Tap chi Hoa hoc, T 48 (6), Tr 661 678,2010 NANG LUONG CHO THE KY 21 De''''n Tda sogn 15 2 2009 TRAN MANH TRI Trung tdm Cdng nghe Hda hgc vd Mdi trUcfng (ECHEMTECH) ABSTRACT Energy is of paramount importa[.]
Tap chi Hoa hoc, T 48 (6), Tr 661 - 678,2010 NANG LUONG CHO THE KY 21 De'n Tda sogn 15-2-2009 TRAN MANH TRI Trung tdm Cdng nghe Hda hgc vd Mdi trUcfng (ECHEMTECH) ABSTRACT Energy is of paramount importance for a modern economy In the last century, world energy supply was mainly based on fossil fuels - coal, oil and natural gas, provided over 80% of the energy required today However, the high reliance on the use offossil fuels contributes directly to polluting of the environment and increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere Climate change is the greatest challenge face the humanity at the start of 21" century Morover, their limited reserves insufficient supply to meet the increasing demands for energy, it is essential to introduce alternative sources of energy: the renewable one The most promising of these energies are wind, hydro (large and small), solar, geothermal, biomass and hydrogen energies The renewable energy sources are essentially carbon-free and appear to be generally more suitainable than fossil fuels and could provide a major proportional the world's needs by the middle of the 21" century The introduction of renewable energy sources in the world's energy balance can reduce CO2 emission, cut energy cost, avoid energy crisis In addition, the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as well as the carbon Capture and Conversion (CCC) technologies, the taxation of CO2 emission would generate strong incentives for a low-carbon transition in the 21" century The rapid development and deployment of low-carbon technologies is vital to climate change mitigation In conclusion the renewable energy sources are likely to play a greatly-increased role in the future energy supplies with zero-carbon emission, there will be the ultimate change from non-renewable energy to renewable energy as an energy revolution and innovation of century I - MO DAU Ndng lucmg hda thach (than, dau md, thien nhien) la ngudn nang lugng quan trgng chu y6'u d the' ky 20, bao dam cung cap hau nhu toan bd nhu ciu dien nang, nhiet nang, nhien lieu dgng ca cho cac hoat ddng ciia ngudi Tuy viy, ngudn nang lugng hda thach la cd han, la loai nang lugng chi cd mat di ma khdng the tdi tqo lgi dugc, vi vay mgt can dan Nhiing cudc khung hoang diu md nhiing nam 70 cua the' ky trudc, su tang gia diu md nhu ngua bat kham xay dau nam nay, nhiing cudc chien tranh, xung dot cue bg vi dau md xay triln mien d khu vuc hay khu vuc khac da de doa de'n an ninh nang lugng cua the' gidi qua trinh phat trien Han niia, sir dung nang lugng hda thach, sir phat thai CO2 hay cdn ggi phdt thdi eacbon, mgt loai nhd kinh da lam nhiet dd b6 mat trai dit ndng din len, khf hiu hanh tinh bien doi, Iii lut, han han, bao td, nudc bien ding, luc dia mi't dan, de doa den su tdn tai cua hanh tinh va cudc sd'ng cua loai ngudi •••'-: Nhiing thach thirc dd huge the' gidi phai nhanh chdng tim nhiing ngudn nang lugng mdi, lip vao "khodng trdng ndng lugng" hoan toan cd the xay trudc nhu ciu nang lugng cang gia 661 tang theo cap sd nhan cua mdt the gidi hdi nhap va phat ttien toan cau d the' ky 21 Uong ngiuon cung lai bi khd'ng che' bdi tfnh chat Ichdng the tai tao cua nguon nang lugng Ben canh dd, neu n khdng tim cac nguon nang lugng mdi di thay the dau md va khf thien nhien, hoac khdng tim each tie't ki^m tieu diing dau md va khf thien nhien linh vuc nang lugng de keo dai thdi gian ton tai cua dau md va khf thien nhien sang cac the ky sau, loai ngudi se rai vao "tham hga" khdng cdn nguyen lieu cho nganh tong hgp hda hgc cac chat hiiu co Da nhieu nam cac nha khoa hgc the' gidi dau tu nhieu cdng siic cho viec tim nhiing dang nang lugng mdi vdi hy vgng cd the thay the mgt phan hay toan bg cac nhien lieu hoa thach truyen thd'ng, hoa giai cac thach thiic ndi tren Su tim kie'm da va dang dem lai nhieu qua quan trgng day trien vgng my thdi gian thuc hien cdng viec thuc su chi bat dau tir sau thdi diem xay nhiing cudc khung hoang nang lucmg the gidi vao nhung nam 70 ciia the ky trudc Nhieu nguon nang lugng mdi thien nhien da dugc xem xet, nghien ciiu, dugc danh gia tfnh kha thi va trd nhung iing vien quan trgng: dd la nang lugng mat trdi, nang lugng gio, nang iugng dai duong, nang lugng dia nhiet, nang lugng sinh khdi, nang lugng hydrogen, nang luong nudc dd nguon nang lugng nudc khdng phai mdi, da dugc ngudi khai thac d dang thuy dien tit nhiing the' ky trudc Tat ca nhiing nguon nang lugng ke tren deu co khd ndng tdi tgo nen ngudn cung ling la vd han, va lai la cac nguon nang lugng khong chiia eacbon nen khdng cd phat thai nha kfnh va cac khf thai d nhiem Ichac su dung nen dugc xem la nguon ndng lugng xanh va bin vieng ciia loai ngudi Cac ngudn nang lugng da trd muc tieu chie'n lugc nang lugng quan trgng cho the' ky 21, dugc nha nudc dau tu tap trung va phat trien ra't nhanh, di dau la cac cac nudc phat trien cd nhu cau tieu thu nang lugng cao, tie'p sau la nhiing nudc mdi ndi len nhu Trung Qud'c, An Do, Brazil Cac nguon nang lugng mdi thien nhien ndi tren dugc tim each thu lai va chuyen hda cdc chdt mang ndng lugng mdi, cd kha nang thay the' ttog phan cac nguon nang lugng tai tao, khdng chi d dang tiem nang ma da trd dang nang lugng thuc su, ddng gdp vao can bang nang lugng g nhieu nudc vdi mgt thi phan cang cd y nghia, cd nudc da chiem de'n tren 20% tdng cac ngudn nang lugng Ngoai ra, su xuat hien cac dang nang lugng mdi ben canh cac dang nang lugng truyen tho'ng da gdp phan giam phat thai eacbon mgt each dang ke, tham chf da dinh lugng dugc kha nang phat thai eacbon ddi vdi timg qud'c gia cd su dung hdn hgp nang lugng mdi va nang lugng truyen thd'ng de quy dinh gidi han cho phep miic phat thai eacbon d timg nudc tiitng giai doan cu the, tU dd budc tang dan ty le su dung cac dang nang lugng tai tao mdi Su can thiet chuyen sang nen kinh te' it eacbon va an ninh nang lirdng theky 21 Ngay 25/10/2007, Chuong^ trinh moi trudng cua Lien Hiep Qud'c (UNEP) da dua ban bao cao day 570 trang vdi tieu dS "Viin cdnh mdi trudng todn cdu - The Global Environmement Outlook GEO-4) [1] trinh bay tinh trang mdi trudng cua hanh tinh Theo bao cao tren, khf hau trai da't dang thay doi nhanh han bai ky giai doan nao 500.000 nam qua Nhiet trung binh tren trai dai da tang 0,74°C theky 20 so vdi thdi ky tien cdng nghiep va dugc du bao se tang 1,8-4°C hoac cao hgn cho de'n nam 2100 Trong dd, ngudng bie'n ddi khf hau nguy hiem nhiet tang them 2°C, ne'u vugt ngudng nhiet nay, nhiing tuu phat trien cua loai ngudi se bi hdy hoai tren quy md toan cau va cac tham hoa sinh thai khdng the dao ngugc se xay De Ichdng vugt ngudng miic tang nhiet 2°C, ddi hdi phai tri nong khf nha kfnh d miic khoang 450 ppmv COj Cac kich ban cua the' ky 21 cho tha'y kha nang nong khf nha kinh se vugt ngudng dn dinh, dat miic 750 ppmv CO, va cd kha nang nhiet se tang han 5°C ne'u khdng cd nhiing bien phap manh me viec giam phat thai CO2 tren quy md toan ciu Bao cao ciing neu rd, trai dat da trai qua cudc tuyet chung ldn 450 trieu nam qua cac bie'n ddi cua thien nhien, dd su kien xay gan nhit each day 65 trieu nam, va rat cd the d the' ky ta dang sdng se xay cudc tuyet md ldn 662 lin thii 6, nhung khac vdi nhiing lan trudc chfnh la hanh vi vd trach nhiem ciia ngudi giy sir dung nang lugng Cach diy nam, the' gidi vSn cdn tranh luan lieu bien ddi khf hiu tren thuc te' cd xay hay khdng va neu cd xay lieu cd phai ngudi gay hay khdng Den nay, cudc tranh luan gin nhu da nga ngii, y kie'n cho rang nhiet hi mat trai dit ndng len hay lanh di la hien tugng tu nhien da xay cd tfnh chu ky lieh sir hinh va phat trien cua trai dai ft dugc thuyei phuc va tan ddng, dd y kie'n cho ring bien doi khf hau la cd that va ngudi gay da dugc chiing minh va dugc su dong thuan rdng rai gidi khoa hgc Do dd, van de da trd nen cap bach han bao gid hei, va biy gid chii khdng phai Mc nao khac, chinh la thdi diim ma loai ngudi phai hanh dgng de bao ve su tdn tai cua chfnh chiing ta va ciia cac the' he mai sau niia GEO-4 da dua ldi canh bao: "Hdy cifu lay hdnh tinh, bdy gid hogc khdng bao gid!" De cd thi tranh tham hga bien doi khf hau, theo tfnh toan tren md hinh md phdng khf hiu, phai bao dam lugng phat thai eacbon tiif nguon nang lugng hda thach tdi da la 14,5 GT CO2 mdi nam, dd, lugng phat thai eacbon hien da la 21,9 GT/nam va xu the' hien vin tren da gia tang Hau qua la ngan quy eacbon dioxide (hay ggi tit ngdn quy eacbon) cho toan bg the' ky 21 cd the se can kiet vao nam 2032 Nhu vay, lugng khf nha kfnh phat thai tix de'n nam 2050 phai giam di 50% so vdi nam 1990 va phai tiep tuc giam cho den cudi the' ky 21 mdi tranh dugc nhiet be mat trai dat vugt ngudng 2°C Vi viy, cac qud'c gia tren the' gidi phai cin bang lai lugtig khf nha kfnh mdi trudng d miic cd the ngan chan nhiing tac dgng nguy hiem cho su ton tai va phat trien cua ngudi Nghi djnh thu Kyoto dugc ky kei tai Kyoto (Nhat Ban) 11/12/1997, cd hieu luc chfnh thiic tii 16/2/2005 sau dugc nguyen thii 165 qud'c gia phe chuan (chiem khoang 60% cac nudc lien quan de'n van de khf thai nha kfnh) da nhai trf mgt ehuong trinh cit giam khf nha kfnh binh quin d nhiing nudc phai dat muc tieu lugng khf nha kfnh phat thai hang nam khoang thdi gian tir 20082012 d miic 5,2% so vdi lugng phat thai nam 1990, chfnh la vdi hy vgng se gdp phan lam cham lai su bie'n doi khf hiu toan ciu qua nhanh nhu hien Viec cat giam lugfng phat thai eacbon tiit ngudn nguyen lieu hda thach ddi hdi hoac phai cat giam miic tieu thu so vdi hien ne'u su dung cac cdng nghe cii, hoac phai thay doi cdng nghe mdi de giam phat thai eacbon, tiic cdng nghe eacbon thdp ne'u mudn su dung nguon nang lugng hda thach vdi miic tieu thu cao han, dac biet nguon nang lugtig til than Trong so cac dang nang lugng hda thach, dau md va khf thien nhien cd the sdm can din, idii dd than la dang tai nguyen hoa thach cdn phong phii nhat, theo du bao vin cdn cd the thoa man nhu ciu tieu thu ciia ngudi cho de'n hei the' ky hoac liu han Vi viy, sau nhiing nam giiia hoac cudi the' ky 21, than se dan dan chiem dia vi chii chdt san xuai va cung ling nang lugng, dd diu md va khf thien nhien se rai xud'ng hang thii yeu, nhudng chd cho cac dang nang lugfng mdi, dd la nang lugng tai tao Viec phai giam ty le phin dau md va khf thien nhien linh vuc nang lugng d the' ky khdng phai chi vi lo so can kiet ngudn diu md va khf thien nhien xay nhanh ma cdn vi mgt ly rai quan trgng khac Dd la vi ddu mo vd thien nhien khdng chi Id ndng lugng md cdn Id nguyen lieu quy gid cho ngdnh tong hgp hda hgc hUu co de sdn xudt cdc sdn phdm hSu co cho nhu cdu cua ddi sdng vd sdn xudt bdng nhitng cong nghe dd thuan thuc vd ngdy cdng hodn thien Do dd, the' ky 21, mac dii cd thi cdn diu md va khf thien nhien vdi mgt trii lugng nhai dinh nhung phai han che' sii dung dau md va khf thien nhien theo hudng lam nhien lieu va nang lugng, tang cudng dua nhien lieu tai tao vao thay the' nham danh phan uu tien diu md va khf thien nhien cho cdng nghiep tong hgp hda hgc hiiu co Cho de'n phan nang lugng tai tao dam duang dugc phin quan trgng nhu ciu nang lugng, se sdm chdm dut mgt cdch chii dgng vai trd ddu mo vd thien nhien viec cung ung ndng lugng Ba'y gid phan tai nguyen dau md va khf thien nhien se dam duang giii vai trd chii yeu viec cung iing nguyen lieu chiia 663 eacbon cho cdng nghiep tdng hgp hda hgc hiiu eg khdng phai chi cho the ky ma keo dai cho nhieu the ky sau Dau md va khf thien nhien vdi tu each la nguyen lieu hda hgc bay gid khong la thii pham cua viec phat thai eacbon lam bien doi khf hiu toan cau vi eacbon da nam san pham cua nganh tong hgp hiiu eg Tuy nhien, viec thay the dan nguon nang lugng hoa thach ndi tren bang ngudn nang lugng tai tao chua the xay mgt each nhanh chdng theo y mud'n, dd nhiing vin de thach thiic ve phat thai eacbon gay bie'n ddi khf h|u toan cau sir dung nang lugng hda thach la chu yen, vin cdn la mdi de doa su phat trien ben viing ciia xa hgi loai ngudi Vi vay, viec sir dung nang lugng d the ky 21 phai hudng de'n xay dung mgt nen kinh te it eacbon vd an ninh ndng lugng tren ca sa mgt hdn hgp hai nguon nang lugng: nguon nang lugng truyen thd'ng - ndng lugng hda thach va ngudn nang lugng mdi - ndng lugng tdi tgo, di kem vdi nhiing giai phap cdng nghe va chfnh sach mdi cua tCtng quo'c gia Cac giai phap chuyen dan sang nen kinh te it eacbon the ky 21 Su dung hon hgip nang luang tai tao va khong tai tao - vuB giam phat thai eacbon, vCta bao dam an ninh nang luang Giam phat thai eacbon va bao dam an ninh nang lugng la hai muc tieu nham den the' ky 21 linh vuc san xuii va tieu thu nang lugng Thuc te' nhieu thip ky qua da cho thay hai muc tieu tren chi cd the dat dugc bang giai phap san xuit va tieu thu hdn hgp hai ngudn nang lugng - tai tao va khdng tai tao mgt each hgfp ly vi mdi nguon nang lugng deu cd nhirng uu diem, nhugc diem nhii dinh, chiing cd the giiip khic phuc nhiing thach thiic, tim ldi giai tdi uu cho bai toan nang lugng ciia the' ky (1) Tang dan ty le nang li/dng tai tao cung cap dien nang va nhiet nang Trong hdn hgp nang lugng hien phan uu the' nghieng han ve nang lugng hda thach di san xuat va cung dug dien nang va nhiet nang (di sudi am cho nhu cau din cu xii lanh) gia re Thay doi hdn hgp theo hudng tang din ty le nang lugng tai tao khdng phat thai eacbon se cd the dem lai su cit giam ldn phat thai eacbon Cac ngudn nang lugng tai tao de san xuit dien nang va nhiet nang cho tha'y dang gdp phin cang quan trgng su thay ddi ty le ciia hdn hgp nang lugng, cd nghia dang chuyin bie'n dan sang hudng cd lgi cho viec cat giam phat thai eacbon, dong thdi vdi viec giam dan su le thudc vao ngudn nang lugng hda thach, da giiip cho binh on tinh hinh cang thang ve nang lugng cua nhilu nen kinh te' the' gidi, dac biet sau cac cudc khung hoang nang lugng va tang gia dau md viia qua Tuy nhien, tilm nang cac dang nang lugng mat trdi, gid, thuy trilu, dia nhiet Men ca ban vin chua dugc khai thac hei, chi chiem khoang 3% san lugng dien the gidi, ngoai trii nguon nang lugng nudc dua vao thiiy dien da cd truyen thd'ng phat triln, cd vai trd dang k l ITnh vuc nang lugng dien, chie'm khoang 7-10% san lugng dien toan the gidi hien Rai nhieu nudc tren the gidi, dac biet nhiing nudc phat trien cd nhu cau tieu thu dien nang va sudi am cao nhu My, cac nudc Lien minh chiu Au, Canada, Nhat Ban, deu dat muc tieu den nam 2020 se nang ty le nang lugng tai tao (dien mat trdi, dien gid, dien dia nhiet, dien thuy trilu) ien 20% can bang dien nang cua minh Trudc mat, muc tieu de'n nam 2010 [2] cua cac nudc Lien minh Chiu Au EU-25 ty le dien nang tur nang lugng tai tao se ehilm 12% tdng dien nang tii cac nguon (trong do, Phap 7%, Tay Ban Nha 12,1%, Diic 4%, Ba Lan 7,5%, Lithuania 12%, Czech 6%, Latvia 6%) mdt sd nudc khac ngoai EU-25, muc tieu din nam 2010 ty le dien nang tir nang lugng tai tao nhu Trung Qud'c se chiem 10%, Nhat Ban 1,35% (chua ke dien dia nhiet), Han Qud'c 7% (bao gom ca thuy dien ldn) Singapore 35 MWth (khoang 50.000 m' panel thu nhiet mat trdi), Malaysia 5%, Thai Lan 8%, an dd 664 10%, Philippines 4,7 GW, Australia 9,5 TWh/nam, Na Uy TWh/nam, Thuy Si 3,5 TWh/nam, My 5-30% (d 18 bang) Hien nay, dien nang tii cac nguon nang lugng tai tao kl tren vin chua canh tranh ndi vl gia vdi dien nang tit ngudn nang lugng hda thach ngoai trii thiiy dien va dien tir gid Nguyen nhan vi cdng nghe va thiet bi thu - chuyin hda nang Mgng tai tao dien nang cdn chua d miic cho phep san xuii dien nang vdi gia Tuy nhien, viec danh thue phdt thdi eacbon nhu du kiln tii 10-20 USD/tan CO2 vao nam 2010 se tang dan len mdi nam them 5-10 USD/tan CO2 cho din dat dugc 60-100 USD/tan CO2 [3] se tao mgt su thay ddi can ban ca ca'u khuyen khfch dau tu vao cac nguon nang lugng, vi ba'y gid lgi thi vl gia nang Mgng dien san xuai tiJ than khdng tfnh din phan thue phat thai eacbon se bi xoa bd, su canh tranh vl gia dien nang san xuai giiia hai ngudn nang Mgng se khdng cdn cang thang niia : Nhd chfnh sach danh thue vao phat thai eacbon nhu tren, diu M vao cac nguon nang Mgng tai tao dang dugc tang nhanh tren thi gidi Trong vdng nam, tii 2004 de'n 2006 da tang tir 27 ty USD ien 71 ty USD dau tu vao phat triln cac ngudn nang lugng tai tao Nam 2007, miic dau tu tang len 85 ty USD Xu hudng chuyen dich dau tu tren day theo hudng nang lugng tai tao phan anh mdi quan tam hien tren the gidi vl biln ddi khf hiu va an ninh nang Mgng Nang Mgng tai tao vd'n la mgt linh vuc cd truyin thd'ng tai chau Au va My nhung hien dang cd mgt su thay ddi toan cau, dang dugc quan tam dac biet d cac nudc dang phat trien nhu Brasil, Trung Qud'c, An Do va nhiing khu vuc cdn lai tren the gidi Trong cac dang nang lugfng tai tao, ben canh nang lugng nudc (thuy dien), nang Mgng gid va nang lugfng sinh khdi dugc xem nhu da hoan thien va chfn miii vl cdng nghe, gia san pham nang lugng da canh tranh dugc vdi nang Mgng truyin thd'ng, nen vd'n diu tu chu ylu tap trung vao he thilt bi thu va chuyen hda nang Mgng, tiic dau tu vao tai san la chfnh Trong khf dd, nang lugfng mat trdi va cac dang nang Mgng tai tao cdn lai chii yeu dugc tap trung thu hiit dau M vao nghien ciiu cdng nghe R&D song song vdi thu hiit dau tu vao nghien ciiu he thiet bi thu - chuyin doi nang lugng cd hieu suai chuyin doi nang Mgng cao, gia thiet bi re vdi muc tieu gia san pham nang lugng thu dugc Vai trd cua Nha nudc viec phat triln nguon ning Mgng tai tao nhim thay the' dan nguon nang Mgng hda thach cd tfnh chat quyet dinh Hien nay, nhilu nudc da cd hang loat chfnh sach hd trg dl kfch thfeh dau tu thdng qua viec tao dung thi trudng dn dinh cho nang lugng tai tao Nhung bien phap ve quan ly cua nha nudc ciing la mgt cdng cu tao dgng eg idiuyen khich dau tu vao nang lugng tai tao, nhu xay dung tieu chuan vl cac loai nang lugng tai tao; ddi hdi mgt ty le Mgng dien ban phai la td ngudn nang Mgng tai tao; dat miic thul uu dai nhilu nam vl san xuai va cung iing nang lucmg dien tai tao; trg cip cho nhung nha san xuai va cung cap dien tai tao (nhu d Dd'e, da trg ea'p cho nha cung cap dien mat trdi 0,45 €/kWh dien, tire ga'p lan gia dien til than) Chfnh phii nhilu nudc da can thiep true tiep vao thi trudng nang Mgng, ban hanh Mat ve thue' hoa mang ddi vdi dien til nang Mgng tai tao dua vao mang ludi dien qud'c gia, cho phep bai ky cdng ty hay ca nhan nao dap iing cac yeu cau vl chai Mgng va ky thuat diu cd the ban dien vao mang Mdi dien, budc nguon dien qud'c gia phai tilp nhan dien tit siic gid, tir nang Mgng mat trdi va til cac ngudn tai tao khac Gia dien nang Mgng tai tao dugc quy dinh ciing vdng nhilu nam, cao han gfa dien truyin thd'ng nham tao mgt thi trudng nang Mgng tai tao on dinh Chfnh phii nhilu nudc ciing da cd chie'n Mgc rd rang dl tao lap mdt thi trudng tai tao va ngoai nudc on dinh bing each du bao phat trien va tilm nang nguon nang lugfng tai tao d nudc minh, kfch thfeh, khuyen khfch doi mdi cdng nghe va thiet bi thu - chuyin hda nang Mgng, tao ap Mc canh tranh de lam dgng luc phin da'u dat hieu suat chuyin hda nang Mgng va lgi fch kinh te cao hgn 665 Nhd nhiing bien phap tren day, hien nay, gia nang Mgng dien tit siic gid da giam nhanh chdng, canh ttanh hoan toan ngang ngira vdi dien til ngudn nang lugng hda thach ca dieu kien chua tinh den thue phat thai eacbon Nlu tfnh den thue phat thai eacbon ap dat cho dien rii nang lugng hda thach, chic chin gia nang Mgng dien til siic gid se thip han nhilu d Tay Ban Nha nang Mgng dien tit siic gid da dap iing dugc khoang 8% nhu ciu dien nudc va nhd dd, chi tfnh rieng nam 2005, Tay Ban Nha da ngan khdng phat thai de'n 19 trieu tSh CO2 d Dan Mach, mgt dien hinh cdng ve nang lugng gid, vdng 20 nam da nang ty le dien nang til siic gid til 3% len de'n tren 20% can bang dien ca nudc nhu hien (2) Tang dan ty le nhien lieu sinh hoc the he thiif hai va thur ba giao thong, van tai Vl nang Mgng sinh khd'i, nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thd nhdt dugc san xuit til ngu cdc (ngd, khoai, sin), mfa dudng dang tira ngim ciia nhilu y kiln phan bae vi de doa din an ninh Mong thuc va dit dai, vat tu ndng nghiep (phan bdn, hda chii bao ve thuc vat, nudc tudi tieu ) danh cho san xuat hang hda ndng nghiep, kl ca tren diln dan Lien Hifp Qud'c cung cd nhiing y kie'n phat bieu gay gat cho la "tgi ac chd'ng lai loai ngudi" mac du nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thii nhat da mang lai nhiing tac dung dang ke vl giam thieu phat thai eacbon va tiet giam dugc mdt phin nhien lieu til dau khf Ket qua tha'y rd nhit la ehuong tnnh bio-etanol ciia Brazil va My Til nhiing nam 1970, d Brazil da cd ehuong trinh sir dung bio-etanol til mfa dudng vao giao thdng vin tai De'n d Brazil, ethanol tir mfa da thay thi dugc 1/3 xang giao thdng van tai, biodiesel til dau thuc vat da thay the dugc 5% dau diesel diu md d My cd chuang trinh muc tieu dugc ggi la "20 10" (twenty in ten), nghia la 10 nam tdi (2007-2017), se giam miic sii dung xang dau 20%, dd bao gom 5% (tiic 8,5 ty gallons) xang dau chfnh sach tilt giam sit dung va 15% (tiic 35 ty gallons) dugc thay thi bang hd ug ciia bio-etanol pha vao xang Cudc hgp thugng dinh cac qud'c gia nam 2004 tai Bonn (CHLB Dilc) da cung thd'ng nhai mdt chuang trinh muc tieu, din nam 2020 phai thay thi dugc 10-20% Mgng dau tieu thu bang cac dang nang lugng mdi dl keo dai thdi gian sir dung diu md va giam phat thai CO2 Sir dung nMen lieu sinh hgc ciing gdp phan giam phat thai eacbon so vdi nhien lieu hda thach vi thuc vat cd kha nang hip thu CO2 khf quyen thuc Men qua trinh quang hc(p dl tao chai hilu co chiia eacbon tai tao lai cho ta sir dung Tuy nhien, tiiy theo nguon gd'c nhien lieu sinh hgc, kha nang phat thai se khac vi td'c tai tao va Meu suai qua trinh quang hgfp khdng gid'ng Lugng phat thai eacbon ciia bio-etanol til mfa trung binh khoang 30% so vdi xang til diu md, bio-ethanol til ngd trung binh khoang 90% so vdi xang Lugng phat thai eacbon ciia diu diesel sinh hgc (biodiesel) tir dau thuc vat bang khoang 55% Mgng phat thai CO2 cua dau diesel diu md Chuang trinh nhien lieu sinh hgc d Brazil da cho thi'y tac dung khdng nhung giam MOng iing Mgng xang dau nhap khau tugng iing vdi phan nhien lieu thay the ma giam dugc lugfng phat thai CO2 kha ldn, khoang 25,8 trieu tan CO2 mdi nam Tuy nhien, vl nhien lieu sinh hgc Men cd hai xu hudng dang luu y: (i) di vao san xui't va sir dung bio-butanol thay cho bio-etanol vi bio-butanol cd nhieu lgi t h i han bio-ethanol san xuai va sir dung, khdng can lam khan 99,9%; (ii) chuyen hudng san xuat va sir dung nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thii nhai dugc san xuat til ngii cd'c (ngd, khoai, sin), mfa dudng sang san xuat va sir dung nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thd hai dugc san xuai til phe thai long hoac rin sinh hoat va san xuai ndng ngMep va nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thd ba dugc san xuit til cac loai cay hoang dai, khdng phai cay Mong thuc nhu cay Jatropha curcas smh trudng tren vilng dai cin cdi, ddi mii khd han, ciy halophyte sinh trudng vung dai ngap man, cd swichgrass mgc hoang dai, khdng can phan bdn, cham sdc, hoac tao smh trudng dim hd, cac vinh ngoai biln Trong ba the' he nhien lieu sinh hgc ndi tren, nMen lieu sinh hgc the he thU ba dang dugc dac biet quan tam vi giai phap cho phep phat triln ben viing, khdng dgng cham din van dl nhay cam an ninh Mong thuc cua loai 666 ngudi Viec tang dan ty le nhiSn lieu sinh hgc the he thii hai va thii ba giao thdng van tai gdp phin quan trgng giam phat thai eacbon ma khdng bi mgt Mc can nao han ehl nhu dang xay hien ddi vdi nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thii nhai Chuyen han sang cong nghe than sach (clean coal technology): "chia khoa" cua thang lofi cuoc chien giam phat thai eacbon thi'ky 21 Than la ngudn nang Mgng hda thach cd tilm nang rai ldn, trii lugfng xac minh cua nguon nang Mgng din 566 Gtoe, [4] mUc sir dung hang nam chi cd 2,26 Gtoe Vi vay thdi gian CO the sii dung nguon tdi nguyen ndy phdi cdn den tren 250 ndm! [5] Trong nguon tai nguyen dau khf cd the sdm can kiet vao cudi the ky ciing nhu nguon tai nguyen dau phai tiet giam sir dung, tien tdi ngung han dl danh lam nguyen lieu cho nganh tdng hgp hda hgc hiiu eg, ngudn tai nguyen than se la tai nguyen hoa thach tru cot thay the cho dau khf, vay nhilu qud'c gia da dua cac k l hoach sir dung than nhu mdt ngudn nang lugng chfnh ciia t h i ky 21, dam nhan vUa cung cap nhu ciu nang lugng cho san xuai dien nang va nhiet nang, vila cung cap nhu cau nhien lieu thay the cho nhien lieu til dau khf Do dd, dl cd the sir dung than lam nguon nang Mgng chfnh the ky 21, ddi hdi nhai thilt phai thay the cdng nghe su dung than truyin thd'ng (dugc xem la cdng nghe than ban) bing cdng nghe than sach, vdi tong phat thai eacbon bang Co the noi, sut dung than bang cong nghe than sach mang tinh chat quyet dinh viec chuyen sang nen kinh te it eacbon the ky 21 dugc cong hay khong (1) Thu va chon giCr COj (Cacbon Capture and Sequestration - CCS) cac nguon phat thai cacbon de co mure phat thai COj bang Cdng nghe than sgch (clean coal technology) [6] khdng phai la cdng nghe sir dung than da dugc rira sach ma thuc chai la cdng nghe sir dung than khdng cd phat thai cacbon, tiic phat thai CO2 bang Cdng nghe than sach ddi nghieh vdi cdng nghe than bdn (dirty coal technology) hien phat thai rai nhieu CO2 d cac nha may dien chay bing than, la nguyen nhan cua bie'n doi khf hau Ban chai cua cdng nghe CCS la khf CO2 tao ddt than true tiep se tach ra, thu lai, nen ep, chuyen chiing sang dang CO2 khf nen cao ap hoac dang CO2 hoa long va chdn giii long dai, dudi day bien Cac dang CO2 da dugc chuyin hda se dugc vin chuyin bang tau hoac dng din de cat giii chiing dudi day bien sau, hoac bum ep xud'ng cac via dau khf da khai thac gin hit tan dung la'y them diu khf, hoac chdn giii vao nhirng via dau khf da ngung hoat ddng, hoac bam ep xudng cac via than khdng the khai thac bang nd vi chiia nhilu khf metan dl khai thac than d cac md Cdng nghe ep via bang CO2 dl tan thu diu da dugc iing dung thuc te nhu d My, Argentina, Trinidad, Canada, Biln Bae Gan day, 2/4/2008, tJc cdng bd da bat dau thuc hien cdng nghe CCS diu tien ciia minh, tiln hanh thu gom khoang 110.000 tan khf CO2 thai til cac nha may dien va nen xud'ng mgt md khf thien nhien da khai thac can dl chdn giii d sau tren 2000m tai bang Victoria, gan thi trin Warrnambool (2) Thu va chuyen hoa CO2 (Cacbon Capture and Conversion - CCC) cac nguon phat thai cacbon de co mure phat thai CO2 bang Giai phap CCS ndi tren d mdt chfitng muc nao dd mang tfnh chii ddi phd bi dgng, thieu bin vimg, tdn kem nhieu, tdi thieu khoang 80-100 $US/ta'n CO2 (chua tfnh khoang each giQa nguon phat thai CO2 va dia dilm chdn cat qua xa khd cd thi thuc hien dugc) Hgn nQa su an toan ciia cac giai phap ndi tren khdng phai la tuyet ddi, CO2 cd the bi rd ri thoat nhQng nai chdn cat cac bien dgng dia chai, dut gay cac dia ting, hoac hoat dgng niii lira Bang chiing la tham hoa gay tir vong 667 VI ngat thd CO2 cho 1.700 dan cu va ddng vat d Cameroon (Tay Phi) nam 1986 mii lira dudi ho Nyos bat ngd hoat dgng keo theo cho mgt khdi Mgng ldn CO2 bao hda nudc hd thoat Gan day da xuai hien mgt hudng rai mdi [7], xem CO2 nhu mdt nguyen lieu hda hgc chila cacbon, cin thu lai de chuyen hda hda hgc tir CO2 nhd cac chai xiic tac dac hieu cac san pham cd lgi nhu cdc hoa chdt hiiu co hoac cdc logi nhien lieu thay the nguyen lieu ddu khi, khdng xem CO2 nhu mgt chat thai, mgt "thu pham mdi trudng" cd hai ddi vdi khf hau trai dai, nen khdng nhit thiet phai thu lai de chdn da'u sau dudi long dai vinh viln vila ton kem, vila thieu an toan Nguon CO2 hoat dgng ngudi thai va nguon CO2 khf quyln trai dai se la ngudn nguyen lieu vo tan cho san xuai cac san phim huu ca chiia cacbon va cac loai nhien lieu, cho phep thay the dau khf dang gan can kiet Vi vay, dl xay dung nen kinh te ft cacbon, gdp phan cdng cudc chiln chd'ng bien doi khf hiu cho tuang lai, thay vi nghien ciiu thu vd chdn cat CO2 (Cacbon Capture and Sequestration - CCS), hien the gidi dang chuyen manh sang hudng nghien cQu thu va chuyen hoa CO2 (Cacbon Capture and Conversion - CCC) Rat nhieu hgi nghi, hgi thao khoa hgc chuyen dl ve chuyin hda va sir dung CO2 lien tie'p dugc to chQc tren the gidi, tQng khu vuc hoac tiing nudc Chi dan cit Hgi nghi Qud'c te'vi su dung cacbon dioxide (International Conference on Cacbon Dioxide Utilisation - ICCDU) to chQc nam 1991 tai Nagoya (Nhat Ban), tim quan ttgng cua van dl, hgi nghi da quyet dinh tie'p tuc cQ hai nam mgt lan to chQc ICCDU dl trao ddi nhiing hudng nghien cQu mdi nhit va thdng bao nhirng tuu khoa hgc dat dugc linh vuc d cac nudc va ICCDU tai Nagoya dugc xem la ICCDU-1 Cac Hgi nghi tilp sau ICCDU-2 (1993) da dugc to chQc tai Bari (Italy), ICCDU-3 (1995) tai Oklahoma (Hoa Ky), ICCDU-4 (1997) tai Kyoto (Nhat Ban), ICCDU-5 (1999) tai Karlsruhe (DQc), ICCDU-6 (2001) tai Breckenridge (Hoa Ky), ICCDU-7 (2003) tai Seoul (Han Qud'c), ICCDU-8 (2005) tai Oslo (Thuy Diln), ICCDU-9 (2007) tai Kingston (Canada), gan day nhit, ICCDU-10 (thing 5-2009) tai Thien Tdn (Trung Qud'c) Qua cac ky ICCDU da xuai hien Miilu hudng nghien cQu mdi, ro nhii la theo hudng tim each su dung nguon CO2 true tiep tQ cac khdi Id cdng nghiep khdng qua phin ly rieng, khdng can lam sach dudi dang CO2 tinh khiet va de thuc hien dugc dilu dd phai tim kilm nhQng chai xuc tac mdi de thyc hien qua trinh chuyen hda CO2 khdng tinh sach dilu kien mem ve nhiet do, ap suai cac san phim cd ich nhu san pham nang Mgng va san pham hda hgc huu eg khac (metanol, hgp chai cacbonat vdng, axit formic, ) (3) Ap dung cong nghe than sach san xuat dien nang b cac nha may dien theo cong nghe truyen thong Than d the ky 20 da dugc su dung nhu nguon nang Mgng chfnh de san xuit dien tren toan the gidi nhung diu thugc vl cdng nghe than ban Hien cd khoang 1.200 GW cdng suat dien dd't than Uen toan the gidi, chiem khoang 40% tong lugng dien phat ra, kem theo la 40% lugng phit thai CO2 cua thi gidi Khi gia dau tang len nhu Men nay, ty trgng than san xuit nang Mgng tren the gidi da tang manh Theo Bdo cdo Phdt trien Con ngudi 2007/2008, [8] cac nudc Trung Qud'c, Ai Dd va My da gia tang dac biet cdng suai phat dien chay bang than thdi gian va nhQng nam sip tdi Nam 2006, udc tfnh mdi tuan d Trung Qud'c xay them nha may dien ddt than mdi My cd de an xay dung tren 150 nha may dien dot than cho tdi nam 2030 vdi mQc diu tu 145.000 ty USD, Idii dd, an Do cung cd ke hoach tang han 75% cdng suat phat dien bang than vdng 1() nam tdi Dilu dang quan tam la cac nha may dien chay bang than la nguon phat thai CO2 rai ldn so vdi nha may dien chay bang xang dau Mgt nha may dien chay bang than tieu bilu hang nam ed'the thai 3.700.000 tan CO2, vl vay cung vdi viec tang ty trgng su dung than cac ngudn nang Mgng, sy gia tang phat thai CO2 la khdng Uanh khdi va ne'u khdng thyc hien tdt bien phap thu va cit giQ CO2, dilu din den nguy ca the gidi se vugt qua ngudng an toan vl nong CO; ong kM 668 quyen Vi vay, dl cac nha may dien chay bang than ndi Uen cd the tdn tai t h i k y 21, budc phai lip dat them cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC de dat mQc phat thai cacbon bang 0, neu khdng phai ddng cua hoac phai ddng thul phat thai cacbon rat cao de'n mQc khdng chiu noi vl gia dien nang (4) Ap dung cong nghe than sach san xuat dien nang theo cong nghe mdi: Cong nghe Chu trinh Men hoan lioa tich hdp (Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle - IGCC) San xuai dien nang theo cdng nghe truyin thd'ng (tQc cdng nghe cu) cd hieu suai chuyen hda nang Mgng thap va phat thai nhilu CO2, nhilu dgc hai tQ phan ciia than De nang cao hieu suai chuyen hda nang Mgng va khdng phat thai cacbon phu hgfp vdi ddi hdi cua t h i ky 21, the gidi dang chuyin hudng dan sang cdng nghe mdi: cdng nghe san xuai dien tfch hgp vdi san xuai cac nguon nang lugfng khac bang cdng nghe than sach Dd la cdng nghe san xuat theo chu trinh hda tich hgp IGCC (Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle) Trong cdng nghe IGCC, than khdng sQ dung ddt tryc tiep cac Id hai de san xuai dien nhu hien nay, ma trudc tien dugc tie'n hanh hod Id khf hda (gasifier) ting chat hoac tang sdi bang oxygen (hoac khdng khf) va hai nudc dl tao nhien lieu khf cd phan chu yeu chiim tren 85% la hydrogen (H2) va cacbon monoxide (CO), dugc ggi la tong hgp hay syngas, nhiing phin cdn lai nhu nitrogen oxide (NOJ:), luu huynh oxide (SOx) se dugc loai bd hoan toan cac thiet bi lam sach tilp sau Khf syngas da sach dugc su dung nhu khf thien nhien cung cip cho cac nha may san xuai dien theo chu trinh phat dien hdn hgp bao gom phat dien bang tudc bm khf (gas turbine) va tie'p sau, lgi dyng nhiet thQa sau tudc bin khf san xuai hai nudc dl phat dien bang tudcbin hai (steam turbine) Phan hai nudc cdn lai cho trd vl Id khf hoa, cung cip hai nudc cho phan Qng khf hda Phin khdng khf tQ sau tudc-bin gas sau phin chia, tach oxi cung dugc cho trd vl Id khf hda de cung cap oxi cho phan Qng khf hda Cac nha may IGCC cd kem theo su dung cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC la phuong an cd chi phf tha'p hon so vdi ap dyng cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC lip dat vao cac nha may dien ddt than hien Viec ap dyng cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC tat nhien se tang them chi phf cho cac nha may dien dot than len de'n 35-60%, gia dien se tang len Theo tfnh toan cua Ca quan Ndng lugng The gidi (lEA), gia dien theo cdng nghe IGCC la 1,371 USD/kW, nlu lip them cdng nghe CCS, gia dien tang len 1,860 USD/kW, nhung doi lai se dat mQc phat thai cacbon bang 0, lai khdng bi danh thul phat thai cacbon cung nhu khdng cd phat thai NOx, SOx: Hien tai, cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC chua dugc ap dung rdng rai d cac nha may san xuai difn nang theo phuang phap cu hoac phuang phap mdi IGCC vi cdn qua dat dd, song tuang lai, the gidi ap dat mQc thul phat thai cacbon len 60-100 USD/tan CO2 cho cac nha may dien ddt than, viec ap dyng cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC se trd nen bat huge vi khdng cdn dudng nao khac Day se la eg hgi chuyen doi toan bg cdng nghe dot than vdi phat thai cacbon cao sang cdng nghe mdi vdi phat thai cacbon tha'p hoac cdng nghe phat thai cacbon bang ddng thdi khdng cd phat thai NOx, SOx He thdng CCS hoac CCC cdn cd the ap dyng de ghep ndi vdi cac Id hai Id nung xi mang, Id nung vat lieu xay dung sQ dyng nhien lieu la khf thien nhien hoac dau DO, FO hien nhim dap Qng chuang trinh giam phat thai cacbon chd'ng bien doi khf hau toan cau cho thi ky 21 Cdng nghe IGCC cho phep su dyng than san xuat dien vdi hieu qua chuyin hda nang lugng nhiet rit cao, mQc phat thai CO2 thip, mQc phat thai NOx, SOx bang so vdi su dyng than san xuai dien hien Cdng nghe cdn dugc ap dyng dl su dyng nhiing nguon nang Mgng khac cd phat thai d nhilm cao nhu can dau FO nhilu luu huynh, can coke cua dau md, TQ nam 1990 din Lien minh chau Au (EU) va My da xiy dung nha may trinh diln cdng nghe IGCC, nhQng nha may 669 chQng mmh da dat mQc hieu suit chuyin hda nhiet eao vdi mQc phat thai cacbon thip, mQc phat thai cacbon Mcmg duang vdi mQc phat thai su dyng khf thien nMen (5) Ap dung cong nghe than sach san xuat dien nang ket hdp v6i san xuat nhien lieu thay the nhien lieu tii dau SQ dyng than san xuai dien nang kit hap vdi san xuat nhien lieu khf va cac loai nhien lieu long thay the cho nhien lieu di tQ dau khf nhien lieu khf ve co ban gid'ng nhu qua trinh san xuai dien nang theo cdng nghe IGCC, nhung tren ca sd hai phin hydrogen (Hj) va cacbon monoxide (CO) cua khf tdng hcrp syngas dugc su dyng thyc hien phan Qng tdng hup FischerTropsch dl san xuit hydrocacbon : (2n+l)Yi2 + nCO ^ C„H(2n+2) + «H20 Cac san pham thu dugc tQ qua trinh tong hgfp Fischer-Tropsch bao gom nhiing hydrocacbon tQ Idif din ldng va rin, thugc vao ty le Hj/CO, nhiet va chit xuc tac Cac hydrocacbon C1-C2 su dyng de thay the khf thien nhien, cac hydrocacbon C3-C4 sQ dyng dl thay the kM dau mo hda long LPG, san phSm ldng C5-C10 su dyng de thay thi xang, cac san pham Cl 1-C20 sQ dyng de thay thi kerosen va diesel, cac san phim rin C21-C60 Mong tu nhu wax parafin Thyc ra, phuang phap tong hgp Fishcher-Tropsch dugc nghien cQu tQ nam 1920 da dugc tie'n hanh d quy md cdng nghiep tQ thdi gian chien tranh the gidi thQ II, giai quyet sy khan hiem nhien lieu xang va nhien lieu diesel dl cung ea'p cho cudc chien Khi chiln tranh ket thuc, hudng san xuai nhien lieu long tong hgp nhin tao cung din din ngung lai gia nhien lieu long tQ than qua cao, khdng canh tranh dugc vdi nhien lieu long tQ dau khf Tuy nhien, tQ sau nhirng cudc khung hoang dau md nhiing nam 70, ngudn cung vl diu md bi de doa da lam cho nhilu nude chu dgng quay trd ve chuang trinh san xuat nhien lieu long tQ than tren ca sd nguyen ly cdng nghe tdng hgp Fischer-Tropsch trudc day, nhung dilm khac biet la dua vao cdng nghe than sach de khdng cd phat thai cacbon qua trinh san xuat My va cac nudc Chau Au, Nhat Ban chu dgng trd vl nghien cQu va phat trien hudng san xuit nhien lieu thay the tQ than theo cdng nghe mdi, nhu nhilu cdng ty nhu Shell OU, Chevron (Texaco), Exxon Mobil, Phdng thi nghiem Cdng nghe qud'c gia (NETL) thudc Bg Nang Mgng My da xiy dung cac nha may pilot hoac nhilu nha may san xuS^t Men dai thdi gian gin day bang cdng nghe than sach Hien nay, My dang cd chuang trinh den nam 2016, nhien lieu long san xuai bang qua trinh tong hgp Fischer-Tropsch tQ than vdi viec ap dyng cdng nghe than sach se thay the khoang 1/2 Mgng nhien lieu long dung quin dgi ma khdng can thay ddi dgng co, chu yeu la khdng lye Hoa Ky, nhd dd gdp phin giam dugc quan trgng Mgng dau nhap kh^u cho mye dfeh quan sy [9] (6) Cong nghe than sach san xuat chat mang nang lUdng hydrogen Hydrogen la chSlt mang nang Mgng rat sach va cd y nghia quan trgng tuong lai, chang nhung lam nhien lieu thay the linh vyc nhien lieu cho giao thdng van tai, ma linh vyc san xuat dien nang Su dyng than san xuai dien vdi phat thai cacbon bang cung nhu khdng phat thai cac chai d nhilm SOx, NOx dugc thuc hien bang cdng nghe IGCC va CCS, CCC kei hop nhien he thd'ng Ichdng su dyng toan bd khf syngas da dugc lam sach de san xuai dien m i da lay mgt nhanh de san xuit hydrogen (Hj) nhd vao phdn Ung chuyen vi khi-hai nudc (WaterGas SMft) tren eg sd khf cacbon monoxit (CO) - mgt phan khf tong hcrp syngasCO + H2O ^ H2 -(- CO2 Khf CO2 cua cac qua trinh tren dugc tach va thu giu theo cdng nghe CCS hoac chuyen hda theo cdng nghe CCC 670 Phdn Ung chuyen vi hcfi nudc de san xuat hydrogen la phan Qng da dugc ap dung cdng nghiep hda hgc tQ the ky trudc nhim san xuai hydrogen vdi tu each nhu mgt nguyen lieu hda hgc, ma khdng phai chai mang nang lugng Hydrogen cdng nghiep hda chai dugc sQ dung nhu mgt tac nhan hydrogen hda lam sach cac san pham chQa luu huynh, chQa cac lien kit khdng no cac san pham diu khf, dac biet lam nguyen lieu hda hgc de tong hgp amoniac (NH3) san xuat phan bdn urea hoac dl tong hgp metanol va cac hoa chai Nam 2004 tren the gidi da san xuai khoang 170 trieu ta'n hydrogen cho cdng nghiep hda hgc, trung binh mdi nam tang khoang 10% san Mgng, dd 1/2 dugc sQ dyng dl san xuii amoniac va phan bdn, cdn lai chu yeu de ehl bie'n dau nang (hydrocracking) va lam sach san pham diu md Tuy nhien, cdng nghe san xuat hydrogen lam nguyen lieu cdng nghiep hda hgc hien tQ than la dua tren cdng nghe than ban, da sinh nhilu khf thai CO2, vi vay de cd thi tiep tyc san xuai hydrogen lam tac nhan hoa hgc t h i ky 21 bat huge phai ap dyng cdng nghe than sach, dua them qua tnnh CCS vao Trong tinh hinh mdi, hudng san xuai hydrogen lam chat mang nang lugfng cho nhu ciu nang lucmg cua the ky 21 hien dang dugc dl cap nhu mgt hudng mdi dl phat trien Bg nang Mgng My (US DOE) da khdi dgng Chuong trinh Hydrogen tU than (Hydrogen from Coal Program) [10] giai doan 2004-2015 de nghien cQu, triln khai va trinh diln cdng nghe sQ dyng than san xuai dien va san xuii chai mang nang Mgng hydrogen bang cdng nghe than sach vdi ky vgng bang each ket hgp se nang cao hieu suai chuyin hda nang lugng cua than va gia san pham hydrogen thu dugc Chugng trinh cd ten FutureGen nha nudc va tu nhan hgp tac diu tu de xay dung mdt nha may su dyng than san xuai dien theo cdng nghe IGCC va CCS cd cdng suai 275 MW vdi mQc tong phat thai bang va san xuai chit mang nang lugfng hydrogen vdi gia 0,54 USD/kg, giam 25% so vdi gia hydrogen lam nguyen lieu hda hgc san xuai tQ than hien d cac nha may san xuai amoniac (NH3) ddng thdi nang cao hieu suai chuyen hda nhiet san xuai dien len 60%, gan vdi hieu suai nhiet cua Chu trinh Carnot (Carnot Cycle) Nha may trinh diln du dinh se dua vao van hanh vao nam 2012, vdi muc tieu tap trung san xuai chit mang nang lugfng hydrogen tQ than cho thIky 21 bang cdng nghe than sach Tong hgp lai, hudng su dyng nguon tai nguyen nang lugng than dugc nghien cQu tap trung va ky vgng nhit dl dua than ngudn nang lugng chu Mc cho the' ky 21 bang cdng nghe than sach, khdng phat thai cacbon se la mgt cdng nghe lien hoan gdm nhQng cdng nghe rieng re tren day, tao cac san phdm da dang, bao gom dien, nhien lieu khf thay t h i khf thien nhien hoac khf diu md hoa long (LPG), nhien lieu ldng thay the xang, nhien lieu ldng thay the nhien lieu diesel cua diu khf va chai mang nang Mgng hydrogen (hinh 1) Than Khi hoa Oxy Khi tong hap (syngas)^ • -| Tach oxygen [^ _ Dien H e / nLKfC Chuyen vj khi-hci nu'O'c (Water-Gas Shift) H2+CO2 Khong CO + H2O Lam sach -^ C02 Tuoc bin l