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NghiSn ciiu Gia dinh v^ Gic5i sef -2017 Mgt stf vSfn i6 chfnh sich vd thuc tiln yi \u6l ket hon A mien Bic glal floan 1960-1975 Ha Thj Minh Khirdng Vi^n Nghien cQu Gia dinh vd Gidi Torn tilt: TuSi kit hdn hay tuoi ket hon trung hinh Idn ddu la tifiu chf quan phan dnh ddc trUng ddn 36" vd sy tiln h$ xa hoi cua m5i quoc gia Kl tft thdnh ldp nUdc Vifit Nam Ddn chu Cong hoa (1945), Dang va Chinh phu da co sii Uu tien d&c bi^t din mpt so vdn de xa hoi then chd'i nhU ban hanh chfiih sach phdp lu^t nham x6a bo ehl d$ hdn nhdn gia dinh phong kiln, xdy d\mg gia dinh mfli, d6 c6 quy dinh nang tuoi kit hdn cua nam nft dl x6a bo t£ nan tao hdn B i ^ vdo ngu6n tai li§u thft cdp, bai vilt tim hilu chfnh sach hfin nhdn gia (finh vl tuoi kit hon va thi^c trang tudi kit hon mien B^c giai dogtn 19601975 dl gdp phdn vao vific nhdn difin xu hudng biln dfi'i cua tu^i kit hon Vigt Nam"' Tif khda: HSn nhSn - Gia dinh; Ludt Hon nhan - Gia dinh; Tuoi kit hdn trung binh; Tuoi kit hdn giai do^n 1960-X975 Gidi thiSu Tu6i kit hfln hay tu6i kit hfln trung binh Idn ddu khflng chi Id tifiu chf quan phan dnh ddc tnmg ddn s6 md nd c6n phan dnh trinh dfl phat triln ciia mdi qudc gia Nhilu chinh phu trfin thlgiiM da xem vific ndng cao ni6i kit hfln nhu mflt h-ong nhflng bifin phdp thiic ddy tiln bfl xa hfli Vifit Nam, hfln nhdn Id vdn dl rdt quan Uong, vdy md gia dinh vd hfi thtfng Ha Thi Minh KhUcfng 39 thdn tflc thu&ng tao dp luc Idm tdng tinh Uang kit hfln sdm, ddc bifit uong thcri ky phong kiln Sau Cdch mang Thdng thdnh cflng ndm 1945, mdc dh ddt nu6c dang b^i canh cue k^ khd khdn, Dang vd Oihih phu nu6c Vifit Nam Ddn chu Cflng hoa da cd su quan tdm vd uu tifin ddc bifit din vdn dl hfln nhdn gia dinh - diin hmh Id vific tiln hdnh soan thao Ludt Hfln nhdn Gia dinh ddu tifin d Vifit Nam vdo ndm 1959 Quan he hfln nhdn gia dinh is miln Bdc thdi k j 1960-1975 chiu anh hudng sdu sdc cua tu tucmg phong kiln v6n da dn sdu vdo disi stfng xa hfli tir nhilu thi ky va ciing khflng trdnh khoi su tac ddng tilr b6i canh kinh tl, chinh tri, van hoa va xa hfli ddc bifit miln Bdc luc bdy gid, la su chuyin ddi mfl hinh kinh t l va hfi tu tudng, ban hdnh chmh sdch hdn nhdn gia dinh vd cac biln dflng ca hoc vl mdt ddn sd - xd hfli Tit 1960 din 1975, ddt nudc bi chia thdnh miln Nam - Bdc, miln Bdc viia chdng chiln tranh phd hoai vfla tiln hanh cuflc khdng chiln giai phdng ddn tdc Ddn sd miln Bdc thdi k^' cd nhihig biln ddng co hoc rdt Idn, nhilu nifin vd trung nifin khoe manh nhdt d miln Bdc da tiln tuyln, dac bifit la sau Ifinh tdng ddng vifin ndm 1965 Tinh tdng cdng 15 ndm (1960-1975), miln Bdc cd trifiu nifin vdo bd ddi, chua kl din nifin xung phong vd cdc luc lugng khde (trung blnh khoang 20 van nguch/ndm) (Ddng Hiong, 2005: 302) Ddng thcri, xa hdi miln Bac thcri k j ndy dang tdn tai hai he tu tudng phong kiln vd hfi tu ludng xa hfli chu nghia vd dilu ndy cd tdc ddng trai ngugc din su biln ddi cfia vdn dl hdn nhdn - gia dinh Nhu vdy, nhflng biln chuyin manh me vl chinh tri, kinh t l va xa hdi luc bdy gid da tac ddng din dfl tudi kit hdn c6a nam nfl nifin Th6i ky 1960-1975 Id giai doan Ijch sir quan Uong phan dnh qud trinh biln ddi Hnh vuc hdn nhdn - gia dinh Vifit Nam, nhung din nhihig nghifin cdu vl lich sit hdn nhdn gia dinh thCri kj ndy cdn rdt it di Dua vao ngudn tai lifiu thd cdp, bdi vilt phdn tich cdc chinh sdch hdn nhdn gia dinh vl tudi kit hdn, thuc trang tudi kit hdn miln Bdc giai doan 19601975 nhdm cd nhihig hilu bilt ddy du hon vl xu hudng biln ddi tudi kit hdn Chfnh sach hon nhan gia dinh ve tuoi ket hon thdi ky 1960-1975 Kit hdn Id vific xdc Idp quan hfi vg chdng va Id nin tang co ban dl tao dung gia dinh Vi le dd, is bdt cii xa hdi ndo, kit hdn cung dugc coi Uong vd nhd nudc xudt hifin, cdc quan hfi xa hdi dugc dilu chinh bdng phdp ludt Phdp ludt Viet Nam til thdi phong kiln cho din diu chd Uong vific dilu chinh kit hdn bdng phdp ludt (Bui Thi Mitng, 2015) Nhu vdy, vific nam vd nfl xdc Idp quan hfi vg chdng phai tudn vl dilu kifin kit hdn 40 Nghien cdu Gia dinh vk Gidi Quy«n 27, s o 4, tr 38-47 ciia ludt, bao gdm cd tudi kit hdn Id dd tudi t ^ thilu md mflt ngirdi dugc phIp Idy chdng/vg ddng thdi Id dilu kifin bdt budc dl mdt cudc hfln nhdn cd hifiu luc vl phdp 1;^ Gidng nhu mgi quan hfi xa hfli khac, vdn dl hfln nhdn gia dinh ludn chiu su chi phdi cAa cdc quan hfi kinh flvd bdn chdt chidd xa hfli md nd dugc hhih va phdt ttiln ttfin dd Quy djnh vl ttidi kit hdn ttong phdp ludt cua mdi qudc gia diu xudt phat tfl tlnh hinh thuc tl, phfl hgp vdi dilu kifin kinh tl, xa hdi vd nin vkn hda ci^a qudc gia dd Dd tudi tdi tiiilu dugc phIp kit hdn dugc xem Id phfl hgp phai thi hifin su ddm bao an toan cho cudc hdn nhan xit tfl phuong difin c£ia su phdt triln todn difin vl thi chdt vd tinh thdn, phfl hgp vdi su phat triln tdm sinh 1^ cilia mdi g i ^ (BCii Thi Mflng, 2012) Dudi chIdd phong kiln, quan nifim truyin th£^g vl mdi kit hdn Id "nfl thdp tam, nam thdp luc", nghia Id gdi 13 tudi, trai 16 tudi cd thi Idy vg ga chdng, vi thi vific dung vg ga chdng cho cdi thudng Id rdt sdm, ddc biet d ndng thdn (Thanh Lfi, 2001) Dudi thdi Bidp thudc, thuc ddn Phdp da chia nudc ta miln Bdc, Trung, Nam vd dp dung Bd ddn ludt ddn su dl dilu chinh quan hfi hdn nhdn vd gia dinh Cl Bdc K^ dp dung cdc quy dinh ttong Bd ddn ludt nam 1931 hay cdn goi id Bd ddn ludt Bdc KJ; Trung KJ cd Hodng Viet Trung Ky hd ludt ndm 1936 hay cdn ggi Id Bfl ddn ludt Trung Ky; cdn is Nam K^ dp dung cdc quy dinh Bd ddn ludt gidn ylu nam 1883 Bd ddn ludt gian ylu quy dinh tudi kit hdn c£ia nfl it nhdt Id 14, nam it nhdt Id 16 miln Bdc, Bd ddn ludt Bdc K^ quy dinh tudi kit hdn cua nam la ddy 18 tudi vd nfl Id ddy 15 tudi (Dilu 73) Trudc cd cdc bfl ludt nfiu hfin, ludt cd chua quy dinh cu thi vl dilu kifin dd tudi kit hdn (Bfli Thi MCtng, 2012) Nhu vdy, tudi kit hfln theo phong tuc cua ngudi Vifit vd theo quy dinh tudi kit hdn thdi Phdp thudc Id tuong ddi thdp (khodng 16-18 tudi ddi vdi nam vd nfl la 14-15), is dd tudi ndy dugc khoa hoc chdng minh chira phfl hc^ cho vific xdc ldp hdn nhdn va sinh nd Trudc thuc trang kit hdn sdm nhu vdy, vific xdc djnh vd quy dinh tudi kit hdn cho nam nfl nien d miln Bdc thdi ky ndy Id vdn dl quan trgng cua Nhd nudc Vifit Nam Ddn chfl cdng hda nham xda bd dugc tfi nan tdo hfln, vdn dugc coi Id mdt hii tuc, cd tdc hai vd cflng to Idn ddi vdi su phdt triln xa hdi luc bdy gid Chinh vi vdy, sau Cdch mang Thdng 8, Chii tich Hd Chf Minh ban hdnh Sdc Ifinh 47/SL ngdy 10 thdng 10 ndm 1945 tam gifl cdc lu^t le hien hanh is Viet Nam dl thi hdnh cho din ban hdnh nhflng bd lu^tt mdi cho toan cdi Viet Nam; vd ttfin ca sd Hiln phdp ddu tifin (ndm 1946), Chflih phii ban hdiih Sdc lenh sd 97/SL ngdy 22 thdng ndm 1950 siia ddi mflt Hk Thi Minh KhUdng 41 sd quy lfi vd chi dinh ttong ddn ludt Sdc Ifinh ndy quy dinh ngudi da thdnh nifin kit hdn md khdng bdt budc cd J kiln ciia cha me (Dilu 2), vd coi ngudi vi thdnh nifin la nguclri chua du 18 "DiSu 22: N^tdi dd thdnh niin khdng bdt huge phdi cd cha me bdng long mdi kit hdn diwc; Dieu 17: NgUdi vi thdnh nien la trai hay gdi chua du 18 tudi Khi dd de'n tudi thdnh niin thi du cdn d vdi cha me, ngudi cung cd quyin tu lap " Nhu vdy, ttudc Ludt Hdn nhdn va Gia dinh (HN&GD) nam 1959 cd hifiu luc, d miln Bdc thdi ky ndy mgi quy dinh ve kit hdn vdn dugc dp dung theo cdc bfl ludt ddn su cu vd nifin phai dii 18 tudi mdi dugc kit hfln Din ndm 1958, Chinh phu Nghi quylt 0 / K H N G S6 ndm 1958 va 1959 nhdn manh su cdn thilt phai ban hdnh Ludt HN&GD Vific hinh Ludt HN&GD, cho dfl hodn canh ddt nudc khd khdn, da thi hifin nhflng budc di khoa hgc Ngay ttudc Ludt ban hdnh, Qu'nh phii da "id chflc nhilu cudc thao ludn dl Idy J kiln" Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 da dugc Qudc hdi nudc Vifit Nam Ddn chu Cdng hod khod thfl nhdt, kj hgp thfl 11, thdng qua ttong phifin hgp ngdy 29 thdng 12 nam 1959, cd hifiu luc kl tfl 13 thdng ndm 1960 Vific tuyfin truyin phd biln ldp tflc td chflc thuc hien ttong todn bd hfi thdng chinh tri tfl ttung uong din dja phuong: Trung uong Ddng da quylt dinh td chflc vdo thdng ndm 1961 mdt dgt myfin truyin, vdn ddng sdu rdng ttong Dang va ngodi nhdn ddn vl Ludt HN&GD (Bdo Phu nfl Vifit Nam, sd 87, thdng ndm 1960, tt.20) Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 da md trang mdi ddi vdi thuc thi phdp ludt cdc quan hfi hdn nhdn va gia dinh ndi chung vd mdi kit hdn ndi rifing Vific cSm tao hdn hay kit hdn khdng theo mdi quy dinh ttong ludt dinh da ghi ro tai Dilu 3, Oiuong vi Nguyfin tdc chung "Cdin tao hdn, cudng Ip kit hdn, can ttd hdn nhdn tu " Ludt da ddnh chuong rifing dl quy dinh vl kit hdn, cflng vdi dd dilu kifin vl tudi kit hdn cfing dugc cu thi hda tai Dilu 6, Chucrng II: "Con gdi tit 18 tudi trd lin, trai tif 20 tudi trd lin men duac phep ket hdn" (Dilu 66, Chuang H, Kit hdn) Ludt cung quy dinh vific xfl phat hdnh vi vi pham dilu kifin kit hdn chira du tudi tai Dilu 34, Chuang VI, Dilu khoan thi hanh Nhu vdy, so vdi quy djnh tudi kit hfln ttudc ddy Id nam nfl din tudi thdnh vifin (du 18 tudi) dugc kit hdn thi Ludt ndy quy dinh rifing tudi kit hfln cho tflng gidi nam vd nfl Sau khoang 10 ndm Ludt HN&GD nam 1959 ddn di vao thuc tiln, vao ndm 1970, Chinh phfl da ban hdnh cdc vdn bdn h u ^ g ddn thi hdnh Ludt dudi dang cdc thflng tu, nghi dinh, hudng ddn nhdm gidi thich cu thi cdc vi pham ludt hfln nhdn va gia dinh trudng hgp kit hdn trudc tudi 42 Nghidn cUu Gia dinh vk Gidi Quy^n 27, so 4, tr 38-47 ludt dinh (con gdi tfl 18 mdi ttd Ifin; ttai tfl 20 tudi ttd Ifin) (Tda dn Nhdn ddn tdi cao, 1970) Nhu vdy, bat ddu tfl nam 1960, Ludt HN&GD ddu tifin is Vifit Nam cd hifiu luc, nghifim cdm vific kit hfln sdm so vdi ludt dinh da dugc di vao thuc tifin cudc sdng Ludt HN&GD ddu tifin ddi \k hdn dd tang xdy dung chi dd hdn nhdn vd gia dinh mdi Tudi kit hdn theo Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 da dugc quy dinh rifing cho nam vd nfl vd dd tudi kit hdn dugc tdng Ifin so vdi quy dinh ttong B6 ddn ludt Bdc Ky thcri k j Phdp thudc vd so vdi sac Ifinh vl tudi kit hdn cfla Nha nudc ttudc ddy Ddy Id ddu hifiu thi hifin su tiln bd dang kl vific dilu chinh phdp ludt vl kit hdn hudng tdi vific dam bao lgi ich cfla ngudi kit hdn, cua gia dinh vd cua xa hfli (Bfli Tlii Mflng, 2015) Tuoi ket hon d mien Bac thdi ky 1960-1975 Bat ddu tfl ndm 1960, Ludt HN&GD ddu tifin d Vifit Nam cd hifiu luc thi hanh, nhu vdy dd tudi kit hdn cfla nam nfl theo Ludt dinh da di vdo thuc tifin cudc sdng d miln Bdc Thdng qua mdt sd tu lifiu vl hdn nhdn gia dinh d miln Bdc thdi k^ ttirdc 1975 cho thdy tudi kit hfln nguM ddn miln Bdc th£ri kj ndy da cd xu hudng tdng Ifin Trudc Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 cd hifiu luc thi d xa hdi ndng thdn miln Bdc, nan kit hfln sdm vdn phd biln d mgi tdng ldp xa hdi, ca giai cdp gidu cd va ndng ddn: "Nan tao hdn cd d ca gia dinh phong kiln gidu cd va cd d nhilu gia dinh ndng ddn lao ddng" (Minh Tranh, Xudn Thuy, 1960) Nhflng ddnh gia vl tfi nan ttong quan hfi hdn nhdn gia dinh th^ kj' ndy cho thdy tfl 1951 -1954 tinh ttang nan tao hdn rdt cao tfl 20% din 30%, din ttudc Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 dcri, ty lfi da giam xudng cdn khoang dudi 10%; "Cflng vdi chi dd phong kiln da bj tifiu difil vl mdt chmh tti vd kinh tl, thi tdp tuc phong kiln vl hdn nhdn gia dinh cflng khdng hoanh hdnh dugc nhu xua nfla Nan lao hdn da giam, nan Ip duyfin cung lui ddn, quan hfi gia dinh da dugc cai tiln mdt budc Nhu ttil chua phai la tdp tuc phong kifin da bi quel sach Chi rifing vl nan tdo hdn, theo cudc dilu tra d 11 noi ndm 1951 din 1958 linh hinh ldo hdn da giam song ty le tao hdn ttong tdng sd kit hdn vdn ddng chu f: 1951 Id 25,6%, 1952 la 30,5%, 1953 la 28,64%, 1954 Id 19,93%, 1955 Id 13.2%, 1956 Id 10,7%, 1957 Id 10,4% vd 1958 la 8% Tmh trang sdng sdt cua nan tao hdn, Ip duyfin mdt chdng nhilu vg da dem Iai hdu qua xdu cfla nd NhOng vu ly hdn, nhflng nan me 16,17 tudi da de rdi chit ca me Idn con, nhung nan luc due gifla vg vdi chdng, gifla cha me va cdi, gifla thdng gia vdi dd xay cac gia dinh md tdp tuc phong kiln cdn dfi nang" Uk Thj Minh Khiidng 43 (Minh Tranh, Xudn Thiiy, 1960:4) Mdc dfl quy dinh tudi kit hdn da dugc ngudi ddn tudn thfl theo ludt nhung trfin thuc tifuih trang vi pham dilu kien kit hdn, ep budc cdi Idy chdng chua dfl tudi theo Ludt dmh vSn tdn tai is nhilu gia dinh Ndm 1962, bai vilt "Hiai thdt su bao dam quyin lgi ciia ngudi phu nfl", Chfl tich Hd Chi Minh da ghi Iai nhu sau: "Ndi chung Ihi ddng bdo ta diu theo dung phap ludt Nhung vSn cdn mdt sd ngudi lam sai Vf du, khdng bdng Idng hodc chua din tudi phdp ludt da djnh (con ttai 20 mdi, gdi 18 tudi), ma cha me da Ip budc chflng cudi vg, Idy chdng; khdng idm theo thi chfli mdng, ddnh ddp " (Hd Chf Minh todn tdp, tdp 10, 1960-1962) Mdt sd nghifin cflu sau vl hdn nhdn gia dinh d miln Bdc thdi k^ 1960-1975 cung da ghi nhdn rdng tudi kit hdn cua phu nfl va nam gidi ndng thdn miln Bdc thdi ky 1960-1975 da mdn thu theo Ludt HN&GD nam 1959 Theo nghidn cflu cfla Francois Houtart & Genevieve Lemercinier (2001) tudi kit hdn cua phu nfl xa Hai Vdn - mdt xa thuflc ddng bdng sdng Hdng, Id 18 Ddy dugc coi la "tudi chudn" dl gai di Idy chdng Tien thuc tl, dl Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 di vao vdo cudc sdng hifiu qua, Chinh phu da td chflc cdc chiln dich rdng Idn nham xda bd tfi nan cudi xin, xda bd nan kit hdn sdm vd vdn ddng sinh it Theo Barbara Cohen (2004) thi di ddi vdi dao Ludt Hdn nhdn Gia dinh ndm 1959 Id mdt chiln dich rdng Idn dugc phdt ddng nhdm Ifin dn lfi xa hoa phung phi ttong cudi xin tific tflng vd nifin dugc khuyin khich khdng kit hdn trudc mdi 20 niu Id nam, trudc tudi 18 niu la nfl va mdi cdp vg chdng chi nfin cd hai Nhu vdy, cflng Ludt HN&GD va cdc phong ttao xa hdi da gdp thuc ddy ngudi ddn thuc hifin td't quy dinh vl ludi kit hdn d miln Bac ttong thdi k j Nguyin Hflu Minh (2010) cung cho rdng chfnh "Nhihig cai cdch ludt phdp nhdm hgp phdp hod quyin tu lua chgn ban ddi cung nhu tdng tudi kit hdn tdi thilu cd thi gdp phdn quan trgng vdo vific dinh hinh mdt khudn mdu mdi vl ttidi kit hdn Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 cua Chfnh phfl Vifit Nam Ddn chu Cdng hod (dugc thi hdnh d miln Bdc cho din ndm 1975 va dp dung chung cho ca nudc tfl ndm 1976 din ndm 1986) vd cdc bd ludt sfla ddi tilp theo da khdng dinh ludi kit hdn dugc quy dinh id 18 cho nfl vd 20 cho nam Phong trao vdn ddng sinh dl cd klhoach, vdn dflng nifin kit hfln mufln (26 mdi ddi vdi nam, 22 tudi ddi vdi nfl), ciing da gdp phdn cflng cd chudn muc tudi kit hdn m^ (Nguyfin Hflu Minh, 2010:10-11) Bfin canh dd, mdt vdi sd lifiu thdng kfi vl mdi kit hdn ttung buih Idn ddu vh vi chudn muc/tifiu chi lua chon tudi cfla ngudi ban ddi thdi k^ ndy cho 44 Nghien cCru Gia dinh vk Gidi Quy^n 27, so 4, tr 38-47 thdy mdi kit hdn cfla nam nfl dugc mdn thfl tuong ddi rdng rai vd cd xu hudng tang Ifin ddng kl Theo sd hfiu chgn lgc vl phu nfl Viet Nam thdi kj 1975-1990 thi tudi kit hdn ttung binh Idn ddu cua nu ndm 1976 Id 20,07 din 1979-1980 cd tang Ifin hon 1,15 mdi (21,15 tudi) (Tnmg tdm Nghifin cflu Khoa hgc vl Gia dmh vd Phu nfl, 1990) B6n canh dd, nghifin cflu biln ddi hdn nhdn vd gia dinh d Ha Ndi giai doan 1965 -1992, Daniele Belanger vd Khudt Thu Hdng (1995) cho thdy tifiu chi chdng hon vg mdi da ttd thdnh mdt nhung tifiu chudn cfla mdt cdp tucmg xflng Dilu ndy gdp phdn cung cd xu hudng tudn thfl tudi kit hdn theo ludt dinh d^ vdi nam nfl nifin d miln Bdc thdi k^ ttudc 1975 Cd nhilu ylu td tdc ddng din tudi kit hdn trung binh Idn ddu d miln Bdc thdi ky 1960-1970 Cdc ylu td chinh sdch nhd nudc vd cdc ddc ttung ca nhdn va gia dinh, van hda, vd quyin tu cd nhdn vific sdp xIp hdn nhdn da gdp phdn hinh thdnh xu hudng tdng tudi kit hdn (Nguyin Hflu Minh 1997, 2000) Cho din nay, chi cd mdt sd it nghifin cflu vl hdn nhdn gia dinh nhflng ndm ddu thIky XXI dl cdp din su biln ddi cfla hdn nhdn gia dmh d miln Bdc thdi kj trudc 1975 vd phdn tfch cdc ylu td tdc ddng din tudi kit hdn (Nguyin Hftu Minh, 2000; Mai Huy Bfch 2011; Daniele Belanger, Khudt Thu Hdng, 1995; Bussarawan, 2012) Cdc nghifin cflu ndy cd dilm chung Id diu nhdn manh din ylu td vai trd nha nudc/chinh sdch va ylu td chiln tranh, la nhftng ylu td cd anh hudng rd rfit nhdt din tudi kit hdn/tudi kit hdn trung blnh Idn ddu cfla ngucri ddn miln Bdc thdi ky 1960-1975 Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 dugc coi la mdt "cudc cdch mang", "cudc cdi cdch Idn" da pha vd vd dilu chinh quan hfi hdn nhdn - gia dinh d miln Bdc giai doan theo hudng tiln bd hon, tfl chi dfl hdn nhdn phong kiln lac hau chuyin sang chIdd hfln nhdn tiln bd mdt vg, mflt chdng, tdng mdi kit hdn vd ghi nhdn quyin tu da nifin, Idm cho quyin uy ciia cha me ttong sdp ddt hdn nhdn cfla cdi giam di vd han chi nhflng tfi nan ttong hdn nhdn va gia dinh thdi ky ndy Cd thi ndi rdng mdi trudng phdp I^ mdi vdi su ddi Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 cung da tao nin tang cho cac phong ttao xa hdi phdt triln nhu phong trao cfla nifin, phu nfl ttong hoat ddng san xudt, tuyfin ttuyin nip sdng mdi, xda bd tu tudng phong kiln lac hau da gdp phdn thay ddi nhdn thflc va thdi dd cfla ngudi ddn ddi vdi vdh dl hdn nhdn gia dinh, khuyin khfch kit hdn dung ludi quy dinh (Barbara Cohen, 2004) Mai Huy Bfch (2011:125) cung nhdn manh din su tdc ddng cfla Ludt din xa hdi miln Bdc Iflc bdy gid Id "quyin tu hdn nhdn ttd thdnh hifin thuc vdi rdt ddng dao nam nfl nifin" Tdc ddng cfla ylu td chiln tranh din dd tudi kit hdn Vifit Nam khd H B Thi Minh KhUdUg 45 rd rang (Nguyin Hflu Minh, 2000, 2007, 2010; Daniele Belangeri, Khudt Thu Hdng, 1995; Bussarawan, 2012) Kit qua nghifin cflu cua Nguyfin Huu Minh (2000) tfl sd lifiu cua Dilu tra nhdn khdu hgc vd sflc khde Vifit Nam 1988, Tdng dilu tta ddn sd 1989, Dilu Oa lich sfl cudc sdng Vifit Nam 1991 vd cdc cudc dilu tta khde da chflng minh rdng cd su anh hudng manh me cua ylu td chiln tranh din mdi kit hdn cfla ca hai gidi nam va nft Ddc bifit d ldp ndm suih tfl 1941-1945 1946-1950, 1951-1955 Id cdc nhdm cd Ufin quan din thcri ky khdng chiln chdng My, bfin canh anh hudng cfla vific thi hdnh Ludt HN&GD nam 1959, ty le nam gidi kit hdn tnidc 20 tudi da giam ddng ke phdn Idn nam gidi tham gia qudn ddi Ifla tudi 20 Ddng ^ vdi nhdn dinh vl mdi lifin hfi gifla chiln ttanh vdi xu hudng tdng tudi kit hdn d miln Bdc thdi k$ nay, Daniele Belanger va Khudt Thu Hdng (1997:253) cung cho ring: xit theo thi hfi smh, cd sukhdc bifit gifla nhftng ngudi sinh vdo nam 1940 vd nhftng ngudi sinh ttong nhung ndm 50 Cdc vifin sinh tnidc 1950 trai qua thdi nifin thilu thuflc giai doan ddy hi^ hen cua chu nghia xa hfli vd budc vao tudi kit hfln cudc khdng chiln chdng My bdt ddu budc vao thdi ky dc lifit Nhilu ngudi ttong sdhg phai In hoan vific hdn nhdn vd ca hdi tim kilm ngudi ban ddi cfla hg bi han chi rdt nhiiu vi nam g i ^ phai trdn Do dd ldp ngudi ndy cd xu hudng kit hdn mudn hon so vdi cdc thihe khde Nhu vay nhflng ngufri ttai qua va tham gia cudc chiln ttanh diu cd xu hudng kit hdn mudn hon ttong xd hdi miln Bdc Ket luan Tft sau Cdch mang thdng Tdm ndm 1945, dudi tac ddng cfla nhflng biln chuyin manh me vl chfnh tri, kinh tl, van hda va xd hdi, da cd nhflng thay ddi dang kl ttong qua hfi hdn nhdn gia dinh ndi chung vd ludi kit hdn ndi rifing Tudi kit hdn Idn ddu cua ngudi ddn miln Bdc thdi k j 1960-1975 da dugc ndng Ifin so vdi ttudc ddy, tudi kit hdn dugc ghi nhdn mdn thu theo Ludt HN&GD ndm 1959 Id nam tfl 20 tudi ttd Ifin vd nfl tfl 18 mdi ttd Ifin vd dd mdi kit hfln cua nifin d miln Bdc thdi k j ndy cdn cd xu hudng difin mudn hon tdc ddng cua ylu id chiln ttanh Chfnh sdch vd chiln ttanh Id hai ylu td cd anh hucmg manh me tdi xu hudng qua dd tfl khudn mdu mdi kit hdn sdm sang tudi kit hdn mudn han cua nifin d miln Bdc ttong thdi ky 1960-1975 Xit vl mdt chfnh sdch dd mdi kit hfln theo quy dinh cfla phdp ludt Vifit Nam cd U'nh dn dinh ttong sudt nhilu thdp k^ qua va dugc tti dn dinh 46 Nghien cflu Gia dinh vk Gidi Quyin 27, so 4, tr 3B-47 tfl Ludt HN&GD ddu tien ndm 1959 cho din cdc Ludt Hdn nhdn Gia dhih sfla ddi bd sung vdo cdc nam 1986,2000,2014 sau Dilu ndy cho thdy vific quy dinh dd tudi kit hdn tdi thilu (nam tfl 20 tudi ttd Ifin vd nfl tfl 18 tudi ttd Ifin) da dugc dua ttfin co sd khoa hgc vl su phdt triln tdm sinh If cfla ngucri, cd tfnh din phong tuc, tap qudn, dao dflc, truyin thdng vdn hda cfla ngudi Vifit Nam Ddc bifit, quy duih vl dfl tudi kit hfln cfla nfl Id phai dfl mucri ldm da ddt nin mdng vd gdp phdn han chi tinh t r ^ g ttl em gai bd hgc s^n, ndng cao co hdi dCTi vdi tte em gdi, hudng tdi su bao dam binh ding gidi trfin thuc t l cho din hifin Mdc du ludi kit hfln tdi thilu dugc ddnh gid Id khd phfl hgp vdi dilu kifin thuc t l d Vifit Nam, nhung ttong thuc tl, cdc vi pham phdp ludt vl mdi kit hdn lai dang Id mdt dang vi pham khd phd biln hifin nay, keo theo nhilu hfi qua phflc lap cho ddi sdng hdn nhdn gia dinh, anh hudng din su phdt ttiln chung cua xa hdi Tuih ttang ndy dang difin song song vdi xu hudng ke't hdn mudn cho thdy cdn cd cac nghifin cflu todn difin hon vl vSa dl Uong thdi gian tdi.B Chu thich "* Bai vie't nim khudn khd Di tai/Nhiem vu khoa hpc cdp ca sd: 'Tuii kit hdn trung binh lan dau d ndng thdn miin Bdc giai dogn 1960-1975" nSm 2017 Dfi tai thupc Chuong trmh Lich sfl gia dmh cua Vifin Nghifin clhi Gia dinh va Gidi Tdi lifiu trfch ddn Bai noi chuyfin tai Hpi nghi cdn bd thao ludn du thao Lu^t H6n n h ^ va Gia dinh (10-10-1959) HI Chi Minh todn tap, tap (1958-1959) http://dangcongsan.vn/cpv/Modules/News/NewsDetail.aspx?co_id=30008&cn_id=90538 Bao Phu nO Vifit Nam, sd 87, Uiang nam 1960 Barbara Cohen 2004 "Gia dinh Viet Nam qua nhOng thing udm lich sfl "(An Overview of Vietnamese FamUy Through Crisis of History) Chuong 11, Gia dinh Viet Nam Cdc gid tri truyin thdng vd nhiing vdn di tdm benh ly xd hot Chii bifin GS.BS Dang Phuung Kifil Nxb Lao ddng Btii Thi Mflng 2012 "Chfi' dinh kfit hdn uong phdp luat hdn nhftn gia dmh Vifit Nam qua cac thdi ky dudi goc nhin lap phap" Ta/? c/ii Luo//ipc, Sd 11 Biii Thi Mflng 2015 Che djnh kit hdn Lugt Hdn nhdn vd Gia dink - Vdn di ly luan vd thUc tiin Luan dn Uln si Luftt hpc Ha Noi Bussarawan Teerawichitchainan 2012 War, Military Service, and Union Formation in Northern Vietnam Singapore Management University, hnp://inklitHaty.smtiedu.sgA:giMewconlenLcgj?a[ticl&=2590&context:so5s_reseaich Ha Thi Minh KhUdUg 47 Daniele Belanger, Khudt Thu Hdng 1997 "Mdt sd bifin ddi hdn nhan va gia dinh b Ha Ndi nhflng nim 1965-1992" Trong Nhiing nghiin ciiu xa hdi hgc vi gia dinh Viet Nam TUdng Lai (chu bifin) Nxb Khoa hpc xa h6i Ha Ndi Francois Houtart & Genevifeve Lemercinier 2001 Xa hgi hgc vi mdt xd Viet Nam Tkam gia xd hdi cdc md hinh vdn kda, Gia dinh, Idn gido d xd Hdi Vdn Ngudi dich H6 Hai Thuy Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi Hd N6i H6 Chi Mmh Toan tap Tap 10 (1960-1962) "Phai that su bao dam quy^ lgi ciia ngudi phu nfl", 28 Ihang 12 nam 1962 Luat Hon nhan va Gia dinh nam 1959 Sd: Khong sd, ban hanh 29 thang 12 nam 1959 Minh Tranh, Xudn Thiiy 1960 Hdn nhdn tudo gia dink hgnh phiic Nxb Phu nQ Nguyfin Hflu Minh 2000 'Cdc ylu td tdc ddng dfin khudn mlu tudi kfi't hdn ciia dan cu ddng bdng sdng Hdng' Tgp chiXdhdi hgc, sd 4(72): Tr 21-32 Nguyin Hflu Minh 2007 "Khudn mlu tuoi ket hdn cf ndng thdn Vifit Nam va cac y$u td tic ddtig".Tgp chiXdhdi hgc, sd (72), trang 3-14 Nguyfin Hflu Minh 2010 'Tudi k€t hdn b Viet Nam va yfi^u td tdc ddng" Tgp chi Nghien ciiu Gia dinh vd Gidi, Sd (Q20), trang 3-15 Sdc letdi 47/SL cua Chu tich Oiuih phu nudc Viet Nam Dan chii Cflng hoa 10 thang 10 nam 1945 Sic lenh sd 97/SL cua Chu tich Oiinh phu nudc Vifit Nam Dan chu Cdng hda 22 thang nam 1950 Toa an nhan dkn tdi cao 1970 So tay ngU& thdm phdn Tap va Ha Npi Thanh Le 2001 Xd kdi hgc gia dinh Nxb.Dai hpc Qudc gia TP Hd Chf Minh Trang tam Nghien cihi Khoa hpc vl Gia dinh va Phu nfl 1990 Sdliiu chgn lgc vipku nHViit Nam (Selected uidicators on women status m Vietnam) 19751990 Nxb Thdng kfi (Statistical Pubhshing house) ... tudi kit hdn miln Bdc giai doan 19601 975 nhdm cd nhihig hilu bilt ddy du hon vl xu hudng biln ddi tudi kit hdn Chfnh sach hon nhan gia dinh ve tuoi ket hon thdi ky 1960- 1975 Kit hdn Id vific... tdp 10, 1960- 1962) Mdt sd nghifin cflu sau vl hdn nhdn gia dinh d miln Bdc thdi k^ 1960- 1975 cung da ghi nhdn rdng tudi kit hdn cua phu nfl va nam gidi ndng thdn miln Bdc thdi ky 1960- 1975 da... hoc vl mdt ddn sd - xd hfli Tit 1960 din 1975, ddt nudc bi chia thdnh miln Nam - Bdc, miln Bdc viia chdng chiln tranh phd hoai vfla tiln hanh cuflc khdng chiln giai phdng ddn tdc Ddn sd miln Bdc
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