Phát triển bền vững môi trường các khu công nghiệp tại đà nẵng

62 NGUYEN CAO LUAN.TA BAO KHANH PHAT TRIEN B I N V V N G MOI TRVaNG CAC KHU CONG NGHIEP TAI DA NANG NGUYEN CAO LUAN* TA BAO K H A N H * * Mddau Trong hdn t h i p ky qua, cic khu cdng nghiep (KCN) la mdt nhdng bieu tuong cho tien trinh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda (CNH, HDH) cua Wet Nam Tuy nhien, qua trinh phit trien cic KCN cdn bpc Id nhieu v l n de can dddc quan t i m giii quyet mdt cich hai hda ve mpi mat Do viy, phat triln KCN theo hudng ben vdng la mdt tat y l u khich quan Cac KCN dDa Ning d i cd Ijch sdphat trien qua 20 nam Tuy nhien, qua trinh phat trien cac KCN d Ba Ning cdn bdc Id nhieu dilm y l u i n h hudng khdng tdt d i n mdi trudng va b i n thin cac KCN phii cd ning t u xd ly cic van de d nhiem mdi trudng minh giy chi tidu b i o ve mdi trudng t i p trung vao nhdm chi tieu sau: - Cic chl tieu danh gia ve xd ly nudc thii KCN bao gdm: (i) Sd luong KCN eo he thdng xd ly nudc t h i i t i p trung; (ii) So luong va ty le cac doanh nghiep KCN cd he thdng xd ly nude thai t i p trung duac dau n6i vdi he thdng xd ly nudc thai cda KCN - Cac chi tieu danh gia ve xd ly chat thai rSn KCN bao gdm: (i) Sd luong KCN c6 he thdng xd ly, phin loai chit t h i i ran; (ii)T} le % doanh nghiep thay the nguyen vat lieu d i u vao td loai tao chat t h i i khdng t i i che duoc bing loai nguyen v i t lieu tao chat t h i l t i i c h l duoc tren tdng sd doanh nghiep KCN de khdng gay i n h hudng tieu cue d i n sdc - Cic chl tieu danh gia ve v l n de d nhilm khde va mdi trudng sdng eua ngudi, b i o khdng khi, tieng on KCN bao gdm: (i) ve mdi trudng sinh thai ben va ben Cac chi tieu phin anh chat Iddng khdng ngoai hang rio KCN KCN, chju su tae ddng tir hoat dpng Cac tieu chi danh gia ve moi trUcmg Trong thdi gian qua, Ba Ning da trien khai cic budc thuc hien phit trien cic KCN theo hudng thin thien vdi mdi trudng Cac sin xult cua KCN: Ndng dp dpc SO,, NO, CO, chi, ndng dp bui lo Idng khdng khi; (ii) Sd luong va ty le cic doanh nghiep dautij trang t h i l t bj xd ly d nhilm khdng khi, tilng dn cua cae doanh nghiep KCN ThUc trang phat trien ben vCfng ni6l * NCS, Truong Cao dSng Kinh ti - K i hoach Da Ning • • ThS, Tnicmg Cao dang Kinh ta - Ki hoach Da Nang trudng cac KCN A phoCa Ning Hien tai vdi KCN dang hoat ddng tai Tap ehi Khoa hpc xa hdi midn Trung, sd 02 (34) - 2015 phd Da Ning, tinh den thing 2/2014, cac KCN d i thu hut dugc 287 dU i n dau tu nudc vdi tdng vdn thuc hidn la 11.943 f)/ ddng, 83 du i n dau tU nUde ngoai vdi tong vdn thuc hien la 828 trieu USD, sd lao dpng tham gia la 68.713 ngUdi, dd lao ddng nude la 68.498 ngddi va lao dpng nude ngoai la 215 ngudi^ Nhin tdng the, cae KCN d Da Nang tap trung vao san xuat cdng nghiep vdi nhieu ehung loai sin pham da dang, dd cd mdt so KCN phat trien theo hudng ehuydn mdn hda nhu KCN Hda Cam, KCN Da Ning Cae KCN Uu tidn phit trien nganh cdng nghiep ky thuat cao, it gay d nhidm mdi trudng; KCN Lien Chieu tap trung phat trien nhdng nganh cdng nghidp ning cd quy md vdn dau tu ldn Cd thedinh g i i ring sd ddi vaphittrien ci!ia mdi KCN gdp phin ding kd vao suthay doi ddi sdng cDa ngUdi dan va bp mat kinh te cua phd Da Ning nhdng n i m qua Di ddi vdi su phit trien tfeh cue eae KCN mang lai thi cae KCN eung giy nhdng sdc ep khdng nhd ve v i n dd mdi trudng Vide xd ly chat t h i i dang dupe quan tam hang dau ehien lupe bao vd mdi trudng cua phd Da Nang Tuy vay, cho den cic CO quan quin ly nha nUdeve mdi trUdng eung chua cd dupe nhdng thdng tin, sd lieu day du ve hien trang d nhiem mdi trudng va y thde b i o ve mdi trudng eCia cae co sd sin xuat tdng KCN, do se cd nhdng khd khin trd ngai nhat djnh vide dda cac giii phip vd quan ly theo hudng than thien vdi mdi trudng, gdp phin vao thUe hien mue tieu dua Da Nang trd thanh phd mdi trucmg vao nam 2020 ' S6 ii?u ciia Ban Quan ly cAc KCN vii ChS xuat Da Ning 63 2.1 Thiic trang ve chinh sdch vdhi thong van ban quy phgm phdp lugt vequan ly mdi trUi/ng khu cdng nghiep Qua trinh hinh va phat trien eae KCN ludn dupc Ding va Nha nude coi trpng Chi thj sd 36-CT/TW 25/6/1998, tiep den la Nghj quydt 41-NQ/TW 15/11/2004 eua Bd Chinh tn vd t i n g eUdng cdng t i e bio ve mdi trudng thdi ky CNH, HDH dat nude da dua nhdng djnh hudng quan trpng, nhan manh eae dd thj, eic KCN phii thuc hien tdt phuong i n xd ly chat thii, Uu tien xd ly chat thai dpc hai Quan diem phit trien cua Ding ta eung dUpc khang djnh Chidn lupc phat tridn kinh te - xa hdi 2011 - 2020 d i t muc tieu den nam 2020 " tat c i cac cum, KCN, khu ehe xuat cd he thdng xd ly nddc thai t i p trung" Cung vdi nhdng han chd, tdn tai bao ve mdi trUdng KCN va dien bidn phdc tap cua bidn doi hiu toan cau va hpi nhap qudc te dat eho cdng tic bio vd mdi trudng nhieu thach thUc ldn, ca trudc m i t va lau dai Tai Chl thi so 29-CT-TW cua Ban Bi thU ve tidp tuc day manh thuc hidn Nghj quyet sd41-NQ-TW eua Bp Chinh trj d i x i e djnh rd: "khdng dUa vio van hanh, sddung cic KCN, khu cdng nghd cao, khu thj, cdng trinh, CO sd y te, cP sd sin xuat mdi khdng d i p dng cae yeu eau ve b i o ve mdi trudng Giii quyet CO b i n tinh trang d nhiem nguon nude, d nhiem mdi trudng d eae khu d i n eU ehat thai cua cac KCN, Cum edng nghiep, eie ling nghd, " He thong van ban chinh saeh vd quin ly mdi trudng KCN da dupe quan tam hoan thien thdi gian qua t d eae van ban chinh sach cua Trung uong den dja phuong nham hoan thien cP che quin ly, cdng t i c 64 I quin ly va bao ve mdi trudng se dddc thdc hien thddng xuyen hdn, hieu qui hdn, song tren thdc t l viec phdi hop gida eac cd quan quan ly nha nude, phan cap phan quyln quin ly mdi trudng d dja phuong cdn gap nhieu trd ngai, van bin phap luit chUa dugc xay ddng va trien khai kjp thdi nen van phit sinh tinh trang vi pham phip luat v l bio ve mdi trddng tai cic KCN 2.2 Cdc chi tieu ddnh gid vex&ly nii&c thil KCN - SS lugng KCN cdhe thong xO ly nudc thdi tap trung: Trong KCN d Ba Ning thi hien tat c i cae KCN d i u da cd tram xd ly nudc thii tap trung vdi tong cdng suit la 21.250 mV dem KCN Hda Khanh la KCN d i u tien hoin he thdng tram xd ly nudc t h i i vdi edng suit S.OOOmVngay ddm va dda vao khai thic td nam 2007 vdi cdng suit hoat ddng khoing 3.000 - 3.500mVngay dem Cic KCN da hoan he thdng tram xd ly va dua v i o khai thac sd dung, vdi quy md cdng suit hoat ddng nhd vay, cic KCN v l co bin da d i p dng duoc yeu cau v l he thdng xd ly nude t h i i cua cae doanh nghiep hoat ddng KCN, dd mdt sd KCN chua khai thac h i t cdng suit hoat ddng cua nha may Theo thilt k l , cac nha may xd ly nudc t h i i deu phii dat tdi thieu chuin B va thuc t l sau qua xd ly tai tram xd ly nude eua KCN phan Idn deu dim bao tieu ehuan B theo quy dinh, ngudn nudc cd the sd dung cho sin xult ndng nghiep Mae du viy, chat Idong ngudn nudc thii sau xd \j thudng khdng dn djnh, chua dat yeu clu, die biet la nude t h i i nguy hai d i u ehua dat tidu ehuin Cae chi sd ve BOD, COD, ehi, phdt pho, deu vuot tieu chuin cho phep, gay nen tinh NGUYEN CAO LUAN,TA BAO KHANH trang d nhiem mdi trudng IWdt van d l phit sinh thuc t l la tai cic KCN, tram xd ly nudc thai khdng hoat ddng thddng xuyin, khdng lien tuc nham t i l t kiem chi phi dign va eac chi phi khic gay nen tlnh trang mpt so doanh nghiep cd nguon nUdc ein xd ly tlii tram xd ly khdng hoat ddng budc phii thSi mdi trudng t d nhien - Tj/ ii cdc doanh nghiip KCN cd hi thong xO ly nudc thdi tap trung dugc ddu nSi vdl he thong xO I'y nudc thdi cOa KCN: Theo sd lieu dieu tra cua Sd Tai nguySn va Mdi trddng Ba Ning cho thay, cae doanh nghiep KCN da thdc hien tuong ddi t6t quy dinh ve viec dau noi vdi he thdng xCf ly nudc thii tap trung eua KCN theo quy trinh Tit c i cac doanh nghiep eie KCN B i NSng, Hda elm, KCN Djch VLI thdy sin Da Ning va Hda Khinh md rpng d i u d i tham gia dau ndi vdi tram xd ly nddc t h i i cua KCN, chi mdt vai doanh nghiep d KCN Lien Chilu vS KCN Hda Khanh chda tham gia diu ndi So vdi nam 2012, sd doanh nghiep tham gia dau ndi he thdng xd ly nudc t h i i da tang len ding ke Trong thdi gian den, cac doanh nghiep t i l p tuc thdc hien cie cam kit theo quy djnh ve dau ndi vdl he thdng xd ly nddc thii cda KCN d l qua trinh van hinh nhi mSy d i m bio nhdng yeu cau dat v l tieu chuin nudc t h i i trudc t h i i mdi trddng Mac du ty le cac doanh nghiep tham gia diu noi vao h$ thdng xd ly nudc t h i i cua KCN l i khJ cao, dieu d i m b i o han c h l i n h hudng d i n mdi trudng Tuy nhien, c i KCN hien chua cd KCN nao thdc hien duoc vi^e tai sd dung nude t h i i qua xd ly, nguyen nhin IS nudc t h i i qua xd \y mdi dat chuin B theo quy chuan Viet Nam (QCVN), ngu6n nudc tai sddung duoc phii dat tieu chulnA Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hdi midn Trung, sd 02 (34) - 2015 theo QCVN Day cung la sU ling phi k h i ldn ngudn tai nguydn nUde qua trinh san xuat eua eae doanh nghiep KCN 2.3 Cdc chi tieu ddnh gid ve xvt ly ch^t thdi rdn KCN cic KCN, chat t h i i ran rat da dang, chii yeu phat sinh tdeac doanh nghidp sin xuat giiy dep, dien, dien td, sin xuat vat lieu xiy dung Hien nay, hau het doanh nghiep eic KCN d Da Nang thu gom chat t h i i ran ve mdt khu vuc va Cdng ty vd sinh mdi trUdng D i Nang mang di xd ly Hien tai cac KCN d D i Ning van chua xiy dung nha miy xd ly chat t h i i rin de dam b i o ve sinh mdi trudng khu vue KCN ciJng nhu cac khu vUc xung quanh D i y l i van de het sde lo ngai nguy eo tiem an ve d nhiem mdi trudng Dae bidt la doi vdi cic loai chat t h i i nguy hai thi can phai dupe xd ly an toan trUde tieu hCiy, vi ndu chl thu gom va mang di noi khae thi mde dp nguy hai den mdi trudng bdn ngoai van cdn nguyen ven Bin t h i n eic doanh nghidp KCN eung chua phan loai chat thai r i n va cd thiet bj xd ly phCi hpp vdi mUc dp nguy hai cCia ngudn chat thai, tinh trang ehat t h i i cdng nghidp v i chat t h i i sinh hoat dupe thu gom ehung vdi chat thai nguy hai la k h i bidn Ddi vdi chat t h i i it giy d nhiem mdi trUdng thi ed the xd ly dupe, ddi vdi chit thai nguy hai thi xd ly bang he thdng xd ly thdng thudng se khdng ed t i c dung b i o ve mdi trudng d cic KCN tai Da Nang, cac ngudn chat t h i i t i p trung d cic doanh nghiep sin xuat hda chat, nhua, bao bi, cao su, la nhdng ehat khd phin hCiy, ed the giy nguy hai den mdi trddng nudc mat, nude ngam v i dat dai - fj? le doanh nghiep thay the nguyin vdt 65 liiu ddu vdo tU logi tgo chat thdi khdng tdi che dugc bang logi nguyin vgt lieu tgo chdt thdi tdi che dugc trin tong sd doanh nghiip KCN: Theo so lieu dieu tra cua Sd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng Da Ning n i m 2013 cho thay: Cae doanh nghidp d i b i t dau cd xu hudng chuyen djeh ngudn nguyen lieu sd dung hoat ddng sin xuat cua doanh nghidp td viec tao ehat thii khdng t i i ehe ddpc sang eac loai chat t h i i tai chd dupe Theo dd, t / Id doanh nghiep i p dung nguyen lieu thay the d KCN Hda Khanh md rpng la eao nhat, chidm t^^ Id 33%, eie KCN cdn lai cd ty Id doanh nghidp tham gia thap hon, KCN Hda Khanh dat 19%, KCN Da Ning dat 10% va KCN Djeh vu Thuy sin Da Ning thi khdng cd doanh nghidp nao tham gia vi day l i KCN die thu ehuydn chd bidn cae mat hang thuy sin nen khdng the thay the nguyen lieu dau vao (Xem hinh 1) Ddi vdi cic KCN tren, mac du t^ le doanh nghidp tham gia cdn thap nhung diy cung la budc khdi dau de dinh g i i ddpc hieu q u i boat ddng cDa cic doanh nghiep, giup eho viee giim thieu nhdng t i c ddng ddn khai thic ngudn tai nguyen mpt nhidu Ddi vdi cic doanh nghiep, vide ap dung giai phap se giim thieu dupc chat thai t h i i mdi trudng tu nhien, ddng thdi giup eae doanh nghiep tiet kidm dupc chi phi hoat ddng sin xuat kinh doanh ei!ia minh 2.4 Cdc chi tieu ddnh gid ve van de nhiem khong khi, tieng on tgi cdc khu cdng nghiep Ve chat lupng khdng KCN, nong dp ddc SOj, NG^, CO, ehl, ndng dp bui iP Idng khdng KCN Hoi Khinh: Trong giai doan 2010 - 2014 mdi trudng khdng NGUYEN CAO LUAN.TA BAO KHANH 66 I tai KCN Hoa Khinh d i cd hien tddng d nhiem phap hop ly Trong dd, KCN Lidn Chieu la cue bd bui v i SO^ tai mdt sd vj tri KCN noi t i p trung cac ca sd sin xuat xi ming, cao Nguyen nhan chinh la t h i i SO^ sinh su nen van de d nhiem bui, t h i i xiyra chu y l u q u i trinh ddt nhien lieu eua eac thdi gian gan d i y i n h hudng rit I6n Id cdng nghiep t h i i trdc t i l p mdi trudng d i n mdi trudng song cua dan cu vdng Hinh Ty le doanh nghiep phat sinh lihi thii, tieng on va ty/ le doanh nghiep thay the nguyen vat iieu dau vao •Tyt 1$ DN ph^t sinh thii, tilng 6n du'prc xd ly dat QCVN (%) - T y i ^ D N thay t h l NVL dilu vdo tao ch^t tai che diro'c (%) ^••^ ^ KHU CdNG NGHIEP Ngudn: XOIyso liiu tOSd Tdi nguyin vd Mdi trudng Bd Ndng ma chua ddoc xd ly Theo kit q u i thdng ke Trong KCN cua thinh phd Da NSng eda cic bao cao dinh g i i t i c dpng tai cic dang van hanh thi cd KCN t^ le doanh CO sd sin xuat KCN cho thiy Iddng nghiep phat sinh t h i i , tilng dn ed xCrly SO; thii khoing 1,36 tin/ngay va toan bp chua dat QCVN theo quy djnh Trong dd, luong thai chua duoc xd ly thai thang KCN la Hda Khanh md rdng v i Djch vu thdy mdi trudng, i n h hudng den khu vdc xung sin Da Ning cd ty Id cic doanh nghiep tham quanh, gay d nhiem mdi trudng nghiem gia dat d mdc rit thap, lan lucrt chilm 25% vS trpng, nhung hien chua cd nhdng bien 33% Qua dd, eo the thay mde dp d nhiem phip xd ly hdu hieu nham ngan chan tinh eic KCN v l khdng v i t i l n g dn la rit dang trang ngai, chua d i p dng duoc yeu clu v l bio ve Tai KCN Djch vu thuy sin Ba Nang thi van mdi trudng qua trinh phit triln d l d nhiem mui dien thudng xuyen dae Bdi vdi viec dinh gia t i c ddng mdi trudng thu q u i trinh ehl biln eda nginh thuy hien nay, hau h i t cic doanh nghiep sin Tuy nhien, d l khac phue tinh trang KCN bude dau da thUe hien l i p bap cao l i mot v l n de khd can phii ed nhdng giii danh g i i t i c ddng mdi trudng, b i n dang ffj Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hdi mien Trung, so 02 (34) - 2015 I 67 dat tieu chuan mdi trudng va cam kdt b i o ve mdi trUdng Tuy nhien, tren thuc te tinh trang d nhiem mdi trudng khdng khi, tidng on nhu phan tich d tren van dien d hau het eae KCN Cic chi sd phin tich ddu dat va vdpt ngudng cho phep Theo ket qua quan trie eua Sd Tai nguyen va Mdi trUdng Da Ning nam 2009 tai KCN Hda Khanh d cp sd Id nau luyen phdi thep, ket q u i quan trie eho thay; Ndng dp CO vupt td 67 den 100 lin QCVN; ndng dp NO^ vupt td den lan QCVN; ndng dp chi (Pb) vupt t d 40 den 65,5 lan QCVN cae van ban lien quan den cae hddng dan ky t h u i t hoat ddng bio ve mdi trudng KCN nhu hudng dan xd ly, van hanh tram xd ly nude thai t i p trung, che dp tU quan trie cac chi sd mdi trUdng, Tao hanh lang phap ly hoan thien cho :6ng t i c b i o vd mdi trudng KCN: Hoan thidn Nam ndi chung va D i Nang ndi rieng cdn thieu hut ngin sich cho cdng t i e bao ve 3.2 Tdng ciidng thiic thi phdp lugt bdo ve mdi triidng KCN - Tdng cUdng hogt ddng tra, kiem tra, gidm sdt chdt lugng mdi trudng KCN: Ban Quan ly cic KCN va Che xuat D i Nang can tang cudng chat lupng tham dmh bio eao danh g i i t i c dpng mdi trudng, bin cam kdt dat tieu chuan mdi trudng eung nhu Cdc gidi phap hudmg tdi phat trien tang cudng sau tham djnh bao cao dinh gia ben vuTng ve mdi trudng t i c ddng mdi trudng, sau xae nhan bin 3.1 Ra sodt bo sung cdc van ban ve the cam ket dat tieu chui'n mdi trudng cua cic che, chinh sdch vd tang a/dng thu'c thi phdp d u i n dau tUtrong KCN lugt ve bdo ve moi tru'dng KCN Cuong quyet dinh ehi hoat ddng kinh Thudng xuydn soat, didu chinh eac van doanh eua doanh nghidp neu de xiy tinh bin d i ban hanh lien quan ddn vide phan trang d nhiem keo dii, truy edu trich nhiem cap quin ly mdi trUdng KCN khdng cdn hinh sUdoi vdi eac hanh vi vi pham phap luit phu hpp vdi thUe td nham hoan thien eo cau vd b i o ve mdi trudng giy hau q u i nghidm td chdc theo hudng phin cap quin ly va trpng phin cdng trach nhiem ro rang, cu thd ddi Tang cudng hoat ddng giam sat ngudn vdi cic don vi he thong quin ly mdi t h i i eua eae KCN tren dja ban pho, trudng cic KCN tang cudng dau tu cie tram quan trac lidn Phat trien eae ehinh saeh, van b i n eho tuc, tu ddng tai eac ngudn thai de thu thap phep v i khuyen khich vide xiy ddng Quy thdm thdng tin vd nhdng t i e dpng den mdi djnh quin ly mdi trddng ndi bd KCN Quy trudng Khdng de xiy tinh trang gay d djnh sd tao co che hoat dpng ridng theo nhiem mdi trUdng mdi b i t dau xd ly hiu q u i dae thil cua tdng KCN va xac djnh rd trach phai cd bidn phip phdng ngda lau dai nhiem va quyen lpi cho eae ben tham gia - Tdng cudng hiiu qud dp dung cde edng cu KCN Theo dd, nhidu CO chd Uu dai v i kinh te qudn ly mdi trudng KCN: Ipi t'eh cua tdng KCN se dupe quy djnh, moi Phat huy toi da vai trd cOa edng eu kinh