MOT SO VAN DE MOI TRU6NG VA QUAN LY TAI NGUYEN M6I TRU6NG 6 NEW ZEALAND L NEW ZEALAND DAT N U 6 C VA CON NGUCil New Zealand nam b vung Tdy Nam Thdi Binh Dudng, gdm hai dao Idn la dao phfa Bde vd dao p[.]
MOT SO VAN DE MOI T R U N G VA QUAN LY TAI NGUYEN M I T R U N G NEW ZEALAND HA HUY THANH* L NEW ZEALAND-DAT N U C VA CON NGUCil New Zealand nam b vung Tdy Nam Thdi Binh Dudng, gdm hai dao Idn la dao phfa Bde vd dao phfa Nam va nhilu dao nhd khac, vdi tdng dien tfch tu nhien khoang 270.707 km^, tuong duong vdi dien tfch cua Nhat Ban hoac cua nudc Anh Tdng chilu ddi ddt nudc la khoang 1.600 km va chilu rdng, noi rdng nhdt la 450 km New Zealand dupc bao bpc bdi dai duong, vdi tdng chilu dai bd biln len de'n 18.000 km, cd nhilu ben cang nudc sdu tu nhien, thuan lpi cho van tai biln Tren ba phdn tu ddt dai ciia New Zealand cd dp cao tQ 200 m trd Idn so vdi mat nude biln Trong dd ed tdi 223 dinh nui cao hon 2.300 m so vdi mat nudc biln, dinh cao nhdt dat tdi 3.754 m Vdi ly dd, ngudi ta gpi New Zealand la ddt nudc cua vung ddi nui Thien nhien ban tang eho New Zealand nhilu sdng sudi vdi tdng chilu ddi len din 425.000 km Sdng, sudi cua New Zealand cd ddng chay manh va ddc, la ngudn tai nguyen giau cd cho thuy dien New Zealand cung la vung ddt dae trung tren the gidi vl su boat ddng cua nui IQa va ddng ddt, den mQc ngudi ta ndi rang, sd'ng d New Zealand la sd'ng chung vdi ddng ddt' Thd'ng ke nam 2008 cua New Zealand ghi nhdn din 31-12-2007 ddn sd cua New Zealand la 4.027.947 ngudi Trong dd 77 % la ngudi gdc chdu Au - cdn gpi la ngudi "New Zealander mdi", nhdm ngudi thilu sd Idn nhdt la ngudi Maori chiem 15 %, sd cdn lai la cdc nhdm ngudi thilu sd Chau A va vimg cdc dao Thai Binh Duong Dai bd phdn dan eu New Zealand sdng d thdnh phd Theo thd'ng ke chfnh thQe (nam 2007), 72 % dan cu sd'ng d cdc phd Idn, m 28 % cdn lai sd'ng d cac tbi trdn va vung ndng thdn Neu tfnh cac phd Idn va thi trdn la thudc phd thi ddn sd sd'ng d phd eua New Zealand nam 2007 la 86 % chi cd 14 % la sd'ng d ndng thdn II PHAT TRIEN KINH TE Theo ghi nhan nhilu ngudn tai lieu khdc nhau, nIn kinh t l New Zealand la nIn kinh te dua chu "yeu vao khai thac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien, nhu ndng nghiep, rittig, thuy san, nang lupng vd khai thac khodng san Ndng nghiep Ddt dai mau md va khdng khf dn hda, mat me la nhiing yeu td quan trpng tao nen mdt ddt nudc New Zealand ly tudng cho su phdt triln bd't cQ nganh san xud't nao dua vao ddt dai: tQ chdn nudi gia sue Idn den trdng trpt va ldm nghiep Trong so cac nganh kinh te dua chu yeu vao ddt tbi ndng nghiep va trdng riing la hai nganh kinh te Idn nhdt cua New Zealand Cung vdi cac nganh phu trp va che bie'n ndng ldm san, ndng nghiep va trdng rQng thudng xuyen ddng gdp 20 % tdng thu nhdp qud'c ndi hang nam cua ddt nudc (tQc khoang 21-221^ USD/nam) Cae san phdm xudt khdu nhu sua, thit, ldng, dd gd, cac san phdm trdng trpt (boa qua) va cdc san phdm dae thu khac cua New Zealand chiem mdt vi trf dang ke tren thi trudng the' gidi Ha Huy Thanh, PGS, TS., Vien Nghien curu Moi truong va Phat trien ben vumg Thd'ng ke New Zealand cho thay, cii mot the' ky New Zealand xiy mot train ddng dat vdi cudng dd dp richte, 10 nam xay mdt tran ddng dat cd cudng dd richte va mdi nam cd mot tran ddng dat vdi cudng dd dd richte (Nidn giam thd'ng ke New Zealand nam 2008) Ha Huy Thanh - Mgt so v^n de moi trudng Tfnh chung nhung nam gdn day, xudt khdu san phdm ndng nghiep, trdng trpt va trdng riing chie'm hon 65 % tdng thu tQ xudt khdu cua New Zealand Trdng rimg va cdng nghiep riing Hien nay, New Zealand cd trieu riing, chilm 30% dien tfch dd't dai cua ca nudc, dd cd 6,2 trieu ba rQng tu nhien va 1,8 trieu riing trdng New Zealand, chfnh phu da phat ddng phong trao trdng riing va bao vd rittig tQ nhung nam 1970 - 1980 cua the k^ XX Kdt qua la din nay, rttng khdng nhiing da dem lai ngudn lpi Idn vl kinh te ma cdn cd tac dung Idn viec bao ve mdi trudng nhu giam phdt thai dioxit carbon, giam hieu Qng nha kfnh Mdt net dae thu cdng tdc trdng va quan ly riing d New Zealand la cd den 92% didn tich rQng la thudc sd hiiu tu nhdn hoac cdc cdng ty, chfnh phii trung uong chi quan ly 2% ddt riing Bd Ndng ngbidp New Zealand chiu trdch nhiem, cdc chfnh quyln dia phuong quan ly 3%, cdn lai 2% la ddng bao thilu sd Maori quan ly Nganh thuy san Nhu da ndi b tren, vung biln New Zealand cd dien tfch khoang 1,3 trieu bai ly vung, bang 15 Idn dien tfch ddt liln - la mdt nhiing vung bien Idn nhdt thi gidi Vung biln la rdt rdng Idn, nhung nudc biln lai rdt sdu vd khdng giau chdt dinh dudng Vi vdy, nang sudt cua nghl ca d New Zealand la rat thdp Tdng gid tri xud't khdu thuy san cua New Zealand chi dat khoang 1,2 de'n 1,5 trieu USD hong thdi ky 2002-2007 (sd Ueu nganh thuy san New Zealand nam 2008) Tuy vay, vung bien cua New Zealand cd so lupng cdc loai sinh vdt phong phu vao bde nhdt thdj gidi Vung biln New 2^aland cdn dupc sQ dung cho giao thdng, giai tri va du lich Nganh nang Iupmg va khai khoang - Ve ndng luang: cung nhu nhilu qud'c gia khdc tren thd gidi New Zealand phai dd'i mat vdi hai vaui dl hay hai thdch thQe Idn vl nang lupng: 1) dam bao nang lupng vdi gid cd the chdp nhan dupc dl dam bao cho phat triln Nghien ciru Phit trien ben vung, so (28) - Thing 9/2010 kinh t l va 2) phai dam bao cho mdi trudng bin viing bdng each giam thilu phat thai cacbon san xud't va tieu dung nang lupng New Zealand, nganh dien luc va nganh giao thdng van tai Id hai ngdnh sQ dung nang lupng Idn nhdt vd la hai nganh chfnh quy dinh quy md sQ dung nang lupng d-nirdc Hieri tai ngudn nang lupng cua New Zealand phu thudc vao ddu khf, khf thien nhien, nude, than va nhiet mat ddt (geothermal enengy) Trong phdt thai nha kfnh sQ dung nang lupng phdt chi chiem 0,3% tdng phat thai nha kfnh todn cdu New Zealand la nudc xep thQ 12 tren the gidi vl mQc phdt thai khf nha kfnh tfnh theo ddu ngudi Du bdo din nam 2030, neu khdng cd nhQng thay ddi chien lupc sQ dung nang lupng, mQc phdt thai khf nha kfnh nang lupng gdy d New Zealand se tang len 39 % va 40 % sd la nganh giao thdng van tai gay - Ve khai khodng, kien tao dia chdt dae thu cua ddt nudc New Zealand cd nhilu loai khodng san cd gid tri kinh te va van hda cao Ngoai vang la khoang san cd gid tri kinh td cao nhdt New Zealand cdn cd cac loai khodng san quy khdc nhu bac, quang sdt, than da, da vdi, thach cao, da bdt, cat va mdt sd khoang san kim loai va phi kim loai khae cd tru lupng thdp nhung cd cdng dung cho phdt triln kinh te' nudc va xudt khdu m NHUNG VAN DE MOI TRUCING VA QUAN L t MOI TRUClNG Thuc trang cac van de mdi trudng chinh a New Zealand a) Mdi trudng nudc Theo tieu chudn qud'c te, nudc mat d New Zealand la sach vd ddi ddo Tdt ca cac vung cua New Zealand cd lupng nudc mua tQ 600 din 1500mm mdi nam Tuy nhien su phan bd lupng mua bang nam d cdc vung khdc la khdng diu Trong d phia Tdy lupng mua bang nam rdt cao thi d vung ven biln phfa Ddng cua ca dao Nam va dao Bde, lupng mua ft hon va cd xu hudng giam Ha Huy Thanh - Mgt so van de moi trudng Nhu cdu vl nude cho tang trudng kinh te va ddi sd'ng dan cu da gay dp luc len tai nguyen nudc tren ea hai mat - sd lupng vd chdt lupng New Zealand cd 425.000 km sdng, sudi Theo tieu chudn qud'c tl, nudc tren cdc sdng sudi cua New Zealand la rdt sach Tren 1/2 chilu dai cdc sdng sudi khdng cd hoac ed rdt it cac boat ddng ndng nghiep vd cdng nghiep d nhQng noi cd boat ddng ndng nghiep vd cdng nghiep thi chat lupng nudc cdng xdu di Tuy nhien, hon 30 nam qua, nhd viec quan ly mdi trudng mdt each nghiem ngat cdc boat ddng ndng nghiep va cdng nghiep noi cd cdc sdng chay qua, chdt lupng nudc cac ddng sdng, sudi da trd nen saeh hon Trong hai thap ky gdn ddy, boat dpng ndng nghiep sQ dung nhilu phdn bdn cd chdt nito vd photpho ngdm qua ddt chay vao cdc sdng sudi nen chat lupng nude cd phdn suy giam Tuy vdy, d nhung ddng sdng bi d nhilm nhdt bdi hai chdt hda hoc nay, thi mQc dp d nhilm nudc sdng eua New Zealand cung cbl bdng 1/2 mQc d nhilm trung binh cua cdc ddng sdng khac tren thi gidi da dupc td chQc OECD khao sdt vd ddnh gid Dd'i vdi ngudn nudc ngdm da dupe khao sat, hien cd 61% ngudn nudc phdt hien cd lupng Nitrat d mQc binh thudng, chi cd % ngudn nudc ngdm cd ty le chd't Nitrat cao, khdng dam bao eho chdt lupng nude udng b) Mdi trudng khdng So vdi nhilu nudc tren tbi gidi, chat lupng khdng khf d New Zealand dupc danh gid la tuong dd'i tdt Tuy vay, theo khao sdt ciia Bd Y t l New Zealand, d nhilm khdng eung da gdy tac ddng xdu den sQc khde eua ngudi dan sd'ng d cdc phd LTdc tfnh cd khoang 1.200 ngudi chet mdi nam vi cac can benh lien quan den d nhilm khdng khf Nguyen nhan gay d nhilm khdng khf dupe xdc dinh chu ye'u la ngudn khdi bui phat thai tQ nganh giao thdng van tai va khf thai ddt sudi dm gia dinh bdng than hoac cui Muc tieu chfnh cua viec ndng cao chat lupng khdng Ichf d New Zealand dupc xdc dinh la lam giam ty le phdt thai chdt PMIO tQ boat ddng giao thdng va sudi dm tai cac hd gia dinh Thdng nam 2005, Chfnh phu da ban hanh mdt mQc chudn mdi trudng vl eac chdt thai PMIO, nitrogen dioxit, carbon monoxit va sulphur dioxit Cdc chfnh quyln dia phuong dupc yeu cdu phai ldp tram quan trac va cd thdng bao cdng khai cho cdng chung bilt neu mQc dp phdt thai cdc chdt ndi tren vupt qua tieu chuan eho phep Ddng thdi, Chinh phu cung da xay dung va thuc hien du dn "lam dm nha" Muc tieu cua du dn la chfnh quyln Trung uong va chfnh quyln dia phuong hop tdc vdi hanh ddng theo hudng lam cho cdc hd dan dupc am Idn (vl mua ddng) giam dupc d nhilm tac ddng ciia viec "sudi dm nha" c) Mdi trudng ddt Ddt ddng vai trd quan trpng viec dua New Zealand mdt nhQng nudc xud't khdu hang hda ndng nghiep hang ddu thi gidi Dai bd phdn dd't dai cua New Zealand tu chung da nhilm axit va cd ndng dp nito, phosphorua va sulphur thdp Dl trdng cdy thi dd't phai dupc lam giau va bao ve bang cdc loai cdy giQ dupc nito, bdn phan va thudng xuyen bdn vdi tbi cay trdng mdi cho nang sudt cao va dn dinh Hdng trdm nam nay, ngudi ndng dan New Zealand da cji tao ddt trdng trpt cua hp nhu tbi Ddt trdng trpt hien eua New Zealand ed chat lupng vl sinh hda, hda bpc, ly bpc khdc ban vdi ddt trdng trpt trudc ddy Bao ve, giQ gin cho ddt dai mau md la co sd dl dam bao cho viec sQ dung ddt cd hieu qua Vl the, Bd Tai nguyen New Zealand dat hai chi tieu mdi trudng co ban cho quan ly dd't d New Zealand: dd la chdt lupng va bao ve ddt khdi bi buy hoai bdi cdc yeu td tU nhien Hd trp eho vdn dl nay, Bd Tai nguyen da cd danh muc phdn loai cdc nbdnj dat phu hop vdi tiing loai cay trdng dl giup cho ngudi san xudt vd sQ dung ddt hilu eac loai dat khac thfch ling vdi cdc loai cdy trdng khac nhu the' nao, tren co sd dd ma td chQc san xudt cd hieu qua Nghien ciru Phit trien ben vCmg, so (28) - Thing 9/2010 Ha Huy Thanh - Mgt so van de moi trUdng Quan ly tai nguyen va mdi trudng Nhu da trinh bay d tren, sau nhilu thap ky phdt triln kinh te - xa hdi, cung vdi viec thuc hien nhilu chfnh sach, bien phdp khai thdc hpp ly, bieu qua va bao ve tdt ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien da dang, mdi trudng tu nhien va mdi trudng nhdn tao d New Zealand dupc xdp vao hang sach va lanh vao bde nhdt thi gidi Dudi ddy, chung ta xem xit, nghien cQu cac chfnh saeh, bien phdp ma cbinh quyln cdc cdp va ngudi dan New Zealand da thuc hien de dem lai qua tdt dep dd a) Bd mdy qudn ly tdi nguyen vd mdi trudng d New Zealand, bd may vd phan cdng trach nhiem cdng tac quan ly tai nguyen va mdi trudng qud'c gia vd qud'c te tQ trung uong de'n dia phuong dupc td chQc nhu sau: - Chinh phu Trung uong chiu trdch nhiem xdy dung ludt va cbinh sdch qud'c gia vl su dung va quan ly tdi nguydn (bao gdm ca phdn tdi nguyen thudc sd hiiu cua Hoang gia Anh) - True thudc Chfnh phu Trung uong la cac CO quan hanh phap, co quan lap phdp (nghi vien) va co quan tu phdp (toa an phap ludt) b) Ban hdnh chinh sdch, phdp ludt Vdi chQc ndng xdy dung chfnh sach, ludt phdp lam co sd cho viec quan ly, sQ dung cd hieu qua cdc ngudn tai nguyen qud'c gia, nhilu thdp ky qua, cdc co quan ldp phap cua Chfnh phu Trung uong, cdc bd, nganh vd co quan lien quan cua Chfnh phu New Zealand da ban banh nhilu dao ludt vl sQ dung va quan ly cdc ngudn tai nguyen O New Zealand, mdi ydu td tdi nguyen diu dupc quan ly theo mdt dao ludt rieng, phu hpp vdi dao ludt chung, dd la dao ludt quan ly tai nguyen cua New Zealand ban hanh ndm 1991 Theo nien gidm thd'ng ke New Zealand tQ ndm 1941 den 2005, Cbinh phu New Zealand da ban hanh 21 dao ludt hen quan de'n quan ly tai nguyen va bao ve mdi trudng Khi nghien cQu sdu hon ndi dung cdc ludt nay, chung ta thdy rang, nhiing ndi dung, dilu khoan cdc luat chuydn nganh la rdt chi tie't, chuyen sau dam bao cho viec quan ly cdc yeu td mdi trudng mdt each chat che, cdng khai va minh bach Song vl co ban, cdc ludt chuyen biet ludn tuan thu cdc nguyen tac phdp ly CO ban dupc dl cap ludt quan ly tai nguyen qud'c gia ban hanh nam 1991 b) Qudn ly tdi nguyen theo ludt Qudn ly tdi nguyen Dao ludt quan ly tai nguyen (dupe ban hanh vao nam 1991) la cdng cu phap ludt, ma theo dd, ngudi ddn New Zealand ldp k l hoach vd quyet dinh phai sQ dung va bao ve ngudn tai nguyen tU nhien va tdi nguyen nhdn tao nhu tbi nao eho cd hieu qua Tai nguyen quy dinh dao ludt bao gdm cac ddng sdng, bd biln, ddt, riing vd ddt ndng nghiep, khdng va tai nguyen nhan tao nhu nha cQa, cdu cdng va cac co sd tang khac d phd va ndng thdn Muc tieu Idn nhdt cua Luat quan ly tai nguyen cua New Zealand la thuc ddy viec quan ly cae ngudn tdi nguyen tu nhien vd tai nguyen nhan tao mdt each bin vimg Dd'i tupng tae ddng eua luat la eac boat ddng kinh te, xa hdi lien quan de'n mdi trudng cua tdt ca cdc chu thi cua cac boat ddng dd gdm chinh quyln dia phuong, cdc doanh nghiep va ngudi dan Ludt quan ly tdi nguyen quy dinh cac chfnh quyln dia phuong phai xdy dung quy hoach vd ke hoach quan ly tai nguyen tu nhien va tai nguyen nhdn tao cua dia phuong minh Khi cac ke hoach nhu vay dupc hinh thanh, cdng ddng ddn cu dia phuong phai dupc thdng bao cdng khai dl hp cd co hdi ndi len mong mudn cua hp dd'i vdi cdng ddng cdc ke hoach dd Cae quy hoach vd k l hoach sQ dung va quan ly tai nguyen cua dia phuong phai tuan theo va dua tren cac chfnh sach qUdc gia nhdm dat dupc su quan ly bin vung ngudn tai nguyen qud'c gia Dao ludt quan ly tai nguyen nam 1991 quy dinh chat che vl viec cap gidy phep khai thac tai nguyen Gidy phep khai thae tai nguyen la van ban phap ly cho phep sQ dung hoac phat trien tdi nguyen tu nhien hoac tai nguyen nhan tao hoac thuc bien cae hoat ddng ed tac ddng de'n mdi trudng theo mdt each ndo dd f^ghien ciru Phit trien ben viing, so (28) - Thing 9/2010 Ha Huy Thanh - Mgt so van de moi trudng Cd loai gidy phep khai thac tai nguyen dupc quy duih dao luat quan ly tai nguyen, gdm sQ dung ddt (do quan, huyen hoac phd cdp, mdt sd trudng hpp cbinh quyln vung cdp); su dung tai nguyen nudc (do chfnh quyln vung cdp); phan chia ngudn tai nguyen (do chfnh quyln vung cdp); cho phep thai (do chfnh quyln vung cdp) vd sQ dung bd bien (do chfnh quyln vung cdp) Don xin cdp phep sQ dung, khai thdc tai nguyen cdn lam rd Idia nang tae ddng mdi trudng ciia du an (d Viet Nam la ddnh gia tdc ddng mdi trudng hay tac ddng mdi trudng chien lupc) Tdt ca eac du an cdn cdng bd cdng khai dl ldy y kien cdng luan sau dd mdi cdp phep Quylt dinh chdp nhdn hay tQ chdi du an khai thdc tai nguyen thdng thudng chfnh quyln cdp dia phuong quyet dinh Neu ngudi xin phep khdng chdp nhdn quyet dinh dd, hp ed thi kien len tda an mdi trudng Dao ludt quan ly tdi nguyen yeu cdu cdng ddng xa hdi tham gia vao cdng tdc quan ly tai nguyen tai khu vuc hp sinh sd'ng, boat ddng Hp cd thi kiln nghi, bd sung, sQa ddi cac quy hoach, ke hoach cua vung va cua huyen va thi trdn De hd trp cho viec tham gia cua cdng ddng, nam 2001 quy bd trp luat phap vl mdi trudng dupc thdnh lap Quy cung cdp tai chinh dl cdng ddng tham gia vdo toa an mdi trudng hoac cdc tda an khdc lien quan den quan ly tai nguyen tren dia ban vung hoac quan, huyen, thi trdn VI sQ dung dd't dai, Ludt quan ly tai nguyen quy dinh: ngudi ddn vl nguydn tdc cd thi su dung ddt cua hp theo cdch ma hp mudn nhung khdng dupe gdy anh hudng xdu dd'i vdi mdi trudng Chfnh quyln cae dia phuong ehi xem xet su tde ddng mdi trudng eua boat ddng sQ dung ddt chQ khdng xem xet ban thdn cdc hoat ddng Nhu vay, chi trudng hpp cdc boat ddng lien quan din su dung ddt gdy tac ddng xdu den mdi trudng, chinh quyln dia phuong vd cdng ddng ddn eu ed quyln can thiep theo ludt quan ly tai nguyen IV MOT SO KET LUAN VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM \ i QUAN LY BAO \ t MOI TRUdNG TQ nhung ndi dung chu yeu ttong boat ddng quan ly tai nguydn, mdi trudng cua New Zealand dupc trinh bay tren day, du cdn rdt chung, chung ta cd tbi nit nhiing kit ludn chfnh nhu sau: 1) Ngdy New Zealand da la mdt nudc phdt trien dung hang ngu cdc nudc thudc khdi OECD vdi nIn kinh td phdt triln (GDP bmh qudn ddu ngudi dat 23.800 USD/ nam) Ha tdng co sd xa bdi, y te, gido due, ludt phdp, phdt trien va cd mdt mdi trudng tu nhien sach, dn dinh vao bde nhdt the gidi De ed dupc nhung tuu kinh tl, xa hdi, mdi trudng nhu vdy, cbinh phu vd cdng ddng dan cu New Zealand da phai trai qua hang tram nam xay dung, cai tao va bao ve mdi trudng tu nhidn, mdi trudng nhan tao theo hudng bin viing 2) Cd nhilu yeu td tao nen su thdnh cdng cdng tac khai thdc tdi nguyen thien nhien vi sU phdt triln kinh te xa hdi vd bao ve mdi trudng cua New Zealand nhu: vi tri dia ly dae thu cua New Zealand, la mdt nudc cd dien tfch khdng nhd (hon 270.000 km^) nhung ddn sd thi rdt ft (4,02 trieu ngudi), dupc bao bpc bdi mdi trudng dai duong, sd'ng xa cdc nudc khac; dupc thidn nhien uu dai: giau tai nguyen khodng san nhu vdng, than da 3) Nhung cd le yeu td quylt dinh nhdt chfnh la yeu to ngudi, la tdm n'lin chien lupc cua chfnh phu vd tinh thdn trach nhiem cua ngudi ddn (ea ddn cu ban dia Idn ddn cu Chdu Au, Chdu A, Chdu Dai duong di cu sang) viee quan ly, sQ dung cd hieu qua ngudn tai nguyen tu nhien nhu ddt dai, rittig, bien, he ddng thuc vdt cd trdn dd't New Zealand 4) Gdn mdt tram nam trudc, hang chuc bd luat - cdng cu luat phap dilu chinh cdc md'i quan he giQa ngudi vdi ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien da dupe ban hanh va cho din vdn dang dupc hoan thien, bd sung Viec xay dung dupc mdt he thd'ng luat phap tuong ddi hoan cbinh (hdu nhu mdi yeu td tai nguyen mdi trudng chfnh diu cd mdt luat dilu chinh rieng) va sau la each td chQc thuc hien luat mdt each nghiem tue Nghien ciru Phit trien ben vOng, so (28) - Thing 9/2010 Ha Huy Thanh - Mgt so van de moi trudng quye't liet, cd su tham gia cua chinh phu, cac bd, nganh, doanh nghiep va cdng ddng dan cu la ye'u td quye't dinh nhdt dua luat phdp vao cupc sdng va giai quyet nhiing van dl ma cupc sdng dat 5) Trong xay dung luat, thuc hien luat phap vl sQ dung, quan ly tai nguyen va bao ve mdi trudng, chfnh phu New Zealand ludn ludn hudng din su phdt triln bin vung vl kinh te', bin viing vl xa hdi va bin viing vl mdi trudng (Trong ludt vl ddnh bdt hai san, ludt quy dinh chi tilt vl so lupng va dp Idn cua tQng loai bai san dupc danh bat vd khdng dupc ddnh bdt, nham dam bao cho su phdt triln tiing loai hai san Hoac ludt mdi trudng vl ddt dai ciia ngudi thilu sd Maori gdn vdi ddt td tidn ciia hp nham dn dinh xa hdi va dam bao cho ngudi ddn Maori cd dilu kien phdt trien cung vdi ddn cu Chdu Au, Chdu a va ddn cu khu vuc cdc dao Thai Binh Duong sd'ng trdn dd't New Zealand) Chung tdi cho rang, nhiing ket ludn tren ddy vl cdng tdc sQ dung, quan ly tdi nguyen va bao ve mdi trudng cua New Zealand cd thi xem nhu la nhiing bdi hpc kinh nghiem tham khao cho Viet Nam NhQng bdi hpc kinh nghiem cd thi tham khao dd cd tbi tdm iQpc nhu sau: 1) De cd dupc mdt mdi trudng tu nhidn da dang, phong phii va bin vQng cho thi he hdm va cdc the be mai sau, cdn cd mdt quye't tdm chie'n lupe tQ cdc nha hoach dinh chfnh sdch, chiln lupc va ke hoach phat triln kinh te xa bdi, rdng thuc hien eac chien lupc, ke hoach phat triln kinh te theo budng thi trudng, cdng nghiep phai ludn ludn thudng true y thQe khai thdc hpp ly, bieu qua ngudn tai nguydn thien nhien vd bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai Mpi su khai thdc tdi nguyen nhdn danh su phat triln kinh te cdn dupc can nhdc, dong dem, so sdnb giQa lpi feh kinh t l va tdc ddng xa hdi, tdc ddng mdi trudng, khdng dupc phep chay theo lpi feh kinh te den thudn trudc mdt ma phd di mdi trudng sd'ng cua ngudi vdi mpi gid 2) Tren co sd nhdn thQe sau sac, triet de va nhdt qudn nhu vdy, bai hpc kinh nghiem thQ hai cdn dupc tham khao la phai xdy dung dupc mdt bd may quan ly tai nguyen, mdi trudng manh tQ Trung uong den co sd New Zealand, bd mdy dd bao gdm Chfnh phu Trung uong, co quan ldp phap, co quan hanh phdp vd co quan tu phap (trong dd bao gdm tda an mdi trudng) va cdc hdi ddng bao tdn thien nhien cua cac dia phudng (bao gdm cdc ehinh quyln dia phuong, cdc doanh nghiep, bdi va cdng ddng ddn cu) 3) Bd may quan ly tai nguydn, mdi trudng ed chQc nang: - Xdy dung ludt phdp, chfnh sdch vl khai thdc cdc yeu to thdnh phdn cua tai nguyen vd bao ve mdi trudng tren todn bd lanh thd ddt nudc; - Gidm sat nghiem ngat viec thuc thi luat phap, chfnh sdch vl khai thdc tdi nguyen va bao ve mdi trudng tdt ca cdc linh vuc san xudt va tieu dung cua nIn kinh t l ddt nude Hien nay, Viet Nam da ban hanJi nhilu ludt lien quan den khai thac tai nguyen (dd't, nudc, riing, biln, da dang sinh hpc, ) nhung cdng tac gidm sdt, thuc tbi ludt phdp thi qud ylu Vl the, viec khai thdc tai nguyen va bao ve mdi trudng cdn qud nhilu bat cap, lam eho ludt phap va vai trd quan ly ciia nha nude kim hieu lue 4) Cdng tac quan ly, khai thdc tai nguyen va bao ve mdi trudng phai dupc xem nhu la mdt nganh cua nIn kinh te qud'c gia, dd, phai ddu tu xQng dang cho cdng tac nay./ f^ghien cihJ Phit trien ben vOng, so (28) - Thing 9/2010 ... cua New Zealand Trdng rimg va cdng nghiep riing Hien nay, New Zealand cd trieu riing, chilm 30% dien tfch dd''t dai cua ca nudc, dd cd 6,2 trieu ba rQng tu nhien va 1,8 trieu riing trdng New Zealand, ... sudt cua nghl ca d New Zealand la rat thdp Tdng gid tri xud''t khdu thuy san cua New Zealand chi dat khoang 1,2 de''n 1,5 trieu USD hong thdi ky 2002-2007 (sd Ueu nganh thuy san New Zealand nam 2008)... trang cac van de mdi trudng chinh a New Zealand a) Mdi trudng nudc Theo tieu chudn qud''c te, nudc mat d New Zealand la sach vd ddi ddo Tdt ca cac vung cua New Zealand cd lupng nudc mua tQ 600 din