Tuygn tap bao cao Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam Diu khi Viet Nam Cff hgi moi, thach thiic moi" 369 T H A C H T H i r C VA C O H Q I DOI V 6 l CONG N G H I E P DAU KHI NHIN T i r G O C DO AN TOAN SlTC K H O E[.]
Tuygn tap bao cao Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam Diu Viet Nam: Cff hgi moi, thach thiic moi" 369 T H A C H T H i r C VA C O H Q I D O I V l C O N G N G H I E P DAU K H I NHIN T i r G O C D O AN TOAN SlTC K H O E VA M O I T R U C J N G Pham Toan Thang Tdng cdng ty Ddu Viet Nam TOM T A T Duai gdc dp an todn sue khoe vd mdi trudng, phdn tich sa bp cdc thdch thirc vd ca hpi ciia cdng nghiep ddu qud trinh phdt triin sap tai trudc khuynh huang ndng cdp cdc tieu chudn vi chdt lugng sdn phdm cd lien quan din mdi trirang vd tieu chudn mdi trudng qud trinh dp dung cdng nghi mai vd thuc hien cdc quy djnh phdp chi vd tu nguyen Tir di din nhdn dinh rdng viec tan dung duac ca hpi chi ddnh cho doanh nghiep ndo biit thich nghi vd cd su chudn bi chu ddo di duong ddu vai thdch thirc MdDAU Cdng tac an toan sue khoe va mdi trudng cd ddng gdp quan trgng cho su phat trien ben vung eua cua cdng nghiep dau 30 nam trudng cda Tdng cdng ty Dau Viet Nam cung la 30 nam trudng cda cdng tac an toan sue khoe va mdi trudng Nhin lai nhung tich da dat dugc thdi gian qua, chdng ta khdng khdi tu hao, phan khdi nhung cung thay trach nhiem cang nang ne cua cdng tac an toan sue khoe va mdi trudng trudc sir phat trien manh me cda cdng nghiep dau Dudi gdc an toan sue khoe va mdi trudng, thuc tien boat dgng cua cdng nghiep dau ludn dat cac thach thde va eg hgi ma viee phan tich chung la can thiet de cd dugc quan diem dung dan ddi vdi qua trinh phat trien cua nd THirC vA CO HOI TRirdC KHUYNH HLTONG N A N G C A P C A C TIEU C H U A N VE C H A T L I J O N G S A N P H A M CO L I E N Q U A N D E N M O I TRirONG THACH vA T I E U C H U A N M O I TRITO^NG Thuc te cho thay neu khdng dy bao dung khuynh hudng thay ddi cac tieu chuan thi viec dau tu khdng the ndi la cd hieu qua Cd the dua rat nhieu vi du ve khuynh hudng thay ddi cac tieu chuan ve chat lugng san pham dau cd lien quan den mdi trudng va tieu chuan ve mdi trudng cua Viet Nam cung nhu cua the gidi C) Viet Nam, ehinh sach bao ve mdi trudng cda Chinh phd Viet Nam the hien rd nd lyc nang cao cac tieu chuan chat lugng nhien lieu xang, diesel va dau ddt theo hudng cang chat che ban Ddi vdi xang: tu 1998, ham lugng sunfua cyc dai giam tu 0,3% (nam 1993) xudng 0,15% Tu 2000, ham lugng benzen cyc dai dugc quy dinh la 5% Tu 2001, xang cd chua chi da bi cam Ddi vdi dau diezen: tu 2002, ham lugng luu huynh cyc dai da giam tu 1% (nam 1995) xudng cdn 0,5%) Ddi vdi diu ddt: tu 2002, ham lugng luu huynh cyc dai la 3,5% Chinh vi da cd cd gang nhu vay nen chac chan nude ta se phai day nhanh viec hoan thien nang cao tieu chuan chat lugng san pham hon nua dl theo kip vdi xu budng toan ciu hoa, trudc mit la theo kip vdi mat bing khu vyc chau A Th^ch thuc va Cff hgi d6i voi cong nghiep dau nhin tir g6c an to^n 370 Bang 1: Tieu chuan moi tru'dng doi vdi nhien lieu tai cac nirdc chau A nam 2002 (Ngudn: The Petroleum Association of Japan) [1] Tieu chudn Xang khdng chi: - Tong luu huynh, %wt - Benzen, %vol - Hgp chat thcmi, %vol Dau diesel: - Tdng luu huynh, %wt Dau dot: - Tong luu huynh, %wt Viet Nam Thdi Lan Inddnexia Malaysia Xingapo Hdn Qudc 0,15 0,1 3,5 35 0,2 0,2 0,5 0,05 0,05 0,1 0,05 0,05 3,5 2,0 3,5 2,5 2,0 1,0 0,05 0,05 35 Cac thay ddi ve tieu chuan thai va nude thai cung da va dang xay So sanh TCVN ve mdi trudng nam 1995 va nam 2001 cho thay khuynh hudng cang nghiem ngat ban chi thdi gian nam Dieu dd ddng nghia vdi cac khoan dau tu cho xu ly chat thai cung cang ldn Cac thay ddi ve tieu chuan chat lugng san pham va tieu chuan mdi trudng cho thai va nude thai cua nha may Igc dau da gay nhung thach thuc ddi vdi nha may lge dau bdi vi phai chi nhieu tien cho sua chua, nang cap cdng nghe de dap ung cac yeu cau moi trudng bat tan bet nam den nam khae Do gia dau thd tang cdng vdi yeu td khien cho lgi nhuan cua nha may lge dau cang it di, chang ban lgi nhuan cua cac nha may Igc dau cd cau hinh cracking xuc tac da lien tuc giam tu 5,5USD/thung vao nam 1993 xudng chi cdn USD/thung vao nam 1999 {Nguon: Chem Systems) [1] Trong cac tieu chuan chat lugng san pham va tieu chuan mdi trudng ve nude thai va thai ludn thay ddi thi ddi cua mdt nha may lge dau lai cd gidi ban vdi mdt cau hinh cdng nghe tuong ddi dn dinh Vi vay, van de dy bao dugc dung khuynh hudng thay ddi tieu chuan dy kiln xay dyng nha may lge diu trd nen mgt thach thuc that su Bang 2: So sanh tieu chuan moi trirdng Viet Nam ve thai cong nghiep khu cong nghiep doi vdi mot so thong so nhiem (mg/Nm^) Thdng sd HCI H2S CO SO2 NOx Amoniac TCVN 5939-1995 (B) 200 500 500 1000 100 TCVN 6991-2001 Cdng nghe cdp A Qi Ko=l Q2 Ko=0,75 Q3 Ko=0,5 120 1,2 300 300 600 60 90 0,9 225 225 450 45 60 0,6 150 150 300 30 Tuygn tap bao cao Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam Piu Viet Nam: Cff hgi moi, thach thiic moi' 371 Tuy nhien, dung vl quan dilm kinh doanh ma ndi tbi ca hdi cung se xuat hien cung vdi thach thuc Viec tan dung dugc ca hdi chi danh cho doanh nghiep nao biet thich nghi va cd sy chuan bi chu dao dl duong dau vdi thach thuc Chang ban xay dung nha may lge dau, cd the ke co hdi cung cap nhien lieu cho mgt thi trudng ndi dia cang md rdng theo nhip dieu phat trien kinh te - xa hgi cua nude ta (Bang ) Bang 3: Nhu cau tieu thij cac san pham dau Ndm Tdng nhu cdu MT Nhu cdu kg/ngudi 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2020 2735 5029 7527 10845 14083 21146 41.8 70.6 97.1 129.6 157.4 211.3 (Ngudn: Bp Thuang mgi) THlTC vA CO HOI TRONG QUA TRINH AP DUNG CONG NGHE Mdl Do nhu cau san xuat - kinh doanh hoae quy djnh phap luat, can thiet phai ap dung cac cdng nghe mdi: cdng nghe khoan slimhole, cdng nghe khdng thai, cdng nghe dap chay khdng dung chat CFC, v.v Dieu dd dan den cac thach thuc mdi Ta cd the lay viec sd dung cac dung dich khoan gdc dau/chat tdng hgp lam vi du Do yeu cau khoan qua cac dia tang dac biet ma tai dd sd dung dung dich khoan gdc nude td khdng phu hgp, nam 1995, MJC da su dung dung dich khoan gdc diu HDF 200 khoan gieng TL-2X Sau dd mdt sd Nha thau da su dung dung dich khoan gdc chat tdng hgp nhu UNOCAL tai 16 B, 48/95, B va 52/97, CLJOC Id 15-1, Conoco Phillips tai Id 16-2 Trong tuong lai, chac chan se cdn nhieu loai dung dich khoan mdi se dugc ap dyng de giai quyet cac yeu cau khoan cy the Tuy nhien, viec dua cac dung dich khoan mdi vao sd dung ludn dat cau bdi: tac dgng mdi trudng cua chdng nhu the nao? lam biet dugc cac bien phap giam thieu da phu hgp chua? v.v Day la thach thuc ddi vdi cdng nghiep dau vi de giai dap dugc cac cau hdi dd can cd cac bien phap hoan thien quy trinh xay dyng va van hanh cung nhu quan ly cd the ban che tac ddng mdi trudng den mdc thap nhat THACH Gia diu nhap khiu tang va cac quy dinh luat phap chdng d nhiem mdi trudng cang nghiem ngat dan den khuynh hudng tim nhien lieu thay the, dac biet la td cac ngudn nhien lieu cd sin tai dia phuang Cd the thyc hien dieu theo hai hudng: hudng thu nhit la su dyng nhien lieu boa thach sach ban: CNG va LPG su dung cho xe eg Hudng thu hai la nghien cuu san xuat cac nhien lieu cd ngudn gdc sinh hgc (chang ban nhu biodiesel) thay thi nhien lieu boa thach truyen thdng Cac thach thuc cua ca hai hudng lien quan din vdn diu tu ban dau, cae khia canh phap ly lien quan den luu hanh phuang tien su dyng nhien lieu mdi, thdi quen cua ngudi su dung, v.v Chinh nhung thach thuc d ca hai khuynh hudng ma cho den nude ta chua trien khai dugc bao nhieu Tuy vay, viec nghien cuu ndi tren cd nhieu hda hen vi dap dng dugc xu hudng cda thdi dai Dac biet hudng sd dung che pham ndng nghiep lam nhien lieu rat can dugc dau tu Thach thuc va CQ- hgi d6i voi cong nghiep dau nhin tii' goc dg an toan 372 nghien cuu vi sd dung dugc cac san pham ndng nghiep cda nude ta de san sinh nang lugng cd the tai tao Bang 4: So sanh chi phi giira LPG, CNG va xang sir dung td [3] Nhien lieu Khodng cdch (km) Lugng nhien lieu Don gid ndm 2002 VND Thdnh tien % gidm chi phi so vdixdng 100 100 100 101 5kg 8NM^ 5400 8000 3000 54000 40000 24000 - Xang LPG CNG 25% 56% THlTC vA CO HOI KHI THlTC HIEN CAC QUY DINH P H A P CHE VA TI/ NGUYEN DE G I A M THIEU DEN MlTC T H A P N H A T S\S CO THACH Thuc te boat ddng cdng nghiep eho thay cac sy cd an toan, sy cd mdi trudng luon tiem an, nhu mdt thach thuc song song vdi qua trinh phat trien cua cdng nghiep va cu moi xay sy cd ldn, cac bien phap ngan ngua, dac biet la cac quy djnh quan ly sau dd lai dugc cung cd, nang cao (Bang 5) Bang 5: Cac bien phap phap che va ty nguyen sau mot so su* cd ldn [4] Su cd Ndm Tdn thdt ve ngudi/mdi trudng Tdn thdt vi tien Seveso, Italia: Phat tan may dioxin tu nha may san xuat chat diet cd Bhopal, An Do: Thoat hai methyl isocyanate 1976 116 chit, 400 ngudi bi thuang 300 trieu Fr Thuy ST CIMAH 1984 470 trieu USD Pieper Alpha, Anh: Chay no gian khai thac d Bien 1988 2500 ngudi chet, 200.000 ngudi bi thuang 167 ngudi chet Chuang trinh quan tam trach nhiem He thdng quan ly an toan BIC 1,65 ty USD cdng vdi ngdng boat ddng Exxon Valdez, Hoa Ky: Tran dau tai Alaska 1989 300.000 thung diu thd ty USD Esso Longford, Oxtraylia:, Chay nd nha may xu ly 1998 ngudi chet, bi thuang 1,3 ty USD Cdc bien phdp qudn ly Bd sung yeu to mdi trudng he thong quan ly An toan Sdc khoe Mdi trudng ? Tuy cac quy dinh cang chat che nhung thyc te sy cd van xay song hanh vdi qua trinh boat ddng cua cdng nghiep diu Do dd, viec giam thieu den muc nhd nhit su cd va khae phuc tdt sy cd mdt xay khdng chi la nhu ciu tuan thu quy dinh cua luat Tuygn tap bao c^o Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nSm Dau Viet Nam: Cff hgi moi, thach thue moi" 373 phap ma cdn vi quyen lgi kinh tl cua chinh don vj san xuat kinh doanh Cdng nghiep dau bugc phai tang dau tu, hoan thien cdng tac san sang dng cuu tinh hudng khan cap, v.v de cd the duong diu vdi thach thuc ve phuong dien an toan mdi trudng Vay thi ca hgi d dau? Ca hdi la d cho giam thieu dugc thiet hai ve ngudi, cua va ngudn lgi tai nguyen, dan den gia san pham thap ban, dan den danh tieng cdng ty cao hon ddi thu canh tranh Ngoai ra, mdt sd doanh nghiep cd the thyc hien mdt sd djch vy ve ung cuu nhu ung cdu sy cd tran diu Cdng nghiep dau kbi la nganh cdng nghiep hien dai va mang tinh toan cau boa cao PetroVietnam can ap dung cac bien phap quan ly lien quan den an toan sue khoe va mdi trudng phu hgp vdi thyc tien dau the gidi Dau tien la cin trien khai thilt lap He thdng quan ly an toan sue khoe va mdi trudng rdng rai tat ca cac don vi thudc PetroVietnam Tuy theo loai hinh boat ddng, cac don vi can ap dyng cac he thdng quan ly dac thu, chang ban OHSAS, ISM Code, v.v Viec cd dugc chung chi he thdng quan ly mdi trudng ISO 14000 cung rat dang khuyen khich, dac biet la ddi vdi cac don vi da cd chdng chi ISO 9000 thi viec cd dugc chung chi ISO 14000 khdng ddi hdi nhieu chi phi Hien nay, cac cdng ty dau d nude ngoai da ap dyng phd bien cac He thdng quan ly ndi tren Neu chdng ta khdng cd chung thi van boa an toan sdc khoe mdi trudng cua cdng nghiep dau Viet Nam se khdng phu hgp vdi mat bang chung cda cdng nghiep dau the gidi, dan den khd boa nhap, gay khd khan cho cac boat ddng san xuat-kinh doanh Dd la ly khien cac dan vi djch vy ky thuat (PTSC, PV Drilling) da di dau viec thiet lap cac he thdng Cac cam ket qudc te ma Viet Nam tham gia (MARPOL, Nghi dinh thu Kyoto, Cdng udc Vien ve bao ve tang dzdn, v.v.) cd quy dinh Id trinh cho phep ap dyng phu hgp nhung khdng the keo dai mai Chang ban, ddi vdi he thdng chdng chay, chung ta can tinh den rang cac chat CFCs, halon se bj cam sd dyng vao nam 2010, v.v Tuy nhien, neu chuan bi tdt chdng ta van tim thay nhung ca hdi tu viec tham gia cac cam ket Chang ban, cd tai lieu dy tinh thj tmdng budn ban CER (lugng giam phat thai nha kinh dugc xac nhan) toan the gidi udc tinh khoang 100 ty USD [5], v.v Trong dd, hien tdng lugng nha kinh phat thai hang nam cua Viet Nam da tdi mdc 120,8 trieu tan CO2 tuong duong vdi mdc 1,54 tan C02/ngudi dd ndng nghiep 57,3 trieu tan (47%), nang lugng 43,2 trieu tan (36%), lam nghiep va chuyen ddi su dung dat thai 12,1 trieu tan (10%) [2] Viec thuc hien cac du an dua ddng hanh bi ddt bd mgt each lang phi tai cac md dau ngoai khai de su dyng dat lien la mgt hudng cd hieu qua ve kinh te (nhat la mdt ap dung dugc cac uu dai cua Dy an Co che phat trien sach), nhung cung la mdt each bao ve mdi trudng tich cyc, nang cao hinh anh cua cdng nghiep dau trudc td qudc va the gidi 374 Thach thiic va co hgi doi voi cong nghiep dau nhin tii goc an toan T Al LI EU THAM KH A o Ngd Duong Hung, 2003 Cleaner fuels and future specification to be applicable for the new refinery-petrochemical complex in Vietnam P' Asian Petroleum Technology Symposium, Hanoi, 22-23/1/2003 Nguyen Cdng Thanh, 2004 Bdi phdt biiu tgi cupc Hpi thdo qudc gia ldn thir Tdng cudng ndng luc thuc hien ca chi phdt triin sgch tgi Viet Nam Ha Ndi, 27-4-2004 Nguyen Vu Thang, Vu Hdng Minh, 2003 Autogas: the choice for a clean environment in Vietnam 1^' Asian Petroleum Technology Symposium, Hanoi, 22-23/1/2003 Hj All Hashim, 2004 Managing environment in Petronas Giao trinh cua Khoa hoc chuang trinh "HSE for ASEAN Countries", Pennata, Malaysia 28-30 June 2004 Wolfgang Jockel, Gunter, 2004 Anh hudng ciia budn bdn phdt thdi a chdu Au ddi vdi cdc du dn CDM d Viet Nam Hdi thao "Cac dy an CDM: Co hgi va thach thde" Co quan Dau tu Phat trien CHLB Due (DEG), Cdng ty Tuv Rheinland Berlin Branderburg va Trung tam Nghien ctJu Nang lugng va Mdi trudng Viet Nam td chuc Ha Ndi Viet Nam, 21-5-2004 ... nguyen, dan den gia san pham thap ban, dan den danh tieng cdng ty cao hon ddi thu canh tranh Ngoai ra, mdt sd doanh nghiep cd the thyc hien mdt sd djch vy ve ung cuu nhu ung cdu sy cd tran diu... cd tran diu Cdng nghiep dau kbi la nganh cdng nghiep hien dai va mang tinh toan cau boa cao PetroVietnam can ap dung cac bien phap quan ly lien quan den an toan sue khoe va mdi trudng phu hgp vdi... chet, 200.000 ngudi bi thuang 167 ngudi chet Chuang trinh quan tam trach nhiem He thdng quan ly an toan BIC 1,65 ty USD cdng vdi ngdng boat ddng Exxon Valdez, Hoa Ky: Tran dau tai Alaska 1989 300.000