Giải quyết ô nhiễm ở các thuỷ vực đô thị - Bài học từ Hồ Văn tại Văn Miếu Quốc Tử Giám - Hà Nội.pdf

GIAI QUYET N H I £ M TAI CAC THUY VUC DO THI - BAI HOC TIT HO VAN TAI VAN MI^U QUOC TlT GIAM - TP HA NOI NGUYfiN V I £ T VINH I DAT VAN DE Ngiy d nhidm cac thiiy vuc, die biet li cic thiiy vuc tai nhiing thinh phd d nhiing qudc gia dang phit trien da den mire bio ddng Nhieu du an xir ly da dugc dua vdi kinh phi diu tu len den hing ty USD Ngheo ddi kbien cic du an trd thinh khdng tudng Ap luc din sd vi nhu ciu phit trien kinh te lam tinh hinh cang trd nen trim trgng Mdt nghich ly dang didn hing li, dit dai cang khan hie'm va cd gii tri cao tdi miic "tac dit tic ving" thi nhieu khdng gian xanh qiia khiir danh phai de hoang hda hay sir dung kem hieu qiia Cin nguyen eiia d nhidm la gi? Giai phip nao la phii hgp va ben viing cho nhung thiiy vuc va khdng gian dang bi d rihiem d cac dd thi? Gin diy, viec xir ly d nhidm tai hd Van thudc Van Mie'u Qud'c tir giam (TP Ha Ndi) bing mdt giii phip tdng hgp da giy nhieu tranh luan Cdng ddng dia phuong va nhat li cu dan quanh hd dinh gia cao cic giai phip bdi hg da thoit khdi einh "chiu dung" vi khdng khf bj d nhiem, lai ed noi vui choi giai tri, tap the due, thay vi phii ddng kfn cira hing ngiy Mdt sd nhi khoa hgc thi ludng lu hay phe phin vi quy trinh thuc hien chua cbfnh quy, hoae dua giii thuyet: "Viec xir ly cd the lam mat di mdt sd tao vd ciing qui hiem cd the tao tien ty Uong tuong lai? " Trao ddi de tim diing cac nguyen nhin, giiip dua nhung giai phip phii hgp va hiiu hieu da trd nen ci'p bich, nhit li khdng liu nira Ha Ndi se ky niem 1000 nam Thang Long IL NGUYEN NHAN GAY NHlfiM Nhieu ngudi cho viec xa thai true tiep vio ngudn nude da lam cho nude bi d nhiem, tir dd di den giai phip phai xiy ke, tich rieng ngudn nude thii sinh boat di vio mdt hudng khic, hoae nao vet de tang them kha nang chiira, nhu da lam d hd Van trudc day vi mdt sd hd khic d Ha Ndi Tuy nhien, nude bd va khdng gian quanh hd vin khdng trinh khdi bi d nhiem Rd rang li cic giai da chua chi diing boac chua du nguyen nhan, nen giii phip dua chua phii hgp Vay nguyen nhan thue su ciia d nhiem nude hd Van (va nhieu hd khic d Hi Ndi) li gi? Trudc het cin tbira nhin tfnh khich quan eiia cic quy luit tu nhien de tir dd bie'u dugc bin chit ciia d nhiem, dd la: - Vat chat khdng tu sinh ma cung khdng tu mit di, nd chi bien tir dang niy sang dang khic Giira d nhiem va khdng bj d nhiem cd mdt ranh gidi rat mong manh Trong mdi trudng sach, nhirng eon gidng tdm tdt vdi khoing 1,5 kg thiic an giiu dam se cho ta mdt kg tdm ngon lanh tren ban in Thieu mdt cic ye'u td nhu mdi trudng boac gidng, 1,5 kg thiic an dd se bj phan buy vi gay d nhiem Trong trudng hgp niy, eon ngudi se phii chgn mdt hai cich binh ddng: nudi tdm hay de mac cho mdi trudng d nhiem - Da dang sinh hgc li tbinh qiia ciia su tien hda, nhd da dang sinh hgc mi mgi khdng gian sdng deu dugc lip diy vi sir dung tdi uu Mgi sinh vat deu phii ddng hda va dj hda, qua trinh sdng chiing tuong tic vi tao mdt chudi thiic in luan hdi cho mudn loai, loii la tbiirc an ciia loii kia, chit thii ciia loai niy cd the li thirc an ciia loii khac Da dang nguyen so ciia mdt he sinh thii nao dd giiip mgi chit thai thudc be dugc hoin nguyen chudi thirc in khien mdi trudng dugc bao ve, tri su eudng tring ciia he vi giiip nd cd siic chdng chju (ndi mdt cich khic: nd cd sire tai mdi trudng cao) Lim mat da dang sinh hgc se hiiy hoai chudi thiic in, lam giam nang tai tu than ciia he sinh thii Tren cac thao nguyen Chiu Phi, hang trieu ddng vat hoang da thai lugng chii thai khdng id, ddng thdi khdng dem xue nhirng sinh vat chei, bi sit hai mdi ngay, mdi gid, nhung Nguyen Viet Vinh, TS Nguyen Viet Vinh - Giai quyet d nhi§m mdi trudng vin lanh, he sinh thii vin cudng trang nhd mdi loii vdi phin cua nd da giir dugc dung churc nang, dugc hoan thien tir hang trieu nam tien hda Khdng sinh vat nao la thira, la cd hai, ke ca nhirng loai ddng, thuc vat nhd be nhat cho den nhiing "vi chua son lam" chuyen di sit hai cic sinh vat gam cd Ding sau cudc da'u tranh sinh tdn tham khde li su chgn lgc nhimg ca the manh vi thii loai nhiing ci the kem chit lugng, kem vdi nd la mdt mdi trudng tdt cho mudn loai ciing tdn tai va phit trien Tren cac phuong tien truyen thdng thudng keu ggi bao ve da dang sinh hgc li vi ly siu xa dd Bio ve da dang dang sinh hgc cung ddng nghia vdi bio ve mdi trudng Cd bdn nguyen nhan ehfnh sau day gay d nhiem mdi trudng tai cic thuy vuc dd thi: 1) Ngudn chait thai va dinh dudng dau vao Idn qiia kha nang tu xii ly: Trong thuc te, khdng mdt thiiy vuc tu nhien nao tu d nhiem tao hda sinh nd da cd mdt kha ning tu lam sach nao dd Hd Van cung nhu mgi hd ao sdng ngdi ciia Ha Ndi cung the Trong qiia khii khdng xa, sdng Td Ljch d nhiem cung timg la ddng sdng tho mdng, la noi nudi sdng biei bao dan chii ludi, nhirng mua diu miia ngudi Ha Ndi thudng bit dugc ci rd racb, ci chep tir sdng len nude trin bd Ci rd dim Set ndi tieng thom ngon, chi mai ve sau niy cbfnh ngudi mdi giet chei ddng sdng vi hd Van ciia minh Ly trudc hei la lucmg chat thai tir khu dan cu dua vao qua Idn Trudc kia, chat thai vao thuy vuc chii yeu la nude sinh boat va lugng ric thai khdng Idn lim ciia sd it din cu, chit thii tir cic gia dinh dugc chira vao thiing va thu gom hing tuan chuyen ngoai thinh lam phin bdn Ngiy mat din cu cao hon, cudc sdng van minh hon, nha nha deu ed cdng trinh ve sinh tu hoai, lugng chit thii tir eic cdng trinh ve sinh niy true tiep hay giin tie'p chay vao cic thiiy vuc Song viec quan ly, giim sit xiy dung va xir dung he thdng ve sinh tu hoai hau nhu bj bd ngd, nhieu be' phdi lam sai ky thuat bay khdng dip iimg dugc chirc ning phin huy chit thai tao ngudn cung khdng Id chat giy d nhiem cho mdi trudng dit, nirdc mat va nude ngam Cic nha khoa hgc cho ring cic viing nude chet li qua trinh ma nitrogen dugc thai ciing vdi nude thai da kfch thfch su tang trudng cua tao quang hgp tren mat nude, neu khdng trd thiic an cho ddng vat thuy sinh, sinh vat chet di, muc nit rdi chim xud'ng day, chiing dugc cac vi khuin phin buy Qiia trinh phin huy tieu hao mdt lugng Idn dxy Sut giam dxy lam cho nhieu loai sinh vat cd Igi khdng sdng ndi va thiiy vuc bien viing nude chet Chu trinh niy lap di lap lai vdi chu ky nhanh hon, quy md Idn hon khien d nhidm va xii ue cing trim trgng hon Mdi he sinh thii cd kha ning xir ly tu thin rieng (cdn ggi la sure tai rieng) Nhin chung, he sinh thai cing da dang, thi siic tai tu thin cing cao Ngoii ra, sure tii cdn thudc vio cdng nghe vi phuong phip quin ly ngudn nude Sire tai cd ngudng ciia nd, neu lugng thai va dinh dudng diu vao vugt qua ngudng, nd se giy hien tugng phii dudng va la nguyen nhin giy d nhiem 2) Mat da dang sinh hgc lam cho chudi thurc an bj huy hoai dSn den tinh trang mat kha nang tir xii ly mdi trudng Thiiy sinh vat (bao gdm ea thue vat va ddng vat) dudi khfa canh mdi trudng la nhung nha miy lgc sinh hgc; dac biet, eic loii nhuyen the bai manh vd la nhiing sinh vat ed nang lgc nude rit tdt Lugng chat thai vao bd neu d miic vira phii dugc coi li chat dinh dudng, gidng nhu ngudi nudi ci dimg phin tao miu, tao thiic in cho ci Nhung bd nudi ci nude thai viing Thanh Tri la thf du die'n hinh Khi xac djnh dugc co ci'u cic loai ci nudi hgp ly thi mgi tang nude, mgi dang thiire an deu dugc khai thac tdt, co hdi bien chat thai sinh vat sdng va chdng d nhilm cang cao Khi thiiy sinh vat (die biet la ci) khdng ed hay bj khai thic het, dinh dudng di vao thuy vuc vi khdng tham gia vao chudi tbiirc in nen se tham gia vao chu trinh giy d nhiem nhu da trinh biy d tren Nhieu ci'p, nganh ed lien quan den mdi trudng da khdng thi'y boac dinh gii thip vai Ud ciia cac sinh vat thiiy sinh cic thuy vuc la mdt nhiing nguyen nhin khien cac giai phap mdi trudng khdng bdn viing Nghien ciru Phit trien ben vurng, so (23) - Thing 6/2009 Nguyen Viet Vinh - Giai quyet d nhiSm Chdng khai tbic biiy diet tai cic thuy vuc, dac biet li xung dien vi hda chit ddc de bio ve su yen linh ciia cic thuy sinh vat thuc chit li bao ve cic nhi miy lgc sinh hgc dd Chdng cau trdm ci tai cic hd ao thinh phd, cd nguyen nhan sau xa hon la bio ve mdi trudng, la chdng d nhidm Song ding tiee, dieu chua dugc xa hdi quan tim diy dii Trong thien nhien, de cd kg protein bic cao thudng tieu ton rit nhieu thiic an dugc hinh thinh d cap thip hon Lugng tieu hao dugc ggi li he sd thii'c an, he sd dd thudng bien ddng tir de'n hang chue don vj Ddi vdi ci an rong tio chang ban, de cd mdt kg tang trgng cin tir 16 den 20 kg thirc an Dieu dd ed nghia la, ne'u loai di qiia trinh binh kg ci dd, ddng nghia vdi viec da tao dieu kien de mdt lugng dinh dudng cd khdi lugng Idn hon nhidu lin cd co hdi giy d nhiem Thuc te that khic nghiet, nhung cung rat tinh te Cie ebii trang trai nudi trdng thuy sin khdn ngoan ludn chgn cich dinh tia, thi bii de liic nio cung cd sin pham va mdi trudng linh ciing tdn tai Thue vat thuy sinh cung tham gia tich cue vao chu trinh xir ly chit thai, ngoai nd cdn tao mit xfcb thiic in diu tien Chang ban, beo tiy li sinh vat cd kha nang xir ly nude cao, beo tay ciing li thiire an ciia ca, hd trg ci de, chdng ret, chdng ndng, Dieu chinh co ci'u cac sinh vat thuy sinh thiiy vuc cho tdi uu la ci mdt cdng nghe vi nghe thuat! Nhu da ndi, qiia trinh sdng la qiia trinh ddng hda vi dj hda cua sinh vat, cd hip thu vi xa thai, su da dang dam bao mdt chudi thirc an hoan hao ciia he Sinh vat bac thip dugc diing lim tbiirc an ciia sinh vat bac cao hon, mdi lin chuye'n ci'p nhu vay khdi lugng lai nhd di mdt phin, toan he thdng nhu mdt kim tu thip, tren dinh thip dd ehfnh la ngudi Qiia trinh sdng ciia ngudi li mdt phin he sinh thii da dang dd va khdng nam ngoai chudi thirc in hoan hao ciia toan he Tuy nhien, ngudi vdi tri thirc phat trien da tic ddng vio tu nhien, can thiep vio khdng it chu trinh vim binh ciia nd Do nhin thirc chua diy dii va Idng tham chi phdi, nhieu hanh vi va img xir ciia ngudi da gay tdn Nghien ciru Phit then b4n vurng so (23) - Thing 6/2009 hai de'n chudi thirc an, tao su dd vd hay ngat quang, da dang sinh hgc kem di keo theo siic tii suy giim va nang suit sinh hgc (khdi lugng sinh khdi ed the sin sinh ciia he) cung giim theo Neu khdng kjp thdi nhan thiic va dieu chinh hinh vi cho phii hgp hon vdi quy luit tu nhien, nhung can thiep ke tiep thudng lam tinh trang tdi te hon vi ngudi phai ddi mat vdi tinh trang mdi trudng vi chat lugng sdng ngiy cing kem Da dang sinh hgc cing cao, nang tu xir ly mdi trudng cing Idn - dd li ly vi tren the gidi, ben canh van ddng bao ve da dang sinh hgc ngudi ta van ddng bio ve mdi trudng Ci va cic loii thuy sinh cic hd d Ha Ndi cd gii trj nhu mdt miy lgc sinh hgc va gii trj dd Idn hon nhieu so vdi gii trj kinh te hay ngudn Igi thuc phim mi nd mang lai Hay bio ve chiing de' cic bd vi thuy vuc tao cho chiing ta mdt khdng gian linh bon Su bing quan bay thd a ciia cic co quan cdng quyen, ciia mdi ngudi dan trudc nhirng hinh vi xim hai cic loii thuy sinh cic hd, dim, thuy vuc se mang lai cho cdng ddng nhirng hau qui khdng nhd ve mdi trudng Viet Nam da cd Luat thuy sin, dd cam mgi hinh vi khai thic biiy diet, dac biet cim sir dung xung dien vi chit ddc dinh bit ci Bd luat ve thue chat khdng chi de bao ve sin xuit, bao ve cie ngudn Igi thuy sin ma cdn nhim bio ve tii nguyen, mdi trudng dam bio cho phit trien ben virng 3) Ngudi sir dung thiiy vuc khdng dua dugc giai phap tang ngudng tai mdi trudng tuong iimg vdi dau vao Trong thuc te, khdng gian thiiy vuc la mdt sd hiiu ban, nd lai thudng bj cd hep vi nhieu ly do, di kem dd la viec din sd tang vi nhu ciu phit trien kinh te dang lim tang nhanh khdng ngimg chit thai diu vio Su mit cin ddi dang biirc tir din cic thiiy vuc tai cic dd thj Khdng gian bun ban, sii'c tii eiia cac khdng gian dd neu dugc ip dung cic cdng nghe hiru hieu thi cung chi cd the tiep nhin mdt lugng gidi ban ngudn cung diu vio Xac djnh sire tai, dieu tiei nude thai cho tirng hd phii hgp vdi cdng nghe xir ly, phin bd ngudn Nguyen Viet VTnh - Giai quyet d nhiem mdi trudng vin lanh, he sinh thai vin cudng trang nhd mdi loii vdi thinh phin cua nd da giir dugc diing chiirc ning, dugc hoan thien tir hang trieu nim tien hda Khdng sinh vat nio la thira, la ed hai, ke ca nhirng loai ddng, thuc vat nhd be nhat cho de'n nhiing "vj chiia son lim" chuyen di sit hai cie sinh vat gam ed Ding sau cudc diu tranh sinh tdn tham khd'c la su chgn lgc nhirng ci the manh va thii loai nhiing ea the kem chat lugng, kem vdi nd la mdt mdi trudng tdt cho mudn loii ciing tdn tai va phit trien Tren cic phuong tien truyen thdng thudng keu ggi bio ve da dang sinh hgc li vi ly siu xa dd Bao ve da dang dang sinh hgc cung ddng nghia vdi bio ve mdi trudng Cd bdn nguyen nhin ehfnh sau diy giy d nhiem mdi trudng tai cac thuy vuc dd thj: 1) Ngudn chat thai va dinh dudng dau vao Idn qiia kha nang tu xii ly: Trong thuc te, khdng mdt thiiy vuc tu nhien nao tu d nhidm, tao hda sinh nd da ed mdt kha ning tu lam sach nao dd Hd Van cung nhu mgi bd ao sdng ngdi ciia Ha Ndi cung the Trong qiia khii khdng xa, sdng Td Ljch d nhiem ngiy cung timg la ddng sdng tho mdng, la noi nudi sdng biet bao dan chai ludi, nhung mua diu miia ngudi Hi Ndi thudng bit dugc ci rd rach, ci chep tir sdng len nude trin bd Ca rd dim Set ndi tieng thom ngon, chi mai ve sau niy cbfnh eon ngudi mdi giei chei ddng sdng vi hd Van ciia minh Ly trudc het li lugng chit thai tir khu dan cu dua vao qiia Idn Trudc kia, chat thai vao thuy vuc chii yeu la nude sinh boat va lugng rac thai khdng Idn lim eiia sd ft din cu, chat thai tir cac gia dinh dugc chira vio thiing va thu gom bang tuin chuye'n ngoai lam phin bdn Ngay mat din cu cao hon, cudc sdng van minh hon, nha nhi deu cd cdng trinh ve sinh tu hoai, lugng chit thii tir cic cdng trinh ve sinh true tiep hay giin tie'p chay vao cac thiiy vuc Song viec quan ly, giim sat xiy dung va xir dung he thdng ve sinh tu hoai hiu nhu bj bd ngd, nhieu be phdi lam sai ky thuat hay khdng dap img dugc chirc ning phan huy chat thai tao ngudn cung khdng Id chat gay d nhiem cho mdi trudng dat, nude mat va nude ngim Cie nha khoa hgc cho ring cac viing nude chei la qiia trinh ma nitrogen dugc thai cung vdi nude thai da kich thfch su tang trudng eiia tao quang hgp tren mat nude, neu khdng trd thiire an cho ddng vat thuy sinh, sinh vat chet di, muc nit rdi chim xud'ng day, chiing dugc cac vi khuin phan hiiy Qua trinh phan huy tieu hao mdt lugng Idn dxy Sut giam dxy lam cho nhieu loai sinh vat cd Igi khdng sdng ndi va thuy vuc bien viing nude chet Chu trinh lap di lap lai vdi chu ky nhanh hon, quy md Idn hon khien d nhiem va xii ue cang trim trgng hon Mdi he sinh thii ed kha nang xir ly tu than rieng (cdn ggi la sire tai rieng) Nhin chung, he sinh thii cing da dang, thi siic tai tu thin cing cao Ngoii ra, siic tai cdn thudc vio cdng nghe va phuong phap quan ly ngudn nude Sire tai ed ngudng ciia nd, neu lugng thai vi dinh dudng diu vao vugt qua ngudng, nd se giy hien tugng phii dudng va la nguyen nhin giy d nhiem 2) Mat da dang sinh hgc lam cho chudi thiic dn bj huy hoai dSn den tinh trang mat kha ndng tir xilr ly moi trudng Thiiy sinh vat (bao gdm ca thuc vat va ddng vat) dudi khfa canh mdi trudng la nhiing nbi miy lgc sinh hgc; dac biet, cac loii nhuyen the hai manh vd la nhiing sinh vat ed kha nang lgc nude rit tdt Lugng chit thai vao hd neu d mire vira phai dugc coi la chat dinh dudng, gidng nhu ngudi nudi ca diing phin tao miu, tao thiic an cho ca Nhung bd nudi ca nude thai viing Thanh Tii la thf du dien hinh Khi xic djnh dugc co ci'u cac loai ci nudi bc^p ly thi mgi tang nude, mgi dang thiic an deu dugc khai thic tdt, co hdi bien chit thai sinh vat sdng va chdng d nhiem cang cao Khi thiiy sinh vat (dac biet la ci) khdng ed hay bj khai thic bet, dinh dudng di vao thiiy vuc vi khdng tham gia vio chudi thiire in nen se tham gia vao chu trinh giy d nhiem nhu da trinh biy d tren Nhieu ci'p, nganh cd lien quan den mdi trudng da khdng thi'y boac dinh gii thip vai ud ciia cic sinh vat thiiy sinh cic thuy vuc la mdt nhiing nguydn nhin khien cac giai phap mdi trudng khdng bdn vung Nghien ciru Phit trien ben vurng so (23) - Thing 6/200 NguySn Viet VTnh - Giai quyet d nhidm Chdng khai tbic hiiy diet tai eic thuy vuc, dac biet la xung dien vi hda chit ddc de bio ve su yen linh eiia cic thuy sinh vat thue chit la bio ve cac nha miy lgc sinh hgc dd Chdng cau trdm ca tai cie hd ao phd, cd nguyen nhin sau xa hon la bio ve mdi trudng, la chdng d nhidm Song dang tide, dieu chua dugc xa hdi quan tim diy dii Trong thien nhien, de cd kg protein bic cao thudng tieu tdn rit nhieu thiic an dugc hinh d cip thap hon Lugng tieu hao niy dugc ggi li he sd thirc an, he sd dd thudng bie'n ddng tir den hing chue don vj Ddi vdi ci an rong tio chang ban, de ed mdt kg tang trgng can tir 16 den 20 kg thiic an Dieu dd cd ngbia la, neu loai di qua trinh hinh kg ci dd, ddng nghia vdi viec da tao dieu kien de mdt lugng dinh dudng cd khdi lugng Idn hon nhidu lin cd co hdi gay d nhiem Thuc te that khic nghiet, nhung cung rat tinh te Cac chii trang trai nudi trdng thuy sin khdn ngoan ludn chgn each dinh tia, thi bii de liic nao cung ed sin phim vi mdi trudng lanh ciing tdn tai Thuc vat thuy sinh cung tham gia tich cue vao chu trinh xir ly chit thii, ngoai nd cdn tao mit xich thiire in diu tien Chang ban, beo tiy la sinh vat cd kha nang xir ly nude cao, beo tiy cung la tbiirc an ciia ca, hd trg ci de, chdng ret, chdng ndng, Dieu chinh co ci'u cac sinh vat thuy sinh thiiy vuc cho tdi uu li ea mdt cdng nghe va nghe thuat! Nhu da ndi, qua trinh sdng la qiia trinh ddng hda va dj hda cua sinh vat, ed hip thu va xa thai, su da dang dam bao mdt chudi thiire an hoin hao ciia he Sinh vat bac thip dugc diing lim thirc an ciia sinh vat bac cao hon, mdi lin chuyen ci'p nhu vay khdi lugng lai nhd di mdt phin, toan he thdng nhu mdt kim tu thip, tren dinh thap dd chinh la ngudi Qua trinh sdng ciia ngudi li mdt phin he sinh thai da dang dd va khdng nim ngoai chudi tbiirc an hoan hao ciia toan he Tuy nhien, ngudi vdi tri thirc phat trien da tic ddng vao tu nhien, can thiep vao khdng it chu trinh van hinh ciia nd Do nhan thiic chua diy dii va Idng tham chi phdi, nhieu hanh vi va img xir ciia ngudi da giy tdn Nghien ciru Phit trien bSn vOmg, so (23) - Thing 6/2009 hai de'n chudi tbiirc an, tao su dd vd hay ngit quang, da dang sinh hgc kem di keo theo sure tai suy giim vi nang suit sinh hgc (khdi lugng sinh khdi ed the sin sinh eiia he) cung giim theo Neu khdng kjp thdi nhin thiic va di^u chinh hinh vi cho phii hgp hon vdi quy luit tu nhien, nhirng can thiep ke tiep thudng lim tinh trang tdi te hon vi ngudi pbii ddi mat vdi tinh trang mdi trudng va chit lugng sdng ngiy cing kem Da dang sinh hgc cing cao, nang tu xir ly mdi trudng cing Idn - dd li ly vi tren the gidi, ben canh van ddng bao ve da dang sinh hgc ngudi ta van ddng bao ve mdi truong Ci va cic loii thuy sinh cie hd d Ha Ndi cd gia trj nhu mdt miy lgc sinh hgc va gii trj dd Idn hon nhieu so vdi gii trj kinh te hay ngudn Igi thuc phim mi nd mang lai Hay bio ve chiing de' cic hd vi thuy vuc tao cho chiing ta mdt khdng gian lanh hon Su bing quan hay thd a eiia cic co quan cdng quyen, ciia mdi ngudi dan trudc nhung binh vi xim bai cic loai thuy sinh cic bd, dim, thuy vuc se mang lai cho cdng ddng nhung hiu qui khdng nhd ve mdi trudng Vict Nam da cd Luat thuy sin, dd cim mgi hinh vi khai thic hiiy diet, dac biet cam sir dung xung dien va chit ddc dinh bit ci Bd luat ve thuc chit khdng chi de bio ve sin xuit, bio ve cic ngudn Igi thuy sin ma cdn nhim bio ve tii nguyen, mdi trudng dim bao cho phit trien ben vung 3) Ngudi sir diing thiiy vuc khdng dua dugc giai phap tang ngudng tai mdi trudng tucmg iimg vdi dau vao Trong thue te, khdng gian thiiy vuc la mdt sd him ban, nd lai thudng bj ed hep vi nhieu ly do, di kem dd li viec din sd tang vi nhu ciu phit trie'n kinh te dang lim tang nhanh khdng ngimg chit thai diu vio Su mit cin ddi dang birc tir din cie thiiy vuc tai cic dd thj Khdng gian hiai ban, sure tai ciia cic khdng gian dd neu dugc ip dung cic cdng nghe huru hieu thi cung chi cd the tiep nhan mdt lugng gidi ban ngudn cung diu vao Xic djnh sire tai, dieu tiei nude thai cho timg hd phii hgp vdi cdng nghe xir ly phan bd ngudn Nguyen Viet VTnh - Giai quyet d nhidm luc de giai quyet diit diem timg phin la viec khdng the lam neu thieu co quan chuyen trich vdi can bd chuyen siu cd diic, tai va thieu quy hoach mang tfnh chien luge Cd mdt so van de can dat li, lieu ed the: -I- Ngin chan khdng cho diu vao vucft ngudng tu xir ly eiia he sinh thii thuy vuc, ddng thdi bao ve va phuc hdi da dang sinh hgc de ning cao sure tii ? -I- Cii thien vi sing lgc chit thii diu vao tir thugng ngudn? -I- Bd sung cie giai phip hd trg nhim ning cao siic tii tu thin cua thuy vuc? Khd khan nbit li xic djnb siic tii, nhien ed the kiem tra gian tiep qua quan sit tinh trang phit trien ciia sinh vat thuy sinh: tdm ci khde manh, tang trgng nhanh, ciy cd'i xanh tuoi vi mdi trudng nude khdng xii ue, khdng cd miii la Dii di nira siic tai ciing chi la mdt sd bun han, ngudi quin ly cin chgn dugc diem dirng thfch hgp de giir cho cac hd khdng bj d nhiem 4) Thijy vuc khdng cd chii thuc su din den tinh trang khai thac huy diet Con ngudi la nguyen nhan cbfnh gay d nhiem tai cic thiiy vuc va chi cd ngudi mdi cd the lim thay ddi cue dien Thuc te cho thi'y, cic giii phip hda sinh, vi sinh boac lgc nude bing co gidi dii cd tdt den diu di niia cung chi la giai phip tam thdi, khdng ben vung de' giai quyet van de d nhiem mdi trudng nude Con ci va cic sinh vat thiiy sinh mdi tao ca hdi de he thdng xir ly mang tfnh ben vung Su ben vung la ed dieu kien, khdng dip iing dugc cic dieu kien mang tfnh quy luit ciia tu nhien thi mgi nd luc deu la vd fch Lam can ddi dugc diu vao va diu ra, lam de ci va sinh vat thuy sinh khdng bj hiiy hoai va thuc hien dugc diing chiire nang mdi trudng ciia nd, dang la van de gay tranh cai va dang bj can trd bdi tinh trang "cha chung khdng khde" Con ci, neu biet sir dung, ddi vdi mdi trudng quan trgng la the Hd ao va cac thiiy virc cung nhu ddng liia cin cd ngudi chii thuc su de dugc quan ly va sir dung hieu qua Da cd khdng it nhimg md hinh lam giiu tir nudi trdng thuy san Gia trj thuy sin cao hon liia gao nhieu lin, nhien viec cham sdc, bao ve cung phirc tap hon, vi the chi cd ngudi chu thuc su mdi cd the quan ly hieu qua mat nude nudi trdng Rd rang la can cd mdt cich quan ly cac thuy vuc ndi hien nay, de' chdng d nhiem va tao them nhiing khdng gian xanh Quan ly ngudn nude va sinh vat thuy sinh, dac biet la ci cac thiiy vuc la boat ddng ddi bdi tfnh lien tue, trach nhiem va tinh yeu; boat ddng dd khdng cho phep mdt giiy phut nghi ngoi, lo li, vi cin ed su phdi hgp chat che giira ehinh quyen dja phuong, co sd vdi su tham gia tich cue ciia ngudi dan va cdng ddng Can mdt ehinh sach mdi de' md hinh quan ly tien tie'n di vao cudc sdng Cbfnh sach se tao siic manh, tao ngudn luc, hinh co che van hanh va dieu tiet hgp ly Igi fch cua cac ben lien quan Dung hda giiia bao tdn cac gii trj tu nhien, van hda ciia cac thuy vuc thudc cie dd thi va phit trien ben viing dang ngiy cing birc thiet, nhi't la bdi canh eon ngudi dang phai ddi mat vdi nhung thay ddi thdi tiet ngiy cing khic nghiet hon toan ciu dang ndng len bdi hieu iing nha kinh Mdt md hinh "ddng quan ly" dd ngudi din la chii the dugc the gidi danh gia cao vi d mdt so noi cung da va dang dugc ip dung ed the la md hinh cin dugc coi trgng III GIAI PHAP Phin tfeb eic nguydn nhin la qua trinh chiing ta di tim giai phip Tuy nhien cung khdng de dua giii phip vao thuc te + Nhu nhieu ngudi da biet, d nhieu hd chiira nude, ngudi ta phai tha ci cic loai cho ngap nude Nhd viec lam nude hd mdi sach se, ddng thdi nhung nim diu tien, khdng cin cho an ca vin sinh trudng nhanh va phit trien tdt, dem lai ngudn thu Idn cho ngudi Cung da timg cd hd chiira khdng thi'y hei tim quan trgng ddi vdi mdi trudng ciia ci nen da khdng lam viec Mdt hd thiiy dien cd nhiem vu ci'p nude cho thinh phd Hd Chf Minh da phai tra gia, ngudn dinh dudng hd kfch thfch su sinh trudng Nghien ciru °hit trien ben vurng so (23) - Thing 6/2009 Nguydn Viet VTnh - Giai quyet d nhidm va phat trie'n tio vdi quy md Idn, nhung thieu ci nen chiing khdng dugc sir dung, din den d nhiem ngudn nude hd, mdt thdi gian dii khdng the sir dung ngudn nude dd cung cap cho thinh phd Bai hgc cii tao mdt so hd d Hi Ndi cung cho thiy, khdng ft cic bd bj "chet din" ling dgng vi xic sinh vat chei tfeb tu De cim hd, tao einh quan va dieu tiet nude cue bd, cic CO quan nao vet hd da quen cic quy trinh cii tao hd va vai trd sinh vat thuy sinh Do vay, cap nude trd lai, cic hd dd da bie'n nhirng khdng gian d nhilm Chi mai de'n ngudi ta nudi thi ci, tinh hinh mdi dugc cai thien Cdng nghe tudng nhu cii gi dd ky bf nhung kbi dugc nhan thiic lai rit don giin Dii cdn xa mdi dat muc tieu mong mudn, nhung nhiing bai hgc ciia cie hd d Ha Ndi cung that gia trj neu dugc md xe de' xem xet hd Van thudc Van Mieu Qud'c tir giam, sau xir ly hda sinh va vi sinh, mdt co ciu ci nudi hgp ly da dugc dua vao hd Cbfnh lugng ci da boat ddng nhu mdt be thdng lgc sinh hgc de bao ve mdi trudng ben virng + Ciing vdi ndng nghiep, nghe ea Viet Nam da dat dugc nhirng tbinh qiia kbi ngoan muc Dii ngudn tii nguyen bien da suy giim nhieu nguyen nhan, nhung xuat khiu thuy sin vin tang trudng lien tue, nam 2008 thuy san Viet Nam da xuit khiu khoang tren 3,6 ty USD Ngudn sin pham xuit khau chii yeu dua vio nudi trdng thuy sin Viec tang sin lugng vi gii trj dua vio nudi quing canh lac hiu la khdng tudng, nhit li bdi canh mdi trudng nude da xud'ng ci'p trim trgng Nhd img dung cdng nghe vi sinh, nghe nudi thuy sin Viet Nam da ed nhimg budc tien thay ddi ve chat, tir chd phu thudc hoan toan vao ngudn nude ben ngoii ao nudi da chuyen din sang cdng nghe nudi chem nude bay sir dung nude tuin hoin Nhd cdng nghe mdi nghe nudi cdng nghiep da trd nen cd trich nhiem hon, nude ci'p va thoit khdi ao nudi deu dugc xir ly da gdp phan ban che dugc djch benh vi d nhiem Nhimg trang trai ed quy md hang 30 - 40 nudi tdm cdng nghiep cd nang suit binh quan tir den 14 ti'n/ha/vu da cang trd nen phd bien Hay thir tudng tugng neu khdng cd cdng nghe vi sinh vi tdm thi miy chue tin thirc an cao dam dd tren mdi se gay nhiem khiing khie'p den nhudng nio! Che phim vi sinh EBOl li mdt nhung chd phim vi sinh da cd ddng gdp vao qiia ke tren Cung che phin niy da dugc sir dung d hd Van sau LTH100 ciia Green Company EBOl cung da timg dugc ip dung thinh cdng nudi ci tra d mdt sd dja phuong ddng bing sdng Cim Long vdi nang suit bing tram tin/ha/vu Cdng nghe nudi trdng thuy san tien tien ve thue chit li cdng nghe xir ly mdi trudng cin dugc van dung de quin ly cic hd tai cac dd thj, chi khic di mdt chiit - dd li phai Iiy muc tieu hing diu li mdi trudng thay vi muc tieu sin lugng thiiy sin -I- Viec chgn dia diem vi cich thuc thir nghiem md hinh xir ly mdi trudng cho thuy vuc dd thj Hi Ndi tren thuc te da dugc nhirng ngudi tie'n hanh trao ddi va trie'n khai hei sire thin trgng Nhirng thir nghiem d quy md nhd ve tic ddng ciia LTH 100 vdi ci vi sinh vat thuy sinh cung da dugc tien binh va du djnh thuc nghiem tai mdt kenh thoit nude thudc khu dd thj My Dinh, de' giam bdt di tfnh nhay cam Tuy nhien khang djnb ve mat thuc te ciia timg cdng doan va qua trao ddi thing than, hd Van da dugc lua chgn de thuc hien Nhirng gi da dat dugc tai bd Van thudc Van mieu qudc tir giim da tao nhieu thuin Igi de cudc sdng kiem djnh, dinh gii Cd the' cdn nhieu tranh cai, nhung de chdng d nhiem vi tao mdt khdng gian xanh cd le dugc cdng luan vi cu din ven hd dinh gii cao + Tuy thudc vao su da dang, quy md ciia he sinh thii ciing vdi cdng nghe quan ly nd mi mdi thuy vuc cd mdt ngudng tii xic djnh Ne'u viec xa thii khdng dugc kie'm soit vi khdng che mdt cich khoa hgc, de lugng thai vugt ngudng se lim he thdng bj buy hoai He thdng hd tai cic dd thj Idn, dac biet li Hi Ndi da trd tbinh khdng gian van hda vi tao net dep rieng That khd tudng tugng Ha Ndi bj mat di khdng gian Hd Hoan Kiem, Hd Tay hay khdng gian bd Van thudc trudng dai hgc cd nbit ciia Viet Nam + Dd thj mdt phat trien dii cac co sd sin xuat cdng nghiep da dugc di ddi, nhung Nghien cdu Phat triSn ben vung so (23) • Thing 6/2009 Nguyen Viet Vinh - Giai quyet d nhiem lugng thai vin cang tang, quan ly chat thai diu ngudn cang trd nen ci'p thiet va la mgt nhimg yeu td quan trgng giiip giam ap luc cho cic thuy vuc ndi dd Vf du, hoan thien quy trinh tu phin buy cac be phot d mdi nha din, qua nhimg quy djnh va giim sat ky thuit va bd sung che phim vi sinh cho cac be phot hd gia dinh, -I- Ting sire tai tu thin eiia cic thuy vuc bing cic giai phip ky thuat nhu quan ly cac md hinh nudi thiiy sin cao sin nen dugc xem li giii phip hgp ly va kinh te nhat hien Nhirng giai phip dd la: Co ci'u thuy sinh hgp ly + Sir dung eic che pham (cd tfnh toin) + Hd trg ky thuat nhim tang mat sinh vat thuy sinh Tang mat sinh vat thuy sinh dugc xem nhu tang sd lugng miy lgc sinh hgc trdn mdi don vj dien tfeb cua thuy vuc Tuy nhien phai lip them thiei bj cung ci'p d xy, nhu quat nude va may xue khf nhu eic ao nudi tdm ting sin Tai nhiing hd ao tha ca eiia Ha Ndi cin tang cudng he thdng bd trg Hd Van hien da cd hai may phun nude, neu cd them hai miy nira se tdt hon, tham chi neu du kinh phi nen bien hd mdt dai phun nude, khdng gian hd Van se cd gii trj van hda va the thao rit Idn Vin de la cbfnh quyen va cic CO quan chiirc nang dat viec giii quyet d nhiem nude va einh quan khdng gian hd Van d miic uu tien nao ma thdi Them he thdng tuin hoan nude se keo theo hing loat hieu irng tfeb cue: trudc bet cho einh quan, sau dd ebo vi khf hiu khu vuc, cho d xy hda tan din den tao kha ning ting mat ci thi vao hd de ban che nguy co d nhidm hd -f- Nhu da ndi, nudi ci la mdt nhung giai phip va la mdt khiu khdng the thieu viec xir ly d nhiem tai cac thuy vuc d dd thj Song, khdng giai phap ky thuat nao cd the thuc hien hieu qiia neu cic thiiy vuc khdng ed mdt ngudi chii thuc su Ngudi chii dd phai la tu nhin bj giim sit chat che bdi cdng ddng va cac CO quan churc nang Ndi mdt each khic, md hinh quin ly mdi trudng ben viing cho cic ihiiy vuc phai la "md hinh ddng quan ly" li'y ngudi din lam gdc Tuy nhien thuat ngir "md hinh ddng quan ly" cQng dang bj "dau co", "lam dung", neu khdng dii tri thiic va thuc te linh vuc quan ly nay, viec trien khai se cdn tra gia nang ne hon IV K £ T LUAN Xir ly mdi trudng tai cac thuy vuc dd thi la va'n de quan trgng, dugc mgi ngudi quan tam O Viet Nam trudc day chi dimg d nghien ciiu va tranh luan Chi mai gin day, md hinh xir ly d nhilm nude tai hd Van thugc Van mieu qud'c tir giam dugc trien khai thi ly thuyet mdi budc dau di vao thuc te Tuy md hinh xir ly cdn phai dugc kiem nghiem qua thdi gian Song dieu lo ngai nhat ve mdi trudng d day la d nhidm khdng gian, nude mat va nude ngim da budc dau dugc giai quyet Bai hgc xir ly d nhidm hd Van nen dugc nghien ciin va md xe vdi by vgng nhan rdng cho cac thiiy vuc cd dieu kien tuong tir Bai hgc Idn nhat tir hd Van la, de giai quyet d nhiem cac thuy vuc dd thi can mdt giai phap tdng hgp, bao gdm: - Xir ly hda sinh va vi sinh (bing cac che pham da dugc sir dung tai hd Van la LTH 100 ciia Green Company va EBOl ciia cdng ty Vj Xuyen); - Tha ci vdi co ci'u hgp ly cimg vdi mgt lugng thiiy sinh vat giiip tri tfnh ben viing ciia mdi trudng; - Tang kha nang tai ciia thiiy vuc bang cac giii phip ky thuit, nhu dit may phun nude, dgn la rung, - Quan ly hd dua vao cgng ddng vdi su hd trg hiru hieu ciia cac co quan chirc ning va ehfnh quyen cac ci'p (cdn dugc ggi la "md hinh ddng quan ly" Dieu ding ghi nhan la cac giai phap va cac che pham dugc ip dung tai md hinh hd Vin deu ngudi Viet Nam lam ehii va img dung mdt cich thien nguyen Nhung gi da lam dugc tai hd Van mdi chi la budc diu, du cdn khiem tdn nhung cin dugc quan tim, coi trgng va tao dieu kien de' hoan thien nhim mang lai Igi fch cho cdng ddng; die biet la giiip tao them nhieu khdng gian xanh cho Ha Ndi va cac dd thj cd mat dd dan cu cao./ Nghien ciru Phat trien ben vOmg, so (23) - Thing 6/2009 ... dat li, lieu ed the: -I- Ngin chan khdng cho diu vao vucft ngudng tu xir ly eiia he sinh thii thuy vuc, ddng thdi bao ve va phuc hdi da dang sinh hgc de ning cao sure tii ? -I- Cii thien vi sing... quin ly cic hd tai cac dd thj, chi khic di mdt chiit - dd li phai Iiy muc tieu hing diu li mdi trudng thay vi muc tieu sin lugng thiiy sin -I- Viec chgn dia diem vi cich thuc thir nghiem md hinh... giai phap mdi trudng khdng bdn viing Nghien ciru Phit trien ben vurng, so (23) - Thing 6/2009 Nguyen Viet Vinh - Giai quyet d nhiSm Chdng khai tbic biiy diet tai cic thuy vuc, dac biet li xung