quyen sinh thai cua edng dan" (ecological citizenship) (Dobson, 2004) Khii nifm quyen edng dan khdng phai la khai nifm mdi Vice nghidn cuu lich sii quyin cdng din cho ihiy nd di crai qua cic giai doan- Quyen cdng din ve m^t din sy (civil cilizenship): vdi vifc xic dinh quyen tu hiju - Quyen cdng dan ve mit mat chinh trj (political citizenship), xual hifn mudn hon vdi quyen bau cir Irong thong diu philu dinh cho cdng nhin, phu nu va quyen lap hdi (cdng doin ,.J quyfin ty neon luin - Quyen cdng din ve mat xa hpi (social citizenshipj: quyin dupc hudng cac chl dp an sinh xi hpi Giai doan thiir lu ciia sy phai Iricn quyin cdng dan dang dupc ban cii mi trgng tim la cic quyen vi nghTa vy ve sinh thai cua ngudi Nd bao gdm cic nghTa vu cua ngudi vdi ca cic dfing vat ndi chung, ddi vdi cac the hf ngudi luang lai vi nghTa vy bao tdn tinh loan ven ciia mdi trudng sinh thai Trach nhifm ddi vdi cac the hf tuong lai li phii giii gin tinh 38 bin viing tiudng ky Neu nhflng ke hoach ting trudng kinh ll de doa kha ning cCia cac Ihe he tuong lai viec dip img nhu cau ciia chinh minh chi nhung kl hoach khac can dupc dl Cac hoach dinh kinh te chinh trj phai liy luang Iai lim trpng lam Mgi ho^t ddng ciia ngudi diu phai qui chilu vl hau qua ciia chiing vl mil mdi sinh vi nguyen lie phong ngua (precautionary principle) phai la bd budc doi vdi tit ci cic nhi hoach djnh phat tri^n Khdng gian gidi h^n cHa bai viSt khdng cho phep ta di vao chi tiel tiing quan diem xa hdi hgc di, dang giii thich vi tri ldi nhung vin nan mdi trudng Tuy nhi6n, viec phac hoa l^i qui trinh phat trien cic quan diem cho thiy xa hgi hgc vin ludn quan niem ngudi la chil the ciia cac dinh che xi hgi, la tac nhan chinh cua nhflng vin dl xa hdi Trudc nhung van de moi trudng cic quiMi diem ve hien dai hoi mang tinh sinh thai, phit irien ben vung, quan diem ve cong bing va quyen cdng dan ve sinh thai dang cd vu ngudi phii t^o nhimg thay doi Idn lao Irong quan he giua ngudi va mdi Irudng, tao nhimg ky thuit mdi nh^y cim vdi mdi sinh, Trong viec giai quyet nhung vin de mdi trudng, chiing la da Ihiy rd sy bit binh dang: cic nudc cdng nghifp chi ehiem 1/5 dan sd Ihe gidi nhung thii 75% sd lupng lam d nhiem bau quyen Vi vay, dil mudn du khdng, xa hdi ngudi chi cd the tdn tai vi xixng dang de ton tai, ngudi biet phdi hpp mgi each hii hoa ba phuong dien kinh le, x3 hgi vi sinh thii: san xual nhieu hon de phuc vu nhu cau thiel ylu cua dai bd phan ngudi, phan phoi tdt hon (vi chdng ngheo ddi) vi Iran trpng, sdng cd trach nhiem hon vdi moi tnidng TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Beck U 1992 Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity' London: Sage Beck U 2002 Ecological Politics in an Age ofRi.' Hoc DHM TPHCM y 199-239 Dobson, A 2004 "Ecological CWInenship" 14 PNUD (Programme des Narions Lnics Paper fjresenled al the annual meeting ofthe pour le Developi«men() 1998 Modifier ie\ Western Political Scieme Association Marriott Modes de Consommalion d'Aujourd'hui Hotel, Portland Oregcm Mar 11 pour le Developjxment Humain de Demain Engel U., Strasser H 1998 ^'Global Risks 15 Wikipedia, "D^veloppement durable'', and Social Inequality: Critical Remarks on http.,//frwikipedia.oi^wiki/D%C3%A9velo the Risk- Society Hypothesis", Canadian ppemenl_dijrable Truy cip 15-10-2010 .hmrnal of Sociology, 23 (1) Giddens A 2009 Sociology, 6th ed Polity Ngudi viet: Nguyen Xuan Sghla, giang Press vien Khoa XHH & CTXH Kendall Diana 2004 Social PmblenLS in a Diverse Society^ rd ed Allyn & Bacon Email • nguyenxnjjhia(S'vahoo-Com DTDD : 0908890504, 10 Korten D C 1990 Gerting to the 2Lsi Century - Valunlaiy Action and the Global Agenda Kumarian Press ... bing hon (Macionis, Blumer, 1998,658-659) J.2 Quan diim xung apt Ngupc lai, cic nhi xa hgi hgc Iheo quan diem xung ddt (conflict perspective) khdng quan nifm nhthig van de din so hay mdi trudng... xir ly gd 1,3 Quan diem tmmg tdc bieu tuffng Cic nhi xa hdi hoc theo quan diSm tuong tic bieu tir^g (symbolic interactionist perspective) nhin van de mdi irudng d cap dp vi md, tuong quan vdi nhiing... phong trio xi hdi de gay y thirc quan chimg vi siic ep len nhiing nha lam chinh sich; ei he lu ludng moi Irudng, de (huyet phye, van ddng quan chiing Tuy vay, quan dilm hien dai hoi ve mdi trudng