THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
TAP CHl P H A T T R I E N NHAN LLfC - SO 4(63)2019 NGHIEN CCfU-TRAOBOI MOT SO VAN DE PHAP LUAT VE QUAN LY PHAT THAI KHi NHA KINH PGS.TS Li;u NGOC TOTAM" TOMTAT Phdp ludt moi trudng ve iing bien ddi hdu ndi chung vd giam phdt thdi klii nhd kinh fioi rieng a Viet Nam thieu mot chuong trinh thuc hien cu the, chi tiet Phdn ldn cdc muc tieu ke hoach ddt Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia ve dng phd vdi bien doi hau, Bedn gidm phdt thdi nhd kinh mdi chi ditng lai a viec khdi quat hda, chi tdm nhim giai quyet nhdng vdn detren tuang lai chd chua di vdo chi tiet hda phuang thuc dedqt cdc muc tieu dd Cd the thdy, hiengidchungtadangcd mot "do tuangxanh" chu khdng phdi "cdeh mang xanh" bdi chung ta thieu cdc bien phdp ddi phdcohe thdng cdc tieu chudn sd dung nhien lieu, nguyen tdc dao diic vdn debao vemoi trudng Muon he thong phdp ludt khd thi, hieu qud, chdt cha, trudc het cdn phdi xdc dinh ro tu tuang vd ke hoach chi tiet, cu the vdn di itng phd bien doi hdu, gidm phdt thdi nhd kinh Ddy Id mot cuoc chien Idu ddi, cdn cd thdi gian vd phuong phdp dung ddn mdi cd the dem lai ket qud cao Til khoa: phdp ludt moi trudng img phd bien ddi hdu; gidm phdt thdi nhd kinh HOi nghi ve Bien doi hau ciia Lien Hiep qudc dien nam 2015,COP21 hoac CMPll dugc to chtrcoParis, PiiaptirngaySOthang 11 den 12 thang 12 nam 2015.''' Hgi nghi bao g6m cac ptiien hgp cua H8i nghi lan thil 21 cac Ben tham gia Cong ude khung ciia Lien Hiep qudc ve bien ddi klii hau (COP 21), Hdi nghi lan thtt 11 cac Ben tham gia Nghi djnh thu Kyoto (CMP 11), Khda hop thil 43 Ban bo trg ve tu van khoa hgc va cong nglie (SBSTA 43), Khda hgp thil 43 Ban bo trg ve thuc ten (SBI43), Khda hgp lan thd hai Nhdm cdng '' l*h6 tmdng Khoa Luat - Hoc vien Can bo Thanh pha Ho Chi Mmh Wikipedia: "Hoi nghi Lien Hi|p quflc ve Biin doi IChi ^ \ tir website; https;//vi.wilcipedia.org/wiki/Hpi_nghi_ Lien_Hiep_Qu6c v^ Biln dfii Khi hau 2015, truy cap 20;5/20l9 " ~ ~ ' ^ tacdacbietvethucdayDidndan Durban-phan 12 (ADP2.12) Xhan thilc chu yeu clii ring hanh tinh cua chung ta dang cd xu hudng ndng len d mile cao han tu nluen thdng thudng - chii yen la ngudi hoat ddng san xuat quy md ldn Ben canh su tae ddng ciia tu nhien thi ngudi la yen td tae ddng chu yeu Lugng phat thai cacbon vii cac thai gay hieu Ung nha kinh khac tir ™c ddt nhien lieu hda thach nhu than da, dau md, til chay timg, chiin nudi gia sue quy md Idn, ndng nghiep vii cdng nghiep deu tang rat nhanh Do dg van de ilng phd vdi bien ddi kill hau da khdng cdn Iii van de ciia rieng ai, rieng qudc gia nao dii riec quan ly phat dial nhil kinh cCuig dugc nhin nhan dudi gdc nghiem tuc vii toan dien ban PGSJS LUU NGOCT^TAWMVlgrsbVAf^^ I Ihirc trang cac quy dinh phap luat ve phe phu pham ndng nghiep va chat diai chan giam phat thai nha kinh mot sd nuoi DU bao den nam 2030, lupng thai se tiep tuc tang len gan 30% Cd thd Uiay, canh hnh \yic cu the Bien ddi hau Idiong phai la trach nhiem tae Ida, len men da ed cua gia sue nhai lai, su cua neng mot ca nhan hay mpt td ehiie nao dung dat ndng nghiep, quan ly chan nudi, dot ma nd la trach nhiem ciia toan the cong ddng phe phu pham ndng nghiep la nhimg ngudn dan cu, khong chi pham vl mot qudc gia phat tliai nha kinh ldn it biet r&ng ma la trach nliiem cua cong dan toan cau Luat thai td vat nudi chda rat nhidu methanS'^\ Cung Bao v6 Moi trudng (BVMT) nam 2014 quy dinh nliu C02, kliong mau va khdng mul kliai quat ve nghia vu ciia cae td chiie, ea nhan, Methane la mot nhung loai klii nha b'nh CO quan nha nude img phd vdi bien ddi ma klii da bi phat thai vao bau klii quyen, nd kill hau Tuy nhien, cac quy dinh phap luat ve eung hap thu bde xa nhiet td be mflt trai dat va giam ph;it thai nha kinh hien he kha nang gid nhiet cua nd cao gap 21 lan C02 thdng phap luat moi trudng Viet Nam rat loai nha kinh cd nhieu nhat Theo Co quan it va tan man Do chua cd dinh nghia cu the ve Bao ve Mdi uardng My (EPA), methane dupe coi thuat ngu: "khi nhd kinh"va "gidm phdt thdi la mpt nhung ngudn klii nha kinh chinh nhd kinh" nen cac quy dinh mdi chi dimg lai d tren toan cau Bdi vay, vice tinh toan, quan ly mdc dp khai quat quy dinh chung ve quyen va ngudn phat dial nha kinh td cac hoat dpng nghia vu ciia cac chu the th^ hien cac linh san xuat ndng nghiep cd vai tro quan trpng vuc B\'MT ndi chung va eae linh vuc cu the niiu \1ee xac dinh co cau phat thai va de xuat ndng nghiep, cong nghiep, nang luong, giao cac bien phap giam phat thai klii nha kinh thong van tai, Nhan thdc dupe tam quan trpng cua \aec quan ly ngudn phat thai nha kinh san I.l Trong linh vuc nong nghiep Hoat ddng san xuctt ndng nghiep la mpt xuat ndng nghiep, 16 thang 12 nam 2011, nhdng nganh chiu anh hudng nang ne nhat tir Bp Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn da ban bien ddi klii hau nhung ddng thdi cung la nganh hanh Quyet djnh sd 3119/QD-BNN-KHCN phe gay phat thai nha kinh lam gia tang su ndng duyet De dn gidm phdt thdi nhd kinh len toan eau Tai Hpi tliao Si/dimghieu qud phe nong nghiep, nong thon den ndm 2020 llieo dd, phu phdm nong nghiep decdi thien phi cua cac boat ddng giam phat thai klii nha kinh ddt, tdng ndng sudt cdy tiong vd gidm phdt thdi nong nghiep, ben canh \iec dap ung dupe cac nhd kinh Vien Moi trudng Ndng nghiep yeu cau chung quan ly phat thai nha (Vien Khoa hpc Ndng nghiep \'iet Xam) phdi kinh ndi chung, cdn phai dap Ung dupe cac muc hpp vdi Dai sd quan Vuong qudc Anh ddng td deu cu the nhu: bao djim an ninh luong thuc; chdc 29 thang 02 nam 2015 tai Ha Noi'^' cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ndng nghiep, da dat nhieu van de quan trpng lien quan tdi ndng didn; klidng lam xao trdn cac hoeit dpng van de san sinh nha kinh boat dpng san xuat ndng nghiep, Giam phat thai nha san xuat ndng nghiep Tlieo dd, lupng phat kinh nong ndng ngliigp phai hudng tdi muc thai tit hoat dpng ndng nghiep mdi nam tuong tieu thuc day phat tnen san xuat ndng nghiep duong 65 trieu tan C02, chiem tren 43% tdng xanh theo hudng an toan, it phat thai, phat trlfo krpng nha kinh cua ca nude; ngudn ben vimg, dam bao an ninh luong thuc qudc gia, phat thai chu yeu la tir canh tae lua nude, ddt gdp phan giam ngheo va dng phd ed bleu qua '-' Bao Ddi Viet: •"43% thai nha kinh tir hoat dong nong nghiep"; tii website: http://khoahoc.tv/43-khi-nha-kinh-tuhoat-dotig-nong-iighiep-38129, truy cap 20/5/2019 '•"Thomas L Friedman: Nong phdng, chat ~ Tgi x, e gtai cdn each mang xanh vd tam ihS ndo chiing la iha-^ d6i duae luang lai Nxb Tre, Ha Ngi 2009, trang 52 paS.TS.HJU NGOC T T A M - MOT VAN BE PHAP LUAT 45 vdi bien doi hau Den nam 2020, Viet Nam 12 thang nam 2006 quy dinh chi tiet Luat cam ket giam phat thai 20% lugng nha kinh Thuang mai nam 2005 ve hang hda, dich vu nong ndng nghiep, ndng thdn (18,87 trieu tan ciim kinh doanh, ban chi^' kinh doanh va kinh C02); dong thdi dam bao muc tieu tang trudng doanh cd dieu kien thi xang dau vii cac laai nganh va giam ty le ddi ngheo De an ciing chi rd ddt thudc Danh muc hang hda, dich \ai kinh nhiem vu cua timg llnh vuc san xuat cu the nhu doanh cd didu kien Ben canh dd, phap luat mdi trot, chan nudi, lam nghiep, thuy san, thuy trudng cdn quy dinh cu the ve trach nliiem cua loid^ hudng tdi muc tieu cat giam lugng phat cac td chue, ca nhan boat dgng san xuiit, thai nha kinh De thuc hien muc deu nay, cd kmh doanh, dich vu ndi dinh tai the ap dung ket hgp nhieu bien phap khac Dieu 35 va trach nhiem timg boat ddng nhu sit dung nhttng tien bg cua khoa hgc cdng san xuiit, kinh doanli, dich vu cu thi^ quy dinh nghe nghien cdu, lai tao cac phuang td Dieu 36 den Dieu 49 Luat EX'^IT nam 2014 thilc san xuat mdi, gidng, loai mdi cd nang suiit Tuy nhien, phap luat ve giam phat thai cao hon, than thien vdi mdi trudng hon; hoan nha kinh llnh \'Uc cdng nghiep van cdn thien v^ eg che, chinh saeh va td chdc quan ly, mot sd ban che sau day: dao tao ngudn nhiin luc, tuyen truyen nang cao Thd nhdt, nhin chung, cac quy dinh giam nhan thilc cua cdng dong, tranh thit su hd trg vii phat thai nlia kinh linh vuc cdng nghiep cdn thiii'u cu the dau tu ciia cdng dong qudc te Jhii hai phap luat mdi trudng mdi chi ddng 1.2 Trong linh vuc cdng nghiep Tit cudi die ky 18, cudc each mang cdng lai d wee quy dmh chung vS trach nhiem phdng nghiep da diSn tai Anh Luc sde ngudi, ngda d nhidm mdi trudng, tuiln thu quy chuan siic ngita, sde nude da dugc thay the hoac hd ky diuat mdi trudng ma chua cd cac quy dinli nhiim han che, ngbidm cam sd dung cac tro bang may mdc Ve co ban, day lit cudc each nguyen, vat Heu san xuat cac loai hang hda gay mang sit dung nang lugng, lam cho than anh hudng den mdi trudng khdng khi, liim gia da, dau md va tu nhien - nhiing nhien lieu tang ham lugng diai gay hieu dng nha kinh ma vai nam trd lai day dugc ggi la "nhien lieu cua dia nguc" trd nen dac biet quan trgng Thd ba, cac loai nguyen lieu hi cam sd dung san xuat, kinh doanh {nhu cam sd dung Nhiing loai nhien lieu cd Idng diit, se xang pha chi, cam sd dung amiang san bican kiet, lai cdn phat thai C02 vii cac chat xuat vat heu xay dung ) cdn quy dinh rai rac gay nhiim khac hi ddt chay de phuc vu nhieu vdn ban phap luat khac nhau, gay cho van tai, sudi am va dung cdng nghiep khd klian cho cac chu the nrong liec man did Chiing ddi lap hoan toiin vdi "nhien lieu cita phap luat thiin dudng" - Iii sUc gid, sde nude, niing lugng, 1.3 Trong linh vuc ndng luang thiiy trieu, nang lugng sinh khdi va nang lugng Trudc day, td nhung dau den cua cudc mat trdi Bdi vay, giam phat thai nha kinh Cach mang cdng nghiep cho den cudi the k>' hnh vuc cdng nghiep thuc chiit Iii xay 20, phan Idn chung ta deu sdng ao tudng dung mot nen cdng nghiep xanh than thien vdi lac quan rang cac loai nhien heu hda thach ma moi tradng bao gom nhdm van de chinh la: chung ta dang sd dung phuc MJ may mdc CO khi, cac san pham xanh, nang lugng mdi vii tai tao giao thdng, sudi am, san xuat cdng nghiep, san (phat dial C02 diap), dich vu xanh, mdi trudng xuat dien nang deu khdng bao gid can kiet, re benvOtng tien va ididng tae ddng den hau Tuy nhien, Theo quy dinh tai Phu luc III Danh muc hiing ky nguyen nang lugng - ban"' da cho chung to, dich vu kinh doanhcddieukienbanhiinh tem theo Nghi dinh sd 59/2006/ND-CP ngiiy '' Thomas L Friedman: Nong, piiang, chat - Tai the gi&i PGS.TS LUU NGOC TO T A M - M Q T 56 VAN P ^ P I W L U ^ ta thay dieu nguoc lai Nhien lieu hda thach thuat nham giam ton that, giam mdc tieu thu tat yeu se can kiet, cang dSt hon, va anh nang luong cua phuong tien, thiel bi ma van dam bao nhu cau, mue deu dat ddi vdi qu^ hudng ngliiem trpng den he thdng hau Trong rat nhieu cac loai nang luong da va trinh Siin xuat vk ddi sdng Tuy nhien, phap luat ve giam phat thai dang duge sd dung ben nay, tat yeu phai ndi tdi loai nang lugng bien nhat, can thiet nha kinh linh vuc nang lugng vSn cdn nhat - dien nang Day duge xem nliu la loai mgt sd ban che sau day: nang luong mang y nghia sdng cdn, quyet dinh Thd nhdt trir cac quy dinh tiet kiem dien tdi \iec tri, phat trien cua ca mot nen kinh tru sd eua cac co quan nha nudc, chieu te va hoat ddng sinh hoat binh thudng eua eon sang cdng cong la mang tinh bat bude, cae quy ngudi Bdi vay tiet kiem dien nang diroc xem dinh kliac ve tiet kiem dien nang mdi chi dimg nliu mot chinh saeh quan trgng tien trinh lai d mdc kliuyen khich phat trien kinh te xa hdi Thd hai, phap luat mdi trudng cdn thieu vang Dd cung la tinh than eua Luat Dien lire nam cac quy ehuan ve tieu thu nang lugng ddi vol 2004 thdng qua cae quy dinh ve "dp dung tien eae loai thiet bi (cdng suat tdi da hoac hieu suat bd vd khoa hpc cong nghe hoat dong diensd dung nang lugng) luc vd su dung dien nhdm tiet kiem, ndng cao Thd ha, cac quy dinh ve sd dung tiet kiem hieu qud sit dung cdc nguon ndng lupng bdo ve nang lugng hien mdi chi duge nhin nhan moi truimgsinh thai" (Khoan Dieu 4) Dong va danh gia dudi gdc kinh td ma chua coi thdi, Luat Dien luc nam 2004 cung day manh trgng dung mdc nhdng tae dgng cua nd tdi mdi viec "khai thdc vd sd dung cdc nguon ndng trudng ndi chung va van de giam phat dial lupng mdi, ndng lupng tdi tao de tiet kiem dien"nha kinh ndi rieng (Khoan Dieu 4) Ben canh dd, viec sd dung Thutu, eae quy dlnhve khai thae, sddung cac nSng lugng tiet kiem, hieu qua eung dugc quy loai nang lugng khac nhu than da, dau md ciing dinh cu the Luat sd dung nang lugng chi mdi dung lai d mdc la khai thae, sd dung hgp tiet kiem va hieu qua nam 2010, Nghj dinh 102/2003/ND-CP 03 thang nam 2003 ve ly va tiet kiem ma chua cd cac quy dinh mang tinh ki diuat nhu hieu suat khai diac, dinh mdc sd dung nang lugng tiet kiem va bleu qua ki diuat eua cae thiet bj tieu thu nhdm trien Mat kliae, phap luat eung rat chd trgng tdi khai chinh saehtietkiem nang lugng boat viec "xdy dung vd dua nhd mdy dien hat nhdn dong khai thae, sd dung than da, dau md ddu tien vdo van hdnh an todn khai thdc hieu 1.4 Trong llnh vuc giao thong van tdi qud Dong thoi xdy dung tdng co so vdng chdc cho chuong trinh ddi han ve phdt trien dien Trong thdi ky cdng nghiep phat tnen manh hat nhdn, timg buPc ndng ti le dien hat nhdn datme nhu hien nay, giao thdng van tai da va dang mile cdn bdng tong sdn lupng dien ndng ddng gdp rat quan trgng cho nen kinh le qudc quoc gia (khodng 11% vdo ndm 2025 vd 25- dan va phuc vu bleu qua cho cudc sdng cua 30% vdo ndm 2040 - 2050)" (theo Quyet dinh ngudi Tuy nhien, day cung la mdt nhung sd OI/2006/QD-TTg cua lliu tudng Chinh phu ngudn chu yeu gay phat thai nha kinli Luat 03 thang 01 nam 2006 ve viec ban hdnh Giao thdng dudng bg nam 2001 quy dmh: "Nhd Chien lupc img dung ndng lupng nguyen td vi nuPc CO chinh sdch uu tien phdt trien van tdi muc dich hoa binh) nham hudng tdi mue tieu hdnh khach congcpng han che su dung phuang ap dung hieu qua cac bien phap quan ly va ky tien giao thong cd nhdn cdc thdnh ldn" (Khoan Dieu 5) Cu th^ hda quy dinh nay, can each mang xanh vd Idm the ndo chimg la thay doi dicac Dieu 41 Luat BV.MT nSm 2014 da quy dinh cu tuang lai Nxb Tre Ha Ngi 2009, trang 56 the ve yeu eau ddi vdi hoat dgng BVMT PGS.TS LUU NGOC TO TAM - MOT S V A N B E P H A P LUI8,T linh vuc giao thdng van tai nhu dam bao cac diuc hien (Jl) Trong Ke hoach hdnh ddng Bali tieu chuan ve thai va phai dugc co quan dugc thdng qua tai Cudc thao luan lan thd 13 dang kiem kiem tra, xac nhan mdi dugc dua vao giua cac bdn ddi vdi Cdng ude kliung cua Lidn sii dung;ttongqua trinh van chuyen phai dam Hgp qudc ve bien ddi ban (C0P13) thang bao cac thiet hi che chan khdng de rai vai gay 12 nam 2007, mdt CO che mdi da dugc bd sung nhilm mdi trudng Luat Hang khdng dan nham nhan manh vai trd cua rung ddi vdi bien dung Vift Nam nam 2006 quy dinh: "Tdu bay doi klii hau Dd la co che' giam phat thai mat khai thdc phdi tudn thu cdc yeu cdu vebdo rimg va suy thoai rdng (REDD) Thdng qua ca ve moi trudng ddi vdi tdu bay vd dong ca bay;che nay, cdc nudc phat trien vdi han ngach phat viec khai thdc tdu bay, cdng hdng khong sdnthai klii rat tha'p se phai tim each dau tu nhung bay phdi ddp dng quy ehuan ki thuat ve tiengdu an gdp phan liim giam phat thai C02 va m, thdi vd cdc quy chudn khdc ve bdo vemoise uu den thuc hien tai cac nudc dang phat trien tmdng (Dieu 26, Dieu 54) bdi chi phi thuc hien thap 1.5 Phap ludt ve quan ly hoat dong kinh Tai \'iet Xam, van de da bude dau dugc doanh tin chi cacbon tiep can he thdng phap luat mdi trudng Su ddi cua Nghi dinh thu Kyoto nam 1997 Luat BVMT nam 2014 da quy dmh mdt vdi cam ket cat giam 5% lugng nha kinh (so nhdng ndi dung c^uan trgng quan ly phat vdi mdc cua nam 1990) vdng nam, td thai kill nha kinh la "hinh thdnh vd phdt trien thi 2008 den nam 2012 cda 37 nudc cdng nghiep tiudng tin chi cacbon nudc vd tham gia thi phat Men va Cdng ddng chau Au (EC) da tao ti-udng tin chi cacbon the gidi" (Diem d Klioan dieu kien cho su hinh va phat trien cua Dieu 41) Ben canh dd, tai Diem c Khoan mpt loai dli trudng dac biet - thi trudng budn Dieu 41 Luat Bao ve Mdi trudng 2014 cung ban quyen phat thai nhan manh viec "qudn ly ben vdng tdi nguyen Khi C02 la cac nganh cdng nghiep thai rimg bdo ton ud ndng cao trd lugng cacbon va chiem chu yeu bdn loai klii gay liidu rimg bdo v$ vd phdt trien ede he sinh thdi" De img nha kinh, bdi vay td iau ngudi ta van quen cu the hda van de quyen cacbon lien quan tdi goi day la thi trudng cacbon Tren thi trudng tai nguyen rdng, Nghi dmh 99/2010/XD CP cacbon, viec mua ban cacbon hay chinh xac hon la viec mua ban quyen phat thai C02 24 thang ndm 2010 re chi trd dich vu se dugc diuc bidn didng qua tin dung cacbon mdi trudng rimg da dugc ban hiinli nhiim quy M6i cdng ty gay d nhidm se cd mdt ban mdc dinli cu die ve quyen cua chd sd hdu, cda ngudi thai C02 nhat dinh md neu mudn vugt qua dugc giao hoac cho thue rimg van de thu han miic dd can phai bd den mua them ban hudng quyen cacbon Mat kliac, Quyet dinh miic, gpi la tin dung cacbon Tin dung cacbon sd 1775/QD-TTg 21 diang 11 nam 2012 cd dugc td viec thdng qua dau tu mdt sd du an cdng da clii rd nhung muc deu, ndi dung cu the gdp phan lam giam phat thai cacbon hoac mua van de quan ly cac boat ddng kinh doanh lai til cac cdng ty khac Do dd, C02 trd tin chi cacbon thi trudng the gidi Theo dd, mot loai hang hda dugc dem mua ban tren boat dgng dugc thuc hien den nam 2020, dli tradng va gia ca cua nd se thi trudng dieu ap dung ddi vdi cac co quan, td chdc, ca nhan va doanh nghiep tham gia boat ddng tuvan xay net Hoat dong cua dii trudng cacbon dugc hd trg dung, thuc hien cac du an va kinh doanh tin chi Wl ba CO che chinli theo Nghi dinh thu Kyoto cacbon diu dugc td cac boat ddng giam nhe bao gom: co che budn ban quyen phat thai, phat thai va tdng klia nang hap thu nha kinh ™ M phat trien saeh (CDM) va co che ddng d \'iC't Nam PGS.TS LUU NGOC TO TAM - MOT SO VAN DEj4jAP_LyAl^ - Bd sung khai niem "bien ddi hdu': "gidm Mpt sd de xuat 2.1 Bo sung, dieu chinh vd hoan thien he phdt thdi nhd kinh: "qudn ly phdt thdi nhd kinh" vao he didng phap luat mdi trudng thdng vdn bdn quy pham phdp htat Xuat phat td nhdng han che ve quy dinli Viet Nam nham tao each hieu ddng bg va thdng phap luat da uinh bay d tren, thdi gian nhat he didng phap luat Hien nay, Luat tdi Nha nudc can soat, dieu chinh va bo sung Bao ve Mdi trudng nam 2014 mdi chi quy dinh he thdng van ban quy pham phap luat; co che, kliai niem "khi nhd kinh"va "dng bien doi cliinh saeh phuc vu edng tae quan ly nha nude hdu: Cac khai niem da tuong ddi dong ve quan ly phat thai klii nlia kinh va quan ly nhat vdi each hieu va quan diem cua qudc te ve cac hoat ddng kinli doanh tin chi cacbon thj viin de Do dd, de ndi luat hda sau rpng hon, trudng the gidi phd hgp vdi dnh hinh phat trien tao dieu kientiiUcthi cac cam ket qudc te cd hieu qua can chitiethda cae khai niem tren de qua timg didi ky Cu the nhu sau: Thu nhdt, xdc dinh ro cdc muc tieu, each thdctao each hieu didng nhat edng nhu lam rd dupe thuc hien dng bien doi hdu noi chung tinh chat, phuong thdc cua hoat dgng quan ly vd gidm phdt thdi nhd kinh nPi rieng chi tiet,phat thai Uii nha kinh cu the; the hien chi tiet he thdng phdp ludt - Ban hanh cac quy chuan ky thuat mdi trudng \'e nang suat, lileu suat sd dung nang moi truPng Can phai nhan thdc rang, phap luat mdi lupng cua cac diiet bi, cdng cu, phuong tien san trudng ve dng phd bien ddi klii hau ndi chung xuai phu hgp vdi nganh nghe, linh virc san xuat va giam phat thai nha kinh ndi rieng edn nham kiem soat dupe lupng nlia kinh thai thieu mot chuong ti inh thuc hien cu the, ehi tiet mdi trudng Khi dd viec giu C02 mdc on Phan Idn cac muc tieu, ke hoach dat dinli thai mdi trudng se dupe col la nghia Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia ve dng vPivu biit huge ddi vdi cac td chdc va ca nhan thirc bien doi hdu, De dn gidm phdt thdi nhd hien hoat dgng san xuat kinh doanh lam phat kinh mdi chi ddng lai d viec khai quat hda, chi sinh thai tam nhin giai quyet nhung van de tren - Can quy dinh sd dungtietkiSm nang lugng tuong lai chd chua dl vao chi tiet hda phuong ndi chung, bao gom ca sd dung nang lugng tai thdc de dat eae mue tieu dd Cd the thay, hien cac dia diem cdng cdng, trudng hpe, benh vien, gid chdng ta dang ed mdt "do tuong xanh" chis CO quan \'a su dung nang lupng ca nhan tai cac khdng phai "each mang xanh" bdi chung ta hd gia dinh la nghia vu bat bude ddi vdi cac td thieu ede bi6n phap ddi phd cd he thdng, cac chdc, ca nhan, hg gia dinh Ddng thdi quy tieu ehuan sd dung nhien lieu, nguyen tae dao dinli ro ve chinh saeh ho trg, uu dai cua Nha ddc van de bao ve mdi trudng Bdi vay, nudc ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep tiiitc hien tdt mue tieu dat rat hao hi'rngva "xfl/7/7;'nhung lai che tiet kiem nang lugng, co che hd trp dau thieu cac phuong tien huu hieu de di den "mau tu day chuyen san xuat xanh, saeh, hd trg qua xanh" dd Bdi vay, de he thdng phap luat kha thi, trinh san xuat va tieu thu san pham than thien hieu qua, chat che, tmdc het can phai xac djnh vdi mdi trudng rd tu tudng va ke hoach chi tiet, cu the van - Can bd sung quy dinh ve kiem soat viec xa de dng phd bien doi klii hau, giam phat thai klii thai ddi vdi phuong tien giao thdng la xe may bdi nlia kinh bdi day la mdt eugc cliidn Iau dai, can hien day la loai phuong tien giao thdng cd thdi gian va phuong phap ddng dan mdi cd bien nhat d Viet Nam - ddng nghia vdi viec la the dem lai ket qua cao ngudn phat thai nha kinh ldn CJ Singapore, Ihd hai, bd sung mpt so quy dinh phdp luat cu eo che giam sal \iee dial eua xe may se dupe the gidm phdt thdi nhd kinh thuc hien thdng qua eo che kiem tra dinh ki va PGSTS LUU NGOC TO T A M - M Q T SO VAN DE P H A P LUAT kiem tra dot xuat cua canh sat giao thdng Chu phuong tl$n djnh ki nam/lan se mang phuong nen cua minh den co quan cd tham quyen de ihuc hien cudc kiem tra Neu dat tieu ehuan thi se duoc dan tern chiing nhan Mat khae qua trinh luu thdng, chu phuang tien ciing cd the bi yeu cau dung xe kiem tra dot xuat ve luu luong xa thai cua phuong tien N^u khdng dat mite quy chu^n theo quy djnh cd the b j dp dung cac hinh thdc xd phat tuong dng Day cdng la phuong thdc ma Viet Nam cd the tham khao va nha kinh tu nd lue giam mat rdng va suy thoai rdng Ngoai ed die tan dung cac ngudn tai chinh tu nhan eho viec thich dng nham khuyen khich khu \'uc tu nhan, tan dung ngudn vdn tu nhan cho mot sd du an eu the Tuy nhien, can dam bao tinli minli bach, hieu qua va binh dang viec sd dung vdn 2.3 Tich cue trien khai nghien cihi vd dng dung khoa hoc cdng nghe gidm phdt thdi nhd kinh Ong dung klioa hgc cdng nghe da trd mot ndi dung khong the thieu dupe de cap tdi 2.2 Tdng cUdng ddu tU tdi chinh phuc vu eae chuong trinh, chien luge, ke hoach hanh ddng dng phd vdi bien ddi hau, giam dto hoqtdonggidm phdt thdi nhd kinh Tren the gidi hien nay, cac cdng cu tai chinh phat thai nha kinh d \'iet Nam thdi duoc sir dung van de dng phd bien ddi gian gan day bdi nhung hieu qua nhanh chdng hau noi chung va giam phat thai nha va triet de ma nd dem lai Dau tu eho khoa hgc kinh bao gom: co che dua tren thj trudng de edng nghe giam phat thai nha kinh la giam belt chi phi cho bien doi hau va tao mdt viec lam trgng tam Ky nguyen ndng cac CO hpi khuyen khich cac nguon vien trg, cac - phang - chat, nhiJng van de dan sd, tai khoan vay uu dai, cac khuydn khich tai chinh nguyen thien nhien va bidn ddi hau da cang trd nen cap bach hon bao gid het Mdi (uu dai thue, tin dung xuat khau, giai thudng, day nhat theo thdng dn dang tai tren td Tap hiep dinh thuong mai va cdng nghe ) Trong chi Nature cua Anh, cae nha khoa hgc cua My, thcil gian qua, cac quy hd trg cho bien ddi Thuy Dien va Trung Qudc da nghien edu hau nhu Quy Giam thieu GEF tai trg, Quy edng gidng Ida giau tinh bdt nhung thai it Thich dng (AF), Quy Dau tu hau (GIF) Quy methane ban.*'' Day dugc col la mot bude dot Cong nghe saeh (CTF), Quy Khi hau chien luge pha ldn Irong linh vuc san xuat ndng nghiep (SCF) dang phat huy tae dung lich cue giup cac nham giam phat thai nha kinh mdi nam nu6c dng phd vdi bien ddi hau Viet Nam, cac canh ddng Ida thudng thai trung binh tU 25 nguon tai chinh eho dng phd vdi bien ddi trieu den 100 trieu tan hau, ed giam phat thai nha kinh 2.4 Phdt triin nguon nhdn luc; ndng cao dupe khai thae chu yeu td cac nguon ngan saeh, cac khoan vay hd trp cua Chinh phu, cac du an trinh hieu biet, ndng luc qudn ly cda cdn va cac chuong trinh vien trp DDA, nghien cdu, bp nhd nudc Trudc het, can chd trgng edng tae khao sat, hS trg ky thuat va cac quy toan cau danh gia thuc trang nguon nhan lire linh De CO die huy dgng hieu qua nhat cac ngudn vuc quan ly nha nudc ve quan ly phat thai lai chinh cho bien ddi hau can tao cae nha kinh va cac boat dgng kinh doanh tin chi nguon tai chinh mdi cho thich dng va giam nhe cacbon Mat khac, can nang cao kien thdc cho nhu cac loai thue danh vao chi phi cacbon, time cac nha hoach dinh chinh saeh, cae can bd ve danh vao hoat dgng phat thai td phuang tien giao thong v$n tai, ban dau gia cac don vi phat '^' Thong lln xa Viel Nam: "Cac nha khoa hoc nghien ciru th^i dugc cong bd Ben canh dd, can tang quy cong giflng lua it phat thai metan"; tir website http://khoamo va hieu qua cua thj trudng cacbon, tao hoctv/cac-nha-khoa-hoc-nghien-cuu-thanh-cong-giong-lua-itc^c khuyen khich tai chinh cho giam phat thai phat-thai-khi-Tnetan-64962, truy cap 20/5/2019 PGS.TS LUU NGOC T T A M - MQT S6 VAN BE PHAPJAJAI: viec quan ly phat thai klii nhii kinh va cac boat ddng kinh doanh dn cbl cacbon Ngoai ra, can td chitc cac klida dao tm, tap huan, bdi dirdng kien thiic cho cac co quan, td chdc, doanh nghiep viec thuc hien cdc boat ddng giam phat thai va tang kha nang hap thu nha kinh cua cac boat ddng kinh doanh tin chi cacbon 2.5 Ndng cao cong tdc tuyen truyen, gido due y thicc cong dong ve gidm phdt thdi nha kinh Bien phap giao due BX/MT dugc thuc hien thdng qua hai phuang thdc: gido due hue tiep vii gido ducgidn tiep hinh thdc gido due hue tiep, can dua l a n de dng phd bien ddi klii hau ndi chung, dd cd giam phat thai nlia kinh vao cac chuong trinh hgc td cap thap tdi cap cao; thuc hien da dang hda, tidp can theo nhieu each dldc cac chuong trinh, boat ddng ve giam phat thai klii nhd kinh \ di hinh thdc gido due gidn tiep, can to chdc cac boat ddng mang tinh xa hgi, tap die ve giam phat thai klii nha kinh, tien hanh cac cudc dieu tra xa hdi, didn dim nhiim khao sat y kieii cua cdng ddng, tdng hgp va tham khao nhttng sang tao cdng tdc quan ly phat thai klii nha kinh TAI LIEU THAM K H A O 'Ibomas L Fnedman: Ndng phdng chdt Tqi saa the gidi cdn cdeh mang xanh vd ldm the ndo ehiing ta thay ddi dugc tuang lai, Nxb Tre, Ha Ndi 2009 Luat Bao ve Mdi trudng 2014 Luat Bien ndng 2004 Nghi dinh sd 59/2006/ND-CP 12 thang nam 2006 quy dinh chi tiet Luat Thuang mai nam 2005 ve himg hda, dich vu cam kinh doanh, ban chi: kinh doanh va kinh doanh cd dieu kien thi xang dau va cac loai klii ddt thudc Danh muc hdng hda, dich vu kmh doanh cd dieu kien Nghi dinh 102/2003/ND-CP 03 thang nam 2003 ve sd dung nang lugng tiet kiem va hieu qua Nghl dinh 99/2010/ND-CP ngiiy 24 thang nam 2010 \ e chi trii djch \ai mdi trudng rdng Quyet dinh sd 01/2006/QD-TTg cua Thu tudng Chinli phu 03 diang 01 nam 2006 ve viec ban hanh Chien luge Ung dung ndng lugng nguyen t d \ i muc dich hda binh Quyet dinh sd 1775/QD-TTg cua Thu titdng Chinh phu ngiiy 21 thang 11 n a m 2012 ve phe duyet De an quan ly phat thai gay hieu img nha kinh; quan ly cac boat ddng kmh doanh tin chi cacbon thi trudng the gidi Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat tndn Ndng thdn: Quyit dinh so 3119/QB-BNN-KHCN phe duyet De dn gidm phdt thdi nhd kinh ndng nghiep nong thdn ddn ndm 2020 ngdy 16 thdng 12 ndm 2011 10 Cdng ude khung cda Lien Hiep qudc ve bien ddi hau 11 Nghi dinh thu Kyoto nam 1997 ve giam phat thai nha kinh 12 Ke hoach hanh ddng Bali (C0P13) thang 12/2007 13 Wikipedia: "Hgi nghi Lien Hiep qudc ve Bien ddi Khi hSu"; td website: https:// vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Idi_nghi_Lien_Hiep_ Qudc_ve_Bien_ddi_Khi_hau_2015, truy cdp ngay20/5/2019 14 Bdo Ddt Viet "43% diai nha kinh td boat ddng ndng nghiep"; td website: http:// khoahoc.tv/43-khi-nha-kinh-tu-hoat-dongnong-nghiep-38129, truy cap 20/5/2019 1.5 Ibdng tan xa Viet Nam: 'Cac nha khoa hgc nghien cuu cdng gidng Ida it phat thai klii metan"; td website: http://khoahoc.tv/ cac-nha-khoa-hoc-nghien-cuu-tbanh-conggiong-lua-it-phat-thai-khi-metan-64962, truy c9p 20/5/2019
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