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Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam Hd Not 10/2010 PHirONG P H A P DANH GIA DONG C H A T T H A I RAN N G H I E N CUtJ TAI cAC DO THI LCfiV CUA VIET NAM • • • Ngo Kim C[.]
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Not 10/2010 PHirONG P H A P D A N H G I A DONG C H A T T H A I R A N : N G H I E N CUtJ TAI cAC DO THI LCfiV CUA VIET NAM • • • Ngo Kim Chi, Nguyen Xuan Dung, Pham Quoc Long, Dang Ngoc Phu-gng Vien Hoa hgc cac Hgp chat thien nhien e-mail: chikimngo2008(^gmail.com Tom tat: Bdi bdo trinh bdy mdt phdn ket qud ciia cdc nghien cicu da dupe thuc hien vi sir dung phuang phdp ddnh gid ddng chdt thdi rdn dieu tra hien trgng vd hiiu qud ciia xic ly, thdi bd vd tdi chi chdt thdi rdn tgi tgi cdc thi chinh nhu Hd Ndi, Hdi Phdng, Hui, Dd Ndng, Tp Hd chi Minh Cdc kit qud diiu tra vi luang phdt sinh chdt thdi rdn vd thdnh phdn rdc thdi, diiu tra hiiu qud thu gom, van chuyin rdc Phuong phdp khdo sdt quaphiiu diiu tra, khdo sdt thuc dia, phdng vdn sdu cdc bin lien quan vd md hinh tinh todn vdi sir tro giiip cita mdy tinh la cdc cdng cu cho phep xdy dung cdc phdn tich ddng chdt thdi rdn, xdy dung quy hogeh tdng thi vi chdt thdi rdn theo cdc tiiu chi gidm thiiu phdt sinh thdi nhd kinh cd liin quan din viec xie ly vd thdi bd, tdi che rdc tir cdc ngudn Cdc md hinh cdng nghe thich hpp di thuc day 3R: Gidm thiiu-Tdi chi-Tdi sir dung cdn som duac chii trpng thuc hien di ngdn chdn, gidm thiiu tich cue vd hiiu qud cdng som cdng tdt cdc ngudn chdt thdi nguy hgi Abstract: The paper cover partial results of the research carried out to determinate the actual and effectiveness of municipal solid waste treatment, disposal, recycling based on the results of application of the methodology of evaluating solid waste flow in major urban areas: Hanoi, Haiphong, Hue, Danang, Hochiminh cities of Vietnam The resulted surveys on waste generation rate and composition as well as the time and motion on solid waste collection and transportation study as well as the questionnaire, field trips and in deep interview surveys and the computer aided calculation methods were basic scientific tools for building up the waste flow analysis and master plan of municipal solid waste Ln addition, it facilitates to set up the indicators for waste reduction toward effective GHG emission reduction from waste generators involved in 3R activities in the solid waste treatment, discharging and recycling The appropriate technologies on 3R promotion are needed to be addressed in order to more effectively prevent against hazardous substances more as soon as possible with successful results INTRODUCTION According to the results of the population censuses collected on 01/04/2009, the population of Vietnam was 85,789,573 persons, distributed throughout six social-economical regions The rural population growth rate was only 0.4% per year; the urban population growth rate was 3.4% per year [1] In 1999, only 23.5% of the population lived in urban areas, but in 2009 this figure had risen to 29.6% At the October of 2009, there were 223 industrial parks (IPs) in the country [2,3] The purpose of this paper is summary the results of MSW survey based on 193 Tiiu ban: Moi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7 waste flow analysis method have been used to evaluation the MSW and create the waste flow analysis tools to analyze the MSW in the study are as well as the propose for develop integrated 3R in Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in cities of Vietnam [2,4] METHODS Eight major urban cities and provinces (Hanoi, Haiphong, Hue, Da Nang, Ho Chi Minh cities and Dong Nai, Binh Duong, Ba Ria - Vung Tau) were selected as study areas Existing data was collected from the Statistics Yearbook of Vietnam, Healthcare Statistics Yearbook 2008 [3], National/Provincial report of Environment, Solid Waste Management (SWM) survey in Hanoi and other cities based on methodology of quantitative and quality of MSW survey [8, 9], methodology of Time and Motion survey on MSW in Hanoi 2008-2009 [10], the methodology of Industrial, Medical waste survey were taken [2] The calculation of GHG emission and reduction based on IPCC guideline [6, 15] The field trip survey at landfill sites, interviews with provincial Departments of Natural Resource and Environment (DONREs), Urban Environmental Company (Urenco), Waste Collection and Treatment Facilities (WCTFs) Related studies have been referenced [1-16] RESULTS AND DISCUSS a Solid waste management actual situation (l)MSWgeneration rate: According to the survey on SWM in Hanoi in 2008, the average rate of domestic waste generated was 545 - 572 g/person/day [8, 9] in sites of Hanoi during summer time (rainy season) Another study was done in the winter of the year 2009 (dry season) presented result of 462 g/person/day' The domestic waste from the city per person was higher than the household waste generated rate and depending very much on the urbanization and the rate of urban population Urban municipal solid waste volume analysis of Hanoi and HCM cities was showed the rate of 0.98- 1.0 kg/person/day^ for the urban area and average of 0.73 kg/person/day- 0.85 kg/person/day for the whole cities during the year 2008-2009^ Fig presented MSW generation increase of Hanoi, HCM city causing the high pressure on the target of MSW Management in the fiiture, Fig The collected waste data fi-om other study areas showed that waste generation rate were about 0.65 kg/person/day in Danang^ Hai Phong, Binh Duong; 0.68 kg/per/day in Baria-Vung Tau, 0.73 kg/person/day in Dong nai and 0.6 kg/per/day in Hue city ' Report of NIES, June 3, 2010 on MSWM toward 3R activities, Hanoi ' Report of SWM in Hanoi 2008, Hanoi city, inner core districts, 1,135,500 habitants, waste collection rate ^100% by four Hanoi Urenco enetprises (XNl, XN2, XN3, XN4), total amount was 1,117 tons/day Hochiminh DONRE, Hanoi Urenco data based on actual waste amount at weight bridges 2002-2009 ' 08 (eight) URENCOs's report.,2008: Danang city, 818,300 habitants, waste collection rate was over 96% total amount l,941,800tons/year; Dong Nai province: 2,290,200 habitants, collection rate 71-75% amount 254 ton's/day Hue city: 334,900 people, collection rate 90%, 180-200 tons/day; Baria- Vung Tau: 961,200 habitants- waste collection rate 75%; 700 tons/day; Haiphong: 1,845,900 habitants, collection rate 85%, amount of 020tons/day- Binh Duong: 1,072,000 habitants, waste collection rate 70%, amount of 700tons/day; HCM city: 6,611 e'oOhabitants 'waste collection 95%; 5,527 tons/day; Hanoi: population 3,445,000 habitants at 31 Dec, 2007, waste collection rate 95% amount of 2,511 tons/day (Source: URENCOs; GSO, Vietnam), data of MSW Hanoi and HCM 194 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010 The domestic and industrial waste have been disposed into the non hazardous waste landfill sites due to a lack of proper control from the generated sources, during the waste pathway, transportation and treatment 120 2008 2015 2020 2025 m % of MSW collection and treatment D % of MSW recycled, reused, energy recovered, compsoted Fig 2: MSW collection, percentage of recycled, reused, recovered, composted to 2025 f5J (2) Industrial Waste (IW): The rate of IW recently accounted for 5% to 32.3%'''^'^'''" of municipal waste in the study areas in which the proportion of HzSW was average over 22% compared to total industrial waste, varied depended on the cities and IPs [2,12] (3) Hazardous waste: In the year 2002, the target areas had generated 132,809 tons of the total (160,000 tons in the nation, compared to 73,275 tons in 1999, SOE 2002-2004) This number has been increased rapidly by the growth rate of industrial sector The National IP development with the target of 65,000-70,000 in the year 2015 [12] associated with the increase of hazardous industrial waste The generation rate of HzSW from some existing IPs (0.025 to 0.155 tons/day/ha), resulted in over 0.5 million tons/year was generated in pas year and predicted to be over million ton/year in the year 2015, in which 57% from IPs of the study areas, arising the special attention looking for urgent and suitable solutions of SWM in the IPs and enterprises Fig [2, 4] Industrial w a s t e in IPs 0 - 0 and prediction to tons/day 6,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 I Non HzSW, Tons/year • HzSW, Tons/year Fig 3: Increase tendency of HzSW in industrial parks and prediction to 2015 195 Tieu ban: Moi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7 The hazardous industrial waste was estimated at 0.002 to 1.88 kg/labor per year depended on type of industry [2] The producfion of over 1,200 handicraft villages in the study areas with dye, recycling, metal production, plafing producfion generate about 0.8-1 tons of hazardous waste per day [11,12] Notably, waste treatment and recycling facilifies of plasfic and electronic wastes are growing massively in the recent years These facilities usually invested in simple equipment and made the procurement of thermal burning waste incinerators for waste reduction and were put into operation without any control over toxic substances exposure which causes serious environmental pollufion [12, 13] (1) Potentials for waste recycling: The household waste composition survey taken from the areas of study show results indicating that household waste was made up of the following proportions; the proportion of organic easy composed waste is 55.4%), inert material was neariy 19.2%, paper waste was 8.86%, plasfic waste accounted for 8.74%, glass was found in 4.56%) of waste, metal was neariy 2%, rubber made up 1.06%) of waste, unused cloth was about 0.68%, and hazardous waste ranged from approximately 0.1-0.45% [8,15] (2) Production of composting in study areas: The capacity of exisfing composting plants in the study areas accounts for 15% of total MSW that is generated daily in the study areas Cau Dien composting plant handles 100 tons/day + 3R-JICA pilot model up to 40 tons/day Son Tay (100 tons/day), Gia Lam (100 tons/day), Trang Cat - Hai Phong (200 tons/day), Thuy Phuong (Hue, 200 tons/day) and Ho Chi Minh composting plants (up to 1,300 tons/day), Bien Hoa (400 tons/day) However, the actual consumption of compost is not as good as expected for many reasons including quality, price, market expansion, and services Although compost production of MSW in the study areas has high potential, these plants always operate under designed capacity Nonetheless, the stiady areas need to diversify recycling promotion activities and set up more demonstration models or pilots on organic waste treatment to make the comparison The study area also needs to propose the most suitable technique solution for organic waste and other recycling materials that are well suited for practice in Vietnamese conditions Another recycling kind of food waste from restaurants, food shops and several residential was swine feeding but this proportion was approximately only about 1.6% of total MSW (3) Waste recycling in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh and in informal sectors of the study areas: Hanoi and HCM are the two leaders in the waste recycling Recognizing the importance of recycling, Hanoi supports the 3R project toward Sound Material Cycle Society and Ho Chi Minh City supports the 3T Craft village: There are over 18 waste recycling craft villages related to Waste of Electronic Equipment (WEE) villages in the study area The turnover of national recycling is over 74.8 million SUS (2008), which is an increase of 16% per year and created jobs for about 90,000 laborers [10, 12, 13, 14] In many cases, almost aU of the places where recycled materials are gathered and processed, called recycling craft villages, are causing large environmental problems for the communities due to the large amounts of pollution emitted by most of the recycling technology and equipment [10-16] It was estimated the volume of MSW is recycled in the urban area of Vietnam was about 22-25% for the year 2008-2009 (4)The manual collection, treatment of solid waste in the study area and waste collected without waste separation at source: The waste collection is almost all done manually from the handcarts to landfills or the waste treatment facilities In addition, hazardous waste from households, business, agricultural and industrial waste was generated and mixed [10] without WSS The collection rate was still low due to limits manpower, facilifies and resources The 196 I Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 nam Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010 WSS is just in initial trial period with difficulties of unawares' generators and the "learning from the best" to disseminate (5) Other hazardous wastes in the study areas: Sludge from the waste treatment system, waste from chemical hazardous from handcraft villages, industry and household (rate of 0.010.45% [8, 9] including batteries, acute, thermometers, light bulbs, and solvents) are dumped daily or open air burning Additionally, the WEE is now rapidly rising approximately about 1.0 kg of WEE/head/year (22,344 tons/year in study areas) [13, 14] An average of 15.5- 18.5 tons/day of healthcare hazardous waste is generated per day in the study areas [2], this volume could be reduced by the good practices of WSS at healthcare facilities Hochiminh city has two incinerators with and tons/day, other cities the destruction of HzHCSW is done in small capacities and batch operation incinerators (normal capacity less than 200 kg/batch) and should be under strict monitoring and operation evaluations, especially for flue gas emission control to sure the reduction of dioxin level b Waste Row analysis and tools for MSW analysis for the GHG potential reduction K'cno i Rccjrclniu RDCiKUnit S a n l a e ft £ncfY^ Tr^iimrt C*mpOHl MalvriidI (Inv Cn^pniCiHit ^ I cue fecdiBg envbpoonictK COMi|K*«lU(N? f Fig 4: Shows the MSW management system flowchart of the studied cities Fig shows the MSW management system flowchart in which the waste treatment and the composition of each input flow presented as following: (l)MSW stream Fo is separation by its composition and contains Food waste (Fd), Wood and Paper, Metal, Glass (WP), and Plastic (PI) These consist of cellulose, cotton originated waste (Cl), Rubber, Leather, Lignin (Lg), an Easy Biodegradable substance (EB), No Biodegradable substance (NB) and ash (As) (2)Recycling included Composting and Re-manufacturing and Swine feeding: One part of MSW is composted at composting plant where Cl and EB are decomposed and Remanufactured in the recycling sites and in type of swine feeding At one part of difficult continue to compost longer time so that B, Cl, EB, and Lg are decomposed Generated gas contains CH4, NH3, and N2O and potential of GHG reduction is calculated based on IPCC method One part of composting residue is recovered as organic fertilizer, and others are landfilled, or incinerated (3) Incineration: One part of MSW is perfected combustion of the combustibles is carried out Generated gas contains only CO2; (4) Landfilling: One part of MSW is disposes at Landfill and anaerobic decomposition is carried out Generated gas contains CO2 and CH4 and potential GHG reduction by CH4 capture and flare 197 Tiiu ban: Moi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7 Table: Mass fractions xF0,iof ingredients i inFO Cities 1= Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Hue, Da Nang, HCM, Dong Nai, Binh Duong i=Fd; i-WP; i=PL Table: Mass fractions of substances j in waste Components: Xi,j Xi,j [-] i =Fd, WP, PL J=Clj=Lgj=EBj=Vo j=As j=Wt Table: Mass fractions of elements k in substance] Substance: j Xi,j [-] xj,k[-]:j=Cl;j=Lg,j=EB,j=NB k: k=C k=H k=N k=0 The results showed that averagely for the recycling as compost the GHG emission reduction could be 0.5 tC02 e/ton of MSW, for landfill with CH4 flare was only 0.250tCO2 e/ton of MSW [15] for remanufacturing or used recycling materials was 0.680 tC02 e/ton of MSW for incineration was about 0.06 tC02 e/ton of MSW and non significant as swine feeding The recycling, re manufactured in the recycling sites and use recycled material are the type of waste treatments permitting to get the maximum GHG reduction DISCUSSION AND THE ORIENTATION SOLUTION 4.1 Importance of basic schemes on planning and legal framework is the key factor to improve the SWM in the study areas The planning in MSWM should be developed to suit the speed of development of the socio-economics and natural resource utilization of the cities by reduction of waste generation per head, increase recycling Together v«th basic schemes and planning on SWM, the Monitoring of the regulations, implementation and strengthening of SWM capacity and improvement ofMSWM fee should be improved and put in proper regulation 4.2 Necessity of technologies Based on the characteristics of waste composition, location, economic perspectives, the appropriate technologies and strong supports for advance models such as establishing the Eco cities or biomass cities' vision in which total biomass and organic waste could be exchanged and converted into either power/heat generation; Etbanol and Biodiesel fuel Fertilizers/feed production and plastics or other materials effective recycling models so that the waste generators will be involved in efficient use of the city biomass and waste resources Apply 3R for recyclable materials: construction waste, food waste, recycling of ashes, waste cooking vegetables, bio diesel fiiel and bio ethanol' other related measures Develop the model on gasification technologies, melfing ftimaces helping in dioxin reduction and complete high temperature combusfion 4.3 Countermeasures against toxic substances: Develop the model on gasification technologies, melting fiirnaces helping in dioxin reduction and complete high temperature combustion Technologies on treatment and recycling mercury/asbestos/cadmium levels by 198 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010 the improvement of recycling technologies for waste batteries, fluorescent bulbs, isolation materials as well as reduce the use toxic heavy metals in production and in plastic bags At the same time, it should implement the measures to reduce POPs amount and level, development of policy toward 3R hazardous waste MSWM 4.4 Improvement of financial source for MSWM With the clear basic scheme and planning, the MSWM need the financial support from Provinces and Government to create favorable conditions for building new MSW recycling, treatment plants to achieve the target in the Integrated MSWM strategy up to the year 2020 toward the restriction of landfill use and greenhouse gas emissions reduction 4.5 Promoting citizen and related stakeholders involvement The citizen, waste generators participated in WSS and their responsibilities, public awareness rising were also importance in waste management Vietnam has adopted legal document framework on SWM integrated with 3R initiatives focused more on recycling and there are still many barriers but the demand on capacity enhancement in 3R and Integrated SWM, especially on hazardous pollution control is highly essential in the coming period ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was supported by the Institute of Natural Products and Chemistry - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology through the co operations, sub contracts and missions during the implementafion of JICA 3R-HN project in Hanoi 2007-2009 and the JICA Study on Urban Environment management in Vietnam 2010-2011 The authors would like to express the great thank to Mr Nguyen Van Hoa, General Director of Hanoi Urenco, Mr H Yamauchi , Mr Y Matsuzawa, Prof S Sakai, Associate Prof M Asari for their supports, comments during the research REFERENCES Initial report on the National Census on population 1st April 2009 (2009), "National workshop on the announcement of the census' results, 2009", General Statistics Office JICA study on improvement of urban environment in Vietnam 2010, "Sub component industrial solid waste and medical waste ", September 2010 GSO of Vietnam, "Statistical data until 2008 (www.gso.vn) and Healthcare Statistics Year Book 2008" Ngo Kim Chi (2010), 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Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010 The domestic and industrial... limits manpower, facilifies and resources The 196 I Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 nam Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010 WSS is just in initial trial period with difficulties of... study on improvement of urban environment in Vietnam 2010, "Sub component industrial solid waste and medical waste ", September 2010 GSO of Vietnam, "Statistical data until 2008 (www.gso.vn) and