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Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam Hd Noi 10/2010 M Q T S O V A N D E M O I TRlTOfNG TRONG KHAI THAC, CHE BIEN DA TAI KHU CONG NGHIEP MONG SON, TINH YEN BAI Le Thj Ho[.]
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010 M Q T S O V A N D E M O I TRlTOfNG TRONG KHAI THAC, CHE BIEN DA TAI KHU CONG NGHIEP MONG SON, TINH YEN BAI Le Thj Hoai Thu, Duong Van Nam, Phan Van Truong, Ta Van Hanh, Le Thi Hai Ninh, Nguyin Due Niii Vien Khoa hgc Vat lieu 18 - Hoang QuIc Viet, Ciu Giiy, Ha Noi Email: hoaithu44v@gmail.com Tom tat: Khu cdng nghiep (KCN) Mdng Son ndm sdt hd Thdc Bd thudc dia phdn huyen Yen Binh, tinh Yen Bdi cd tdng diin tich 806 ha, diin tich khai thdc, che biin dd la 406 Hien nay, khodng 20 doanh nghiep KCN da dupe cdp phep khai thdc, chi biin dd vdi tdng cdng sudt han trieu tdn/ndm, chit yiu la dd hoa trdng (Cacbonat Canxi) cd chdt lutmg cao Bin cgnh cdc tdc ddng tich cue ddi vdi mdi trudng kinh ti - xd hdi, cdc hogt ddng khai thdc, chi biin dd rdt sdi ddng KCN ndy ciing tdc ddng ldm din mdi truang tu nhiin khu vuc, ddc biit la mdi trudng ddt vd sinh thdi cdnh quan Trin ca sdphdn tich, ddnh gid vd du bdo cdc vdn di mdi truong chinh khu vuc, tap thi tdc gid da di xudt cdc gidi phdp qudn ly vd ky thudt tdng thi nhdm khai thdc, sie dung hpp ly tdi nguyin da trdng vd bdo vi mdi trudng Abstract: Mong Son industrial zone located in Yen Binh district Yen Bai province, bordered on the shores of the Thac Ba reservoir with 806 of total area, in which 406 of stone exploiting and processing So far, there are about 20 licensed companies for stone exploiting and processing with total output over million tons per year, most of output is white stone (Carbonate Calcium) with high quality Beside many positive impacts on socio-economic sectors, active stone exploiting and processing activities in this industrial zone also have big impacts on local natural environment, especially soil and eco-landscape environment After analyzing, assessing and predicting main environmental issues, authors propose general management and technical measures for reasonable utilization of white stone resources and environmental protection DAT V A N D E Cung voi su phat triln cua cac phin kinh te, nhu cau su dung cac loai da, bgt da lam nguyen lieu cho xay dung co so ting, giao th6ng, thuy Igi, cac c6ng trinh d6 thi va cac nganh c6ng nghiep nhu giiy, son, cao su, nhua, dugc pham, my pham cang tang nhanh nhung nam gin day Do d6 da thiic diy c6ng nghiep khai thac, che bien da phat trien manh me ca vl sl lugng m6 lan quy m6 khai thac hau khap cac dia phuong ca nuac Cung nhu cac du an khai thac da xay dung mgt sl dia phuong khac, tai KCN M6ng Son, ngoai g6p phin tich cue cho su phat triln kinh te - xa hgi thi nhiing boat dgng khai thac - che 251 Tiiu ban: Moi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7 bien da da phat sinh nhieu van de tieu cue ve m6i truang, n6i bat la nhiem m6i truang dat, nuac, kh6ng va m6i truang sinh thai canh quan NHLTNG T A C DONG MOI TRU^O^NG DO KHAI T H A C D A 2.1 Tinh hinh khai khac da o khu vuc Mong Son - Yen Bai KCN khai thac va che bien da v6i trang tai xa M6ng Son, huyen Yen Binh co t6ng dien tich la 806 ha, d6 dien tich khai thac, che biin da la 406 San lugng khai thac - che bien da hang nam dat tren trieu tan, chu yeu la da hoa trang (CaC03) co chat lugng cao phuc vu nhu cau thi truang nuac va xuat khau Hau het cac co s6 khai thac tren dia ban (tren 20 doanh nghiep da dugc cap phep boat dgng) deu su dung phuang phap khai thac 16 thien, ap dung he th6ng khai thac theo lop bang, khai thac tu tren xu6ng duoi cho toan bg khoang san m6, khai thac da va b6c dat bang may xiic, may gat va van chuyen da bang t6 Trong KCN M6ng Son tbi chua co mgt doanh nghiep nao lap du an cai tao phuc h6i m6i truang sau khai thac Tuy nhien qua trinh trien khai cac du an da xay nhieu bat cap, dien hinh la viec cap m6 kha tien, quy hoach khai thac bat hgp ly, thieu dien tich vung dem, phan dinh ranh gioi gifta cac m6 kh6ng ro rang, thieu sir quan ly, giam sat cac boat dgng khai thac tu do, nh6 le, la nhiing van de de phat sinh nhiing tac dgng toi m6i truang [1] 2.2 Nhirng tac dong chinh toi moi truong [2, 3] - Moi tru&ng ddt Cac doanh nghiep KCN chiem dung dien tich dat kha Ion de b6 tri khai truang, khu nghien sang, khu tuyen, ben bai, xay dung cac khu dan dung va phu trg Khi cac doanh nghiep di vao boat dgng se gay mgt s6 tac dgng toi m6i truang dat nhu: lam thay dli dia hinh, b6c dat phu, pha buy 16p tham phu thuc vat, lam thay d6i tinh co ly cua dit, phan tan chit thai qua trinh khai thac, che bien Hien tugng rira tr6i lop th6 nhuong v6n ngheo dinh duong, ham lugng Nito chi muc 0,08 - 0,16%o, P295 ting sl chiem tu 0,09-0,14% vaK20:1,14-1,39%, dang din bi thoai h6a gay tac dgng xau den boat dgng phat trien nong - lam nghiep - Moi tru&ng khong Bui, tieng 6n va thai phat sinh tu cac boat dgng khai thac - chi biin da dang la dli tugng chu yeu gay nhilm m6i truang kh6ng tai khu vuc Nguln phat sinh chu ylu tir cac c6ng doan khoan 16 min, n6 min, b6c xuc, van chuyen va nghiln sang da Bui khoan Id min: kich thuoc nh6 den vai micromet, co kha nang phat tan tren dien rgng Ket qua kiem tai hien truang cho thay, n6ng bui noi vi tri c6ng nhan khoan, khoan lo kh6ng lap ch\ip can bui la 6,5 mg/m\ vugt giai ban cho phep theo QCVN 05: 2009/BTNMT tren 20 lin Tuy nhien, day la bui da v6i, ham lugng Si02 thip, ban nfta khu vuc m6 da da dugc quy hoach lam khu c6ng nghiep khai thac, cbl biin da nen miic anh buong den m6i truang xung quanh la kh6ng Ion Bui nd min: hinh nhung dam khoi - bui Ion, c6 thi tin tai 20 - 30 phiit pham vi khai truang mo theo dieu kien thai tiet Khi co gio, bui c6 thi phat tan tren dien rgng, xa nguln thai tu - 1,5 km, anh huong den m6i truong sinh thai cac khu vuc lan can (bang 1) 252 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe Viet Nam - Hd Not 10/2010 Bdng 1: Hdm luang bui phdt tdn nd (luang thudc nd 1.044 kg) [1,4] Khoang each (km) Ham lugng bui (mg/m'^) 0,2 0,3 0,5 1,0 >20,00 16,79 11,78 3,0 QCVN05 :2009/BTNMT (mg/m^) 0,3 nhiem kh6ng qua trinh mo m6, khai thac va van chuyin c6 anh hu6ng tren dien rgng Muc nhilm gay d6i vai m6i truang nhilu hay it thuoc vao yeu to thai tiet, c6ng nghe khai thac va tuyen van chuyen Dac biet la troi ning, gio to thi bui la limg se phat tan vao kh6ng khi, n6ng bui thuang cao hon tieu chuin kh6ng xung quanh nhilu lan (QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT quy dinh ning bui 0,3mg/m^) va pham vi anh huong cua bui c6 the keo dai khap tuyen van chuyen Muc 6n va chan dgng chi anh huong pham vi khu khai thac, phat sinh chu ylu tu c6ng doan n6 pha da va van chuyen san pham Muc In c6 thi dat tren 80 dBA, dli tugng chiu anb buong la c6ng nhan lam viec true tiep tren c6ng truang (bang 2) Mgt s6 diem n6ng bui, muc 6n va ph6ng xa KCN dugc t6ng hgp bang Bdng 2: Kit qud ndng dp bui, muc dn vd phdng xg [1] TT Diim Diiu kiin dgc Kitqud On (dBa)Bui (mg/m )Phdng xg (mSv/h) Giap khai truang cua NMXM Yen Bai C6 xe chay qua 88 0.89 Kh6ng c6 xe chay qua 62 0.59 Nga duong GT th6n Vuon Thua C6 xe chay qua 84.3 0.90 58 0.57 Taivi tri du kien xay cau cang C6 xa lan boat dgng 86.3 0.91 57 0.46 Khu vuc m6 da 87.8 0.62 56 0.27 Trung tam xa M6ng Son 87.8 0.92 56 0.25 C6 xe chay qua 86.6 0.90 Kh6ng CO xe chay qua 55.5 0.16 QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT - 0,3 - TCVN 5949-1998 75 - - TCCP 733/2002/QD-B YT 85 0,4 Khu dan cu Kh6ng c6 xe chay qua Xa lan kh6ng boat dgng Dang dao xiic dat da Ngimg boat dgng C6 xe chay qua Khong c6 xe chay qua 0.21 0.25 0.28 0.22 0,29 0.24 253 Tiiu ban: Moi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7 Nhu vay, nlu so vai quy chuin quy dinh, m6i truong kh6ng khu vuc da c6 dau hieu bi nhiem bui, rilng In (so voi TCVN 5949-1998, QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT), nhung pham vi khai truang khai thac ning bui, suit lieu ph6ng xa van dam bao giai han cho phep (so voi TCCP 3733/2002/QD-BYT) Khi thdi: Nguln thai gIm SOx, CO, NOx, THG chu ylu phat sinh tu cac dgng co cua phuang tien van tai, n6 va mgt s6 dgng co diezel, may n6,^ may nen Theo tinh toan, thai lugng dgc phat sinh hang nam tai KCN dat tren 12,7 tin, co thi gay anh hu6ng nhit dinh din m6i truang kh6ng khu vuc Trong do, ham lugng NOx tai mgt s6 dilm nhu khai truang, khu che bien da vugt tieu chuan thai den - lan (so voi QCVN05:2009/BTNMT - Tieu chuin m6i truong kh6ng xung quanh) Tuy nhien, khu vuc Du an thuoc vung dli niii, dan cu thua that, kha nang tu lam sach cua m6i truong noi day c6n t6t nen n6ng thai nhanh ch6ng dugc giam xu6ng pha loang vao kh6ng khi, muc tac dgng m6i truang la kh6ng Ion - Moi tru&ng nu&c + Nude mat: Hau bet cac chi tieu chat lugng nuoc mat khu vuc deu thap ban so voi QCVN 08 : 2008/BTNMT - quy chuin cho phep dli vai nuac dung cho muc tich tuoi tieu thuy Igi, giao th6ng thuy hoac cac muc dich khac co yeu cau chat lugng nuoc thap Tai mgt s6 diem tiep xiic voi ngu6n nuoc thai sinh boat va c6ng nghiep chi tieu amoni (NH4) va nitrit (NO2) gan bang hoac vugt quy chuan cho phep, nhung kh6ng dang ke + Nude dudi ddt: Nuoc duoi dat nhin chung chua bi tac dgng bai cac boat dgng cua KCN, cac chi tieu boa hgc deu thap Can luu y cac chi tieu cung (theo CaC03), t6ng ham lugng sat tuong d6i cao sir dung voi cac muc dich khac + Nude thdi: Nuac thai KCN thuong co kh6i lugng kh6ng Ion nhung phan Ion co nhiem ban cao, n6i bat la cac hgp chat clorua, nito, cac muoi sunfat va chi tieu vi sinh co n6ng cao gap 5^15 lan so vai QCVN24:2009/BTNMT Do bien phap xir ly kh6ng d6ng bg gifta cac co s6 san xuat nen kha nang gay nhiem moi truang xung quanh la rat Ion D6i tugng chiu anh huang la m6i truang dat, nuac mat va nuac dual dat + Nude mua chdy trdn: Vai dien tich phan b6 rgng nen lugng nuac mua chay tran Ion, co the phan cat, xoi 16 be mat dia hinb, cu6n theo nbieu chat nhiem Cac dong mat thuang chay vao h6 Thac Ba, theo ket qua kiem nghiem, muc anh huang chua n6i bat, nhung ve lau dai, su tich luy tang len se gay nhiem ngu6n nuoc, pha buy m6i truang thuy sinh cua hi - Moi tru&ng sinh thdi cdnh quan Canh quan sinh thai la mgt nhung phan m6i truong bi tac dgng true tilp va lien tuc su6t thai gian boat dgng cua cac du an Cac he sinh thai niii da v6i nhin chung kh6ng phong phii nhung cung de bi pha buy va chiu su thay d6i Ion Duofi tac dgng cua qua trinh khai thac va che bien da cua cac doanh nghiep KCN se din tai cac he sinh thai va canh quan moi dugc hinh cimg voi su chuyen d6i dan tir dilu kien dli niii cao sang dia hinh niii thip, thung lung, tu vimg c6 lap phu thuc vat m6ng vung da 16 tren mat dit kha nang tai tao va thich ling vai moi truong tu nhien ciia cac he sinh thai d6i hoi thai gian lau dai KCN M6ng Son nim sat vung ho Thac Ba - mgt canh quan niii da diin hinh cua khu vuc, hien dang dugc bao t6n nham phat trien du lich Nhiing hoat dgng cua cac du an khai thac da de pha va cau tnic dia hinh, gia tang cac hien tugng dia dgng luc, thay dli Ion vl m6i truang s6ng cua nguai va cac he dgng vat ban dia 254 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010 - Tdc dgng den dieu kien kinh te - xd hgi Sir CO mat cac du an se gop phan tich cue phat triln kinh te - xa hgi cua dia phuong, g6p phan thu hiit lao dgng, giai quyet viec lam cho mgt bg phan lao dgng thilu viec lam, nang cao miic s6ng cua nhan dan vung Tuy nhien, su tang dan sl co hgc cua dia phuong keo theo tang nhu cau ve y te giao due, kinh tl, gay ap lire len tinh trang an ninh, trat tu va cac te nan xa hgi phat sinh ma kh6ng thi dap ling hoac giai quylt mgt thai gian ngin - An todn lao dgng vd su co moi tru&ng Nhiing tai nan trugt 16 dit da, n6 min, van chuyin, chay nl, da xay tren nhieu du an khai thac da n6i chung gay nhilu thiet hai ve nguoi va tai san Hiu hit triln khai cac du an kh6ng d6ng bg gifta co giai va thu c6ng, gifta c6ng tac quan ly giam sat va thuc bien cac bien phap ky thuat nham giam thieu va phong ngua la nhiing nguyen nhan chinh dan din sir bat 6n ve an toan lao dgng va su c6 m6i truong CAC BIEN P H A P G I A M THIEU T A C DONG MOI TRLTCKNG De giam thieu nhiing tac dgng cua cac du an den cac phin m6i truang khu vuc KCN can thuc hien cac bien phap sau: - Quy hoach t6ng the kh6ng gian phat trien kinh te - xa hgi cua dia phuong ket hgp quy hoach chiic nang boat dgng KCN: hoan chinh phuang an cip m6, kl hoach cai tao, hoan phuc m6i truang va su dung dat Trong quy hoach can chii y toi viec phat trien va khai thac tiem nang du lich canh quan niii da va sinh thai h6 Thac Ba - Cai tien va d6ng bg h6a he th6ng c6ng nghe khai thac - che bien da, c6 nhu vay moi co the giam thieu tac dgng cua bui, thai, 6n, rung va chan dgng, ; quan triet ap diing cac bien phap xu ly m6i truang: xu ly va tai su dung nuoc thai, chat thai nguy hai, - Giao due m6i truang cho cong dong, day manh xa hgi boa ITnh vuc moi truong, tao dieu kien cho cac du an cung nhu nhan dan khu vuc nhan thiic tam quan trgng ve bao ve m6i truang nham thuc hien cac bien phap bao ve m6i truang Quy hoach san xuat cung nhu khu dan cu tren co so xet ky tinh t6ng the, co sir tham chieu, tinh den kha nang tuong tac gifta cac khu vuc, vung mien de bao dam sir hai boa ve Igi ich, tranh xung dot ve m6i truang - Trong tinh hinb hien nay, rat can thiet tang cuong c6ng tac tra, kiem tra viec chap hanh cac quy dinh ve ve sinh an toan lao dgng va c6 cac che tai giam sat, xu ly d6i voi cac hoat dgng khai thac - che bien da KET LUAN Hoat dgng khai thac - che bien da tai KCN M6ng Son, Yen Bai dang tac dgng den hau bet cac phan m6i truang sinh thai, m6i truong xa hgi cua khu vuc nhieu muc khac Cac yeu t6 anh huong bao g6m chat thai ran, nuoc thai, thai phat sinh tu san xuat va sinh boat Nham phat trien ben vftng va bao ve m6i truang tai cac khu khai thac, che bien da, thuc hien nhiing giai phap ve quy hoach t6ng the gifta phat trien kinh te - xa hgi ciia dia phucmg va cua KCN, cai tien va d6ng bg h6a c6ng nghe san xuat ket hgp voi cac bien phap quan ly, giam sat, ve sinh an toan lao dgng va giao due m6i truang cho cong d6ng 255 Tieu ban: Moi truang vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO C6ng ty c6 phan khoang san SIMCO-FANSIPAN, "Bdo cdo ddnh gid tdc ddng mdi truang Du dn ddu tu khai thdc da hoa trdng md da Mdng Son VII", Yen Bai (2010) Nguyen Xuan Tang, "Nhieng vdn di cdp bdch vi mdi trudng khai thdc, chi bien dd xdy dung tap trung", Hgi nghi khoa hgc c6ng nghe tuyen khoang toan qu6c (2005) Nguyen Xuan Tang, "Hien trgng mdi trudng cdc khu khai thdc vd che biin khodng sdn Viet Nam", Tap chi C6ng nghiep m6 sl (2003) Tran Van Y, "Ddnh gid tdc ddng mdi trudng cdc du dn phdt triin ", Nha xuat ban Thing ke (2006) 256 ... DO KHAI T H A C D A 2.1 Tinh hinh khai khac da o khu vuc Mong Son - Yen Bai KCN khai thac va che bien da v6i trang tai xa M6ng Son, huyen Yen Binh co t6ng dien tich la 806 ha, d6 dien tich khai. .. khai thac 16 thien, ap dung he th6ng khai thac theo lop bang, khai thac tu tren xu6ng duoi cho toan bg khoang san m6, khai thac da va b6c dat bang may xiic, may gat va van chuyen da bang t6 Trong. .. Cac doanh nghiep KCN chiem dung dien tich dat kha Ion de b6 tri khai truang, khu nghien sang, khu tuyen, ben bai, xay dung cac khu dan dung va phu trg Khi cac doanh nghiep di vao boat dgng se