tinh d Viet Nam He thdng dd tl tUdng dUdng vdi eae dd thj logi G Loai chinh qnyea Phiratig tai cac do thi Ioai 1 tnnr^Dpc trung inmg t ro len Qnan tai do thj loai dac biet Qnan tai do tbi loai 1 t rvc[.]
tinh d Viet Nam He thdng dd tl tUdng dUdng vdi eae dd thj logi G Loai chinh qnyea Hien tai D^xnit Phiratig tai cac CdHDND thi Ioai tnnr^Dpc trung inmg t r o len Bo HDND v i s ^ nha^ I91 thinh phucmg ldn Qnan tai thj loai dac biet CoOix HDND Hinh dunh quyen co scr mdi vdi d i y du HDND v i UBHC Qnan tai tbi loai trvc thnoc t m n g CdSix HDND Bo HDND cip quin m i hinh fhJnh quyen Ihi ttiong nhit mpt cip thi loi v i trao quyen gan nhu cap tinh Do thi loai 3-4 Co hai c ^ phircfngvi phfi Bo cip phucmg v i hinh thinh mot c ^ chtnh quyen d6 thi l i cip co so nhung trao quyen ldng hon hien tai Do thi loai Mpt cip Cho biu thi tiucmg giong xa tiudng, vin le thuoc vao huyen ve chuyen mon nhung ve mat xa boi tang tfaih tucbu Do thi loai trvc thnoc tilth Co hai c ^ phucmg va thinh Bo cap phuong va hinh thinh thi loi quin ly rieng thinh mpt cap, trao quyen rpng rii cho ••hinh quyen th| loi, ben ngoii d^ tinh quin ly va ton tai cac thi ngoai vi quin ly tu chu Do thi loai true thnoc trting tiDUg Cobacap phudng, quan,va Ihanh phfi Bo HDND cap phudng v i quin, hinh thinh mpt chinh quyen thi loi quin Iy rieng diinh mpt cap trao quyen rpng rii cho chinh quyen thi loi, Ixn ngoii de tinh quin Iy v i ton tai cic thi ngoai vi quin ly tu chu toin dien HaXoi Cobacip phircmg, qu3n,vi phd Hai cap Ifinh diinh chinh quyen cO scf mdi tuong duong cap quan vdt day du HDND v i UBHC Tren la cap phd Cap naytrong vung IOI thi cQng l i mdt cap chinb quyen ffhitpg lut gpn hon, phin fhia ttach nhiem cho quan, quan \y it hOn so vdi tinh Huyen quin ly khic so vdi quan m d i TP.HCM Cobacap phucmg, quan,va Hai cap Hinh rhinh qpiyen CO sd mdi tuong dudng cap quin vdi d ^ dii HDND v i UBHC d b o n ^ ve tinh v i dd thi loi, huyen BJing 2: de xulft Ihay doi mo hinh chfnh quy^n thi d Viet Nai Nguon: t^c gia I.XD 56 70 2014 -1^ I Quy hoach & | qua la mpt tnam khao hiiu ich cho eac qudc gia troi ng nghiep hda va dd thj hda Hoa Ky da dat dupe := ^:^- ^.-^- •- • .• tyu dang k h f - - ' • • - ' trudng Phong trao •"• ua Ngay Trai dai c Dao luat ve ngudn nudc sgch nam 1972, Dao luat bao ton va khdi phye eac nguon tai nguyen na dUdc xay dyng nham lam " nhidm ngng ne, Trong so n; mdi trudng dUpc hinh Nam 1972, quoc hdi My thdng qua nhu'ng dieu khoan sCfa doi quan trpng cua Dgo luat Kiem sc qua lan dau nam 19-^ °^ "'"''' ciia quoc gia ehu yi bp lugt ve nudc dUpe b£ ,.^.| , CO traeh nhiem vasygia,,, „ „ , ,.w lien bang (trong dd chii yeu la Co quan bao ve mi (USEPA) HUdng I " nguon nude nhan dupc sang Kiem soai cnai inai ao tm va cnai inai Quan ly tong hdp tai nguyen nUdc la nfidt qua trinh quan ly tai nguyen nudc dong thdi cd tinh den nhifng mye dich sif dyng nUdc khae Quan ly long hdp tai nguyen nudc cho phep cung elp dii thyc an, didu kien tang dd thi, nang IUdng va e^c djch vy cd gia tri khae dong thdi van tri mdt mdi trydng lanh manh Hoa Ky, nhiing hoat dong nhu vgy di§n tai cap dia phydng, ti^u bang va lien bang, vdi su hpp tac ciia rat nhieu cac cd quan, cac to ehyc phi chinh phii, khu vuc tu nhan, va ca nhan eac cdng dan He thong ve sinh sinh thai Gan day, tren the gidi da hinh mdt phUdng thyc tiep can mdi ve smh mdi trUdng, dd la vfe sinh sinh thai, Md hinh dhm bad sy can bang va phu hop glGla nhu eau va khk nang, dya tren sy phat huy tdi da vai trd cua ngUdi sif dyng phue vy ve sinh, bao gom ca thoat nudc, xu ly nUdc thai Md hinh dUa tren nguyen tie ed b^n: Ngan ngya nhilm hdn la xii ly d nhilm sau da xay ra; Tach neng nude tieu va phan, Sii dyng cac sSn ph^m mdt each an toan de phue vu eho ndng nghiep, cay Dgc trUng cd ban cua ve smh sinh thai la ngan ngya d nhilm va b^nh tat lien quan den phan ngUdi, quSn ly nUdc tieu va ph&n nhU mdt nguon tai nguyen hdn la chat thSi va phk\ thu hoi, iai che, tai sif dyng cac chat dmh dudng He thong ve smh smh thai ben vQng se hko ton dUdc sycan bang tU nhien ven cd, Theo hUdng tiep can nay, nUde tieu, phan dUpe tach va xii ly neng de loai bo nhflng smh vat gay benh roi dUa di sif dyng Cac chat dmh dUdng chfla phan va nudc ti^u co th^ xif ly hay tai che va sii' dung nong nghifep Mdt bo phan quan trpng ciia vd sinh smh thai la ho xi de phan ehia va lyu giQ neng nydc tieu va phan trudc thu hoi va tai sii dung Chien iypc ve smh sinh thai dUpc ap dung se dam bao cho viec thu gom, x& ly rieng biet phan, nude tieu va nudc xam, dd se giam thieu duyc nhu eau dung nude Da so cac dgo lugt deu trang bj cho chlnh quyen lien bang cac cdng cy thUc thi iuSt phap mdi Ngoai quyen xif phat dan sy va u : „ i — iioi-r.A _ i _ i — i _ «™u i,„ _:.;™ ""'fong fai va yBu ap phep bao cao, NhQng sfla doi, bo sung " t nude sgeh da tap trung vao kiem soat cae mm 176 quy dinh xif ly chat thai dde hgi tfl lycdndUdegpiiaquy Hien nay, chfnh phu kiem soat mpi mat cOa qua trinh xif ly chat thai ddc hgi, bao gom van ehuyen, xif ly, luu giO va xa thai Bang each sif dung hang logt cac cdng cy thyc thi lugt phap, chinh quyen lien bang va ehinh quyen eae bang hien ed the theo ddi, quan ly Thanh Erdos nSm phia Tay Nam khu ty tn Ndi Mdng, thudc phia B k Trung Quoc, dang dUdc bife't den vdi du an ve sinh ben vdng mang ten phe smh thai Erdos T ehflc Hdp tac Phat then quoc 1e Thuy Dien (SIDA) tai tr? Sau nam then khai dy an, cu6i nam 2005, hon 830 hd gia dinh da chuyen vao eac chung cU va hien dang hudng ioi tijdUan, Diem doc dac ciia chung cfl la he thong v6 sinh rieng biet vdi tfnh nang thu gom - phan lap nfldc tieu va phan, xii ly nydc thSi tfl nha b^p va may giat, phan ioai va thu gom rac thSi khd, ehe phan trdn va tai sfl dung ndng nghiep He thd'ng xu iy chat thai chung eU hogt dpng nhu sau: Phan dudc dfla XUdng tang ham chungeyvatr06dd3hoac4thangtry6e chuyen den nha may xi/ ly phan trdn de bdn cho hoa mau; nudc tieu dudc tap trung hfi thd'ng bon chiJa am Idng dSt va sau dd dfldc xfl iy de tai dung canh tac, nfldc th&i sinh hoat cung duoc xfl ly tai cho va tai sif dyng de tudi cay e6; chat th&i ran thi dflpc phan loai va tai che, chat thcu hflu cd thi trdn vdi pheui Va nhfl the he thong ve smh sinh thai tao mdt chu trinh khep km Cdn ngudi -> nude tieu va phSn -> phan bdn an toan -> dat -> cay tfong -> thuc pham -> eon ngUdi lf.XD Sd70 2014 DU an mang lai mdt giai phap ve sinh ben vflng, giam mfle d nhilm xuong bSng khdng va gdp phan bao v6 mdi trydng Md hlnh dd thi sinh thai thich hdp khdng chi vdi khu vUc thieu nude ma ch vdi nhflng viing lut Idi va nhflng dd thi thieu he thong ve smh ben vflng Trong boi canh tren the gidi cd it nhat 2,6 ti ngudi s6ng d td SLi dung nang lUdng dien) Chinh quyen cung no Iflc cU thifen co s5 hg tang hien hflu, thfle hi&n cae bien phap phan Iu6ng va ddng gdp vao viec eai thien chi phi nhien lieu De tfch cUe tiet kiem nang Ifldng cae nha dan, cung nhfl cac cdng trinh khae, Chinh phii Nhat Ban eung dang thdng qua cac h& thd'ng de tgo dieu kien eho cac ca nhan, cung nhU cac cdng ty thyc hidn eac bien phe^ v6 moi trUdng (chang hgn, cac cdng trinh ed the dfldc Uu tien ve thue va cac khuyen khieh khac) Doi vdi nang Ifldng tai tgo, nflOc My da diu tU m^t so tien khdng nh6 eho cdng nghifep la kho§n 17 tl USD KhoSng hOn 85.000 ngfldi cd cdng an vifec lam, cudc sdng on dinh ng^nh edng nghifep nang lUOng xanh Hang General Electric (GE) da sSn xuat, eung cap va bSo dam van hanh an toSn cho hdn 8.000 h^ thd'ng canh qugt gid logi cdng suat gan Mw cho nhieu nflde trfen toan the gidi, cac qude gia b Chau Au, Bac My vk ck ChSu A Chinh phu Hoa Ky quyet djnh xay dyng nganh edng ngh& dign gid de co gang nang ien mye 20% tdng shn iuyng difen dung ciia to&n qu6c gia vao nam 2030 NUdc My se skn xuat, lap rap vk xSy dyng hoan chlnh kho&ng hdn 70.000 canh qugt dien gid (Wind turbine) th&p k^ tdi day Hinh He thong nhk ve smh smh thai chung cU d Erdos dieu kien ve sinh khdng b^o dSm, dy an can dUdc nhSn rdng toan the gidi nham hudng tdi mue tieu gi&m mpt n&a so ngydi khdng tiep can dieu kien ve sinh cd ban vao nam 2015 ma Lien Hi&p Quoe de Moi trUdng thj vdi thai cacbon t h a p Theo dy bao, nam 2030 hdn 60% dan so' the gidi se song dd thi va chinh sy tang trudng se gay ap lue rat Idn ien tang, nhat la van de cap nude va rae th^i Oe gi&m ap Iyc hg tang, giam phat th§i C02 gay hieu flng nha kinh nang cao chat iUdng song ciia ngudi, tgo mdi trUdng ben vijftig, lanh thi xay dyng "xanh", kien true "xanh" la giSi phap can thiet dang dfldc nhieu nfldc quan tam Dy an "Chien lU0c quoc gia doi mdi xanh" (dUde Chinh phii Nhat B^n phe duyet thang 6/2010) vdi y tudng Thanh sinh thai tuong lai" dinh hydng cho qua trinh dd thi hda trung va dai hgn Chien lUde thuc day phat trien dd thj bang each cho phep ngudi dSn Ceim thay tUdi mdi nhd cSy xanh va sfl am ap eiia tflng ca nhan Theo ViSn Nghien cflu xay dyng va kmh te Nhat Ban, van tai chiem khoSng 20% IUdng thai carbon tai nudc nay, D dam bao cho sy phat trien ben vflng, Chinh phii Nhat da thUe hien nhieu bien phap can thife't de ngudi dan cd the di Igi thuan tien bang cae phfldng tien van t^t cdng cdng va xe dgp, Thyc hien phat then thj gan vdi sif dyng cac phUdng tien than thien vdi mdi trUdng (nhfl xe bus hoac xe Q.X, Bat dau tfl nam 2007, Hamburg (CHLB Dflc) da xay dyng mdt chfldng trinh b&o ve hgu toan difen vdi cac myc tieu gi^m 40% luong phat thSi 002 vao nam 2020 va giSm 80% vao nam 2050 Ke hogch bao ve hgu cho nam 2010 gdm hdn 300 dy an bao phii hau het cae Unh vyc cDa chinh saeh mdi trydng DUyc l&p nSm 2009, Cd quan Nang Iflpng dgt tgi Hamburg (Hamea) dang x&y dyng eae chien IUdc thyc hifen b&o ve kht h&u thdng qua cac dy an thi diem vdi myc lieu la cac hd gia dinh Vdi vai trd khdi ngudn cac y tu6ng mdl, cdng ty dang hfldng tdi viec md rdng phgm vi eua eac biSn phap bao ve hSu thdng qua mdt mang Ifldi mgnh gdm cac ben tham gia thudc xa hdi dan sy Quan ly rac \hk\ thj Cung v&i qua trinh nang cao mfle sdng, lu^ng rac th&i tgo cang nhieu, vi the xif ly rae thai da trd van de ndng b&ng eiia hau het cac phd tren the gidi Ddi vdi Singapore, mdt qudc d&o vdn rat "eo hep" ve di6n tich, xif ly rac thai da trb v^n de sdng cdn V&o nam 1999, bai rac eudi ciing tren dat lidn ciia Singapore Lorong Halus dong cifa, Singapore khanh dao nhan tgo dau tien trdn thd gidi lam hoan toan tfl., rac th^i va da tr6 th&nh mdt dja di^m du ljch sinh thai doc nhat vd nhi Cach dat lien Singapore km v6 phia Nam, d&o chfla rae Semakau rpng 350ha ed thi chfla 63 tneu met khdi r&c, du dap flng nhu cau chfla rac ciia Singapore ddn nam 2045 Chinh quyen Singapore da dau tU 447 tndu USD dd co dUOc 6k) lidn hop ndi lidn hdn 6ko nhd bang dap xSy bang da dai km Hien nay, toan bd rac thSi b Singapore duyc xif ly tgi nha may ddt r^c, Hang ngay, hOn 2.0001^ tro rac la skn pham thu dy^c sau ddt dUdc cae sa lan Idn chd v&o dao Nhd vao cac khSu hogch djnh, thidt kd v& x&y dyng, ke tfl di vao hogt dpng, bai rae Semakau vin bko vd dUpe hd sinh thai cung nhy mdi trUdng tynhi&nphonf! phu H&na nSm Semakau ddnnhis,, i.,^ I Quy ho^ch & >nra:»nvniTT?ni phai thu gom vit lieu va be tdng phe thai tfl c&c cdng trudng x&y dflng chuyen den nha may chuyen tai che cat va s&t thep Chi phi cho viec rat ton kem, tham ehi edn eao hdn c i viee nhgp khau nguyen lieu tyong tu, nhung khong tai chd se giy d nhilm mdl trudng Htnh Mo hinh khu lien h(?p xfl ly riic tren d^o Semakau cua Singapore du khach ddn tham quan vdi chfle nang nhu mdt diem du ljch sinh thai: c&u ca, quan sat cac loai chim, ngam trang va da dang sinh hpc va eac hogt ddng giai tri, ngoai khda De bao ve mdi trfldng, ngfldi d&n Singapore thyc hien tdi da 3R: Reduce (giam sif dung) Reuse (dung \m) va Recycle (tai che), de keo dai thdi gian sfl dgng bai rac Semakau c&ng lau cang tdt Viee tang tudi thp bai rae Semakau la mdt minh ehyng cho thay ngudi d&n nudc n&y ddng gdp r^t tich cflc vao viec b&o ve mdl trudng Mdt muc tieu ke hogch Xanh ciia ehinh phfl Singapore nam 2012 la "Khdng can bai rae" chi dgt dUOc tat ca moi ngudi cung chung sye Nhgt Biin, tai ehe rac thai dd thi la bien phap Uu tidn hang ddu vdi nguyen tcic: tdn kem cung tai che Nhat Ban da thue hien rat tdt viee phan loai ngudn - dieu m& cac nflde phat trien da lam tfl hang ehuc nam qua Theo sd lieu eiia Bd Mdi trudng Nhat Ban, h&ng n&m nudc n&y cd khoang 450 tneu tan rac thai, dd, phan Idn la rac cdng nghiep (397 trieu tan) Trong tdng sd rae thai tren, chi cd kho&ng 5% rac th&i phai dfla tOi bai chdn lap, tren 36% dflflc dfla den c&c nha may de tai ehe Sd cdn Igi, chu yeu sfl dyng cdng nghe ddt de xfl ly ngudn phan rac thai khd ph&n hiiy, hoae ddng r&n rdi mOi dem di chdn lip Vide t&i ehe rae Nhat Ban cung rat cdng phu: 70% rac nha bdp dUdc t&i che th&nh ph&n bdn hflu eo, gdp phan c&i tgo dat, gi&m bdt nhu cau s&n xuat v& nhap khau phan bon Vdi bao bi v& nhya Nhat B&n phii si!f dyng 10% lUdng dau thd nhgp khau de che tgo 12 tneu tan nhya cdng nghiep, chiem 10% hang nhya tren the gidi Rieng phe thii x&y dung, ngudi ta Chi phi eho viee xfl ly rac h&ng nam tinh theo dau ngfldi khoang 300 nghin yen (khoang 500USD) Vdi each thu gom, xfl ly rac nhy vgy dem igi nhieu lpi ich: Tiet kiem dUOc ehi phi xfl ly, giam luong rac thai mdi trudng, tgo them hang hoa sfl dung, tgo eong an viec lam cho nhtfng ngUdi lam edng tie thu nh^t, phan logi ddng thdi thay the mdt phan nguyen lieu dau vao, dd tiet kiem dflpc t&i nguyen v& edng khai thac Tfl nhflng nam 70 eua the ky trUdc, tren thd giOi, iTnh vUc quan ly mdi trfldng dd thi da hinh v i ngiy mpt hoin thien khai ni&m ve "He thd'ng tieu thoit nUdc dd thi ben vflng - Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS)" He thdng SUDS van dung triet de cac nguyen ly v i chfle nang cua he sinh thai ty nhien nham xay dflng he thdng thoat nfldc vdi mdt nguyen iy hoan toan khac vOi cie nguyen ly thoit nflOc mfla truyen thdng lau Dd la thay vi day, thoit that nhanh nfldc mfla khdi dd thi bing cac he thd'ng kenh thing, sau hoac he thd'ng edng ngam thi SUDS l&m eham Igi cac qua trinh neu tren v i dUa nude mfla phgc vg cdng ddng vdi nhflng giii phap ky thuat m i dd sfl dung tnet de cic nang Iflu gifl va lam saeh eua he sinh thai tfl nhien vao viec cai thien chat IUdng nfldc, bo Tgi H i Lan, hang nam ed tdi 21 trieu tan cap ngudn nfldc ngim cdng vdi vide lam hii chat thai, 60% d cac bai chdn lap, phan cdn Igi dUa v&o cae Id ddt rie hay tai che hoa eanh quan thien nhien bio ve c&c nhdm loai sinh vat qua viec gifl gin v& tgo noi cU trfl De bio ve mdi trudng, muc tieu giam khdi cho Chung; dd, xfl ly d nhilm ngudn IUdng chat thai hang nam rat dfldc quan thil phan tan v i chdng ngap la nhflng vin tam b dat nfldc n&y Ha Lan da xay dflng de chil ydu va cap bach mdt khu lien hop xfl ly chit thai rin, Tai khu lien hop ngfldi ta ehdn lap mdt khdi ifldng Idn eac loai rac thai v& chat thai doc Tren The gidi da cd nhieu nflde phat trien cac hgi sau xif ly (trfldc day thudng dflOc tieu md hinh khu dd thj sinh thai rat thinh cdng huy ngoai bien), sd cdn iai dUde xfl Iy bang va ng&y eang phd bien, dd phUdng nhflng Id ddt vdi ky thuat mdi nhat v& sin thfle tiep can thoat nfldc thi ben vDffig, xua't phan compost bing phUdng phap u thu gom va tai sfl dung nude mfla dUde ap ho&c flng dgng nhflng quy trinh ky thuat dyng, Idng ghep hai hda vdi c&c giii phip d&c biet sin xuit cac loai nguyen lieu mOi, quy hogch dd thi, kidn true va ky thugt hg Viec xfl ly chat thai rin d Ha Lan da xuat tang khie hien mot ng&nh kinh te mdi mang tinh kmh doanh, ap dyng edng nghe tien tien va dau Thanh phd Seoul (Han Quoc) da cam viec tu Idn dao nui, lay dat rudng, san lap ho ao, kenh T h o a t n U d c v a xuf ly n i i d c t h a i b e n viJIng Qu& trinh dd thj hda da gay nhflng tae dpng xau den q u i trinh thoit nflOe tfl nhien: ddng ehiy tU nhidn bi thay ddi, qu& trinh lUu gill tfl nhien ddng chay bang cac tham thyc v&t va dat b| mat di, va thay vio dd ia nhflng be mat phu khdng tham nude nhu m&i nha, be tdng, dfldng nhfla, lam tang iflu Iflpng ddng chiy be m&t NhiJng ddng chiy thfldng bi d nhilm r&c, bun dat va cae ehat ban khic rfla trdi tfl mat dfldng Lfli^ng nflde va efldng dd ddng chay tang tgo nen su xdi mdn v& ling bun can Tat c i nhflng yeu to niy giy nhflng tac dpng xau den mdi trudng, ung ngap, anh hudng den he smh thai dfldi nfldc rgch Nhieu hd, sdng bi san lip bat bude phai dao igi Cdng trinh mflOng Chan Kay rong 15m ehay gifla Seoul, dau v&o va dau deu tfl sdng Hin, dai gan 50 c&y sd da dfldc phgc hdi lai Trfldc day, kenh bj lan chidm, nfldc thai x i lim nhilm, hdi thdi, roi cudi cung la bj san lip hoin to&n, tren ddng kenh cu dd, nha cifa da moc len vdi 22 van dan sinh sdng Hien kenh Ch&n Kay da trd mpt cdng vien dai 50km, la phdi cfla thil dd Han Qudc va I& he thdng thoat nude mfla ehinh ciia phd Tren hdn dao du lich Phi Phi (Thii Lan), noi tflng bj anh hudng nang ne cua thim hpa sdng than nam 2005, ngudi ta vfla xiy dyng mdt he thdng XLNT phin tan dep v i hieu qua cho cic khach san, nha hang, cdng suit tx Hinh Mo hinh dd thj smh thai v6i he thd'ng SUDS 40mVng&y, bao gdm cic b l ty hogi va ehudi cae bai loc ngam trdng eay ddng ehiy thing dflng va ddng chiy nam ngang, ket hop v ^ bai Ipc trdng c&y ngap nfldc v& ho sinh hoe, bd tri khudn vien khu nghf dfldng Nflde thai sau xfl ly dflpc tai sfl dyng cho tudi vUdn nguyen tic mpi thfl phii dflpc tan dung tdi da nham tiet kiem v i trinh gay d nhilm Dupc sy hd trd cfla Chinh phu va sy hpp tic ciia hdn 100 cdng ty, SymbioCity da trd thinh bieu tfldng ve nd iyc eiia Thgy Dien nham dap flng nhu eau nh& b eiia ngfldi dan tflong lai Sau ehua diy nam di vio sfl dyng, tic ddng tieu cflc cfla SymbioCity doi vdi mdi trydng da giim hdn 50% Nhan td then ehot d&n den th&nh cdng l i viec cac nha quin ly da tan dyng tdi da cic ngudn lye day, tulng tda nhi deu duyc lap cae tam pin mat trdi, phd cd mdt nha may dien chgy bang sflc gid Cd ca mdt he thdng kenh ming De CO the thyc hien duoc quin ly nudc thai ben vflng cho cac khu dd thi, phil nhin thfle dUdc tam quan trpng cua cdng tic quan ly nfldc thai ddi vdi sflc khde cdng ddng, mdi trfldng smh thai, loi ich l&u dai kinh doanh Thfle hien cic giii phip quy hogch thoat nfldc dd thi ben vflng mang lai nhiJ^g Ipi ich nhu kiem soit d nhilm nudc, giam thieu flng ngap, xoi mdn, lam da dgng va tang gia tri eua he smh thai nude, bo cap ngudn nflde ngim, dn dinh ddng chiy cac ddng sdng, tiet kiem nfldc cap nhd thu gom va tii sfl dyng nude mfla, cii thien canh quan smh thai dd thj, tang gia trj thuong mgt eiia khu dat v i nang eao thiet Ihflc ehat Ifldng cudc sdng, Md hinh c a c khu thj ben vufng moi triidng sinh thai (SymbioCity) Tfl chien lUde phat tnen ben vflng v i bio ve mdi trudng, nhieu nfldc tren the gidi da hinh cac chfldng trinh, ke hoach xay dyng eae khu cdng nghiep, cic dd thi smh thai, the hien bang cac ling sinh thii dd thj cflng nhfl xay dung eie edng vien cdng nghiep Dd thi cung l i mot he sinh thai nhu cac he sinh thai khac, nhung nd cd cic dgc thu ve cau true va ehflc nang neng, vdi sU td hdp cae phan smh vit v& phi sinh v&t, sfl chuyen doi v& quay vong vat chat va nang Ifldng NhOng dac trUng dd cdn the hien rd td ehyc khdng gian md rdng va sy thay doi theo thdi gian ciia each flng xfl eua cdng ddng, su phan bd eua gidng, loii sinh vat, su gia tang dan sd v& hinh th&nh td chfle cdng ddng Do phii cd nhieu dSc didm nhu trdn nen viee tiep can dd thi smh thai khdng phii la dieu don giin, thudng chi thue hien han che ddi vdi mdt sd IUdng nhit dmh eae he thdng sinh thai cd tai dia phuong Dieu n&y ddi hdi thay ddi e i phfldng phip san xuat cdng nghiep, thay doi hanh vi va t&m ly ngudi tidu dung, ddng thdi phai thiet iap cic edng eg de thfle hien cac giii phap da dUOe nghien cflu ky tren cd sd nen kinh te sinh thai va tfl he thdng Tai nhieu nfldc tren the gidi, ngfldi ta da ed ging thyc hien de tiep can nhflng diem dan cfl dd thi sinh thil tfldng ty nhy tieu khu sinh thai Herlen H i Lan, th&nh phd smh thai Adelaide vdi tieu khu sinh thai Chritie Walk Oxtralia, thinh phd Malmae Thuy Dien v i tieu khu Simbiotic b Nhat Bin Nhflng md hinh dd thi sinh thai ndi tren da dUOc nhieu chuyen gia sinh thai quan tim, mt kmh nghiem, bdi thUc te ehya cd the ket luan dUdc giai phap nao la kha thi mdt khu vyc rong Idn v i cd yu diem vUdt trdi Hinh M6 hinh SymbioCity d Thuy Bien dUde thiet ke khoa hpc nhim thu gom nfldc mua v i cung cip trd Igi eho hd thdng cac nha ve sinh phd Ngfldi dan cd y thfle tiet kiem nfldc, vi vay mfle tieu thu nfldc ciJng giam, tfl binh quan 200 lit nfldc/ngfldi xudng cdn 100-150 lit/ngfldi mdi ngay, v i xu hfldng cdn giim tiep Ben eanh dd, thinh phd edn xay dflng mdt day chuyen xfl li chat thai Iiu d&i Chlng hgn, chit thai hCfu cd cfla mdi gia dinh dflijc phan logi v i dfldc tii ehe thinh phan vi smh de bdn cay SymbioCity, hinh miu phat trien than thien vdi mdi trfldng cd the thay rat eg the 80% hoat ddng di lai cua 26.000 dan phd la di bd, dl xe dgp hay di tren phuong tidn edng edng Mdt tuyen xe dien duoc thidt ke chay doe theo dudng chinh thinh diy dan ehung giam tdi 40% vide sfl dung xe hdi ca nhin Tit nhien, de dgt mue tieu nay, th&nh phd phii bio dim cung cap djch vy giao thdng cdng cdng tien Idi Dfl i n quy hogch phat then tieu khu Christie Walk thinh phd Adelaide b Australia, nam trung tam budn bin cua thinh phd Adelaide, da phdi hop nhieu yeu td sinh thai ben vtitig v i ning eao tinh cdng ddng Dien tich khu dat khoing 2000m^ giinh eho 27 hd gia dinh vdi tdng sd din efl khoing 40 ngfldi Cac die diem ehinh eua dy an li: cic khdng gian than thidn cho ngydi di bd; vfldn chung, bao gdm c i vudn mai; sin xuat ifldng thfle dia phflOng cie khu vfldn Ifldng thyc edng edng tgi chd; dy trfl nydc mat de sfl dung cho cac vudn v i nfldc x i vd smh; thiet ke thuan loi vdi hau/mat trdi de sUdi, lam m&t va dieu hda dd i m bang gid, inh sang mat trdi v i hd thyc vat; nydc ndng sfl dung nang iuong mat trdi; nang luong quang didn thu bang cic tam gfldng lap dat vao cic he khung gian tren vudn mii; sfl dyng cic vit lieu t&i sinh, khdng dpc hai va tieu thu it nang ifldng; giam thieu sy phy thudc vao d-to Du i n duoe thiet ke dfla tren quan diem hau hdt dan eu cua Australia sdng cac th&nh phd, dd each iya chpn thiet ke va Idi sdng se tie ddng rat Idn ddn moi trudng va cac nguon t i i nguyen thien nhien SymbioCity dUOc xay dyng tgi khu hai cing cfl ciia Stockholm (Thuy quy b&u cd hgn DUdc thiet ke theo cic tieu chi smh thai, hai Oien) ndi tieng la dd thi dau tien tren the gidi vin hinh theo tieu chuan giai doan dau cua Christie Walk gdm ed bdn nhi mat phd, sau can ben vflng vdi mdi trudng Tgi phd cd 11.000 ndc nhi niy, nUde hd, bdn nh& b truydn thdng mai rom, mdt vudn cdng cdng (cd the cho mfla dUOc thu gom, rac thai dUOc tii che lim nhien lieu sudi am, theo hoa loi), mdt vfldn mai (vdi cac diem nhin rten uan thinh r,Ks:.,-, • Q I.XD Stf 70 2014 l^oZ^hoach & lr;fj.»j'JWi!T^JF.!i qua ddi), tat c i dupe dat mdt khdng gian di bd v i dfldc thiet ke vdi nhflng cinh quan day sang tgo, Trong giai dogn ba se dfla vao eae phfldng tien cdng cdng phgc vg ngfldi d&n v i x&y them mdt sd cSn hd Nhu cau nang Iflpng eua cic nha & dfldc giim thieu bang each: sfl dung nang Iflpng mat trdi, sfl dung eie vgt lieu cieh ly rat cao nhung tieu thu nang lUdng thap de che tgo, v& cung cap nudc ndng mat trdi va nhifet quang dien Viee tai sinh nfldc mat da lam giim nhu cau sfl dgng mgng nudc cap cua th&nh Viec tranh cie sin pham chfla chat dpc hgi cho ngudi va mdi trudng cung vdi viee loai bd eae thiet bi dieu hda nh&n tao dem lai cac khdng gian ndi that cd Ipi cho sflc khde Md hinh Hammer tich hpp cac giii phap mdi trfldng eua khu vue cd the duyc hilu nhu I& mdt vdng sinh thii (hinh 5) H i n h M hlnh Hammar nhU la mot vong smh thai {Ngu6n: Fortum, Stockholm Water Company, City of Slockhoim] Md hinh n&y la mdt nd iyc de bien mdt qua trinh trao ddi chat dd thi tuyen tinh, bao gdm tidu thu cac ngudn t&i nguyen ndi tgi va logi bd chat thai ngo&i, mdt he thdng theo ehu ky tdi uu hda viee sfl dung cie ngudn tii nguydn va giam thieu chat thai nhu sau: • Vit lieu xiy dflng: cin nhac ve yeu td mdi trudng sfl dung tat e i cic vat lieu, chf cae sin pham ben vutig va than thien vdi mdi trfldng mdi dflde sfl dung • Nude v i thoat nudc: Nfldc mfla tfl dfldng hoac nfldc mfla khdng phai tfl hp gia dinh dfldc thu gom, xfl ly bang bd Ipc eit v i chiy thing vao hd NUdc mfla xung quanh nha v i vfldn chiy vio h i thdng edng thoit nfldc hd sau dd chiy den hd • Biogas: Biogas dfldc san xuat tai nhi miy nudc thai tfl qua trinh phan huy chat thai huU cd v i bun Nude thii tfl mdi gia dinh sin xuat sinh hoe du cho bep gas eua ehinh gia dinh ho Hau het smh hpc duoc sfl dung lim nhien lidu than thien vdi mdi trUdng dflng cho xe hoi v i xe buyt • Khdng gian xanh: Mii nhi dUOc bao phu bdi vfldn ciy cd Rflng sdi, vfldn ciy xanh v i cic logi ciy khac dfldc trdng v i eham sdc chu dao giup hap thy bdt nude mya v i dim bao khdng saeh hOn, cin bang cinh quan dd thi mSt dd cao • Chat thai: chat tfiii cd the ehay, thfle an thfla, giay v i cic IOEU ric khae dfldc ph&n logi v i dd vao eie dng dd rae khic hoac cgnh toa nha Cac d'ng rie ket ndi he ddn dfldng dng ngam van chuyen bang ehan khdng din den trgm thu gom rie trung t&m Mot he thdng dieu khien tien tien se d6 chat thii vao cae thflng chfla Idn, theo tflng logi chat thai Nhu vgy xe thu gom r&c chf thu gom eac container m& khdng can lii xe vio khu d&n cfl • He thdng sfldi va lam mat: nfldc thai da qua xfl ly v& dflde lim m&t bang bdm nhidt dfldc sfl dyng mgng IUdi l&m mat cua phd Nh& may didn v& sUdi ket hop sfl dyng chat thai smh hogt lim nhien lieu de sin xuat dien va sudi am NUdc thii tfl nha may xfl ly rae eung cap chat ddt de sUdi am b nha m&y nhiet Hammarby • Dien (nang IUdng mat trdi): Cae tam pin mat trdi trdn mai nha dan cung cap nang lUOng du de dap flng mdt nfla cac yeu eau nude ndng hing nam cua cae tda nha Ket qui dinh gii md hinh Hammarby Sjflstad vdi mdt kich ban tham ehieu eho thay sif dyng nang IflOng khdng the tai tao giim 28% den 42%, sfl dgng nfldc giim 41-46%, C02 giim 29-37%, ozone quang hda tao giim 33-38%, giam nang axit hda 23-29%, kha nang hien tUOng khfl oxi nudc phin hiiy vi sinh giim 49-53%, v i chat thai phdng xa giim 27-40% Bing eich tiieo doi thai Ifldng mdi trfldng, ngfldi ta cd the lap ke hogch cho bien phap mdi trUdng, xa hdi va tii chinh phu hop de tiep tyc sy phit trien cua khu dd thi, eflng Iflc cung cap hfldng din eho cie dfl an tfldng tu K^t iu#n Tao mdi trfldng sdng lanh manh m i khdng lam can kiet ngudn Iflc nang Ifldng v& v&t liiu, dam bao cd md'i quan h i h&i hda, cd quy luat v i ddng thdi tdn tai gifla cic he smh thii, mdi trudng xay dung la fldc md hien cua loai ngfldi Nhieu nude tren the gidi da nhan thfle dUOc van de sinh thii hoa dd thj I& nhiem vu sdng edn de cflu lay trii dat khdi d nhilm nang ne Ho dang tieh cue nghien cflu va thiet ke nham tgo cac diem d&n cfl sinh thai, c&c ddthi sinh thai va cie edng trinh smh thii bio ve mdi trfldng dd thj mdt each hflu hieu Phat tnen dd thi ben vflng tren thd gidi ndi ehung v i nflde ta ndi rieng la mot ndi dung khoa hoc het sflc cap bach hien nay, can cd sy quan tim tham gia eua tat ca cac cap chinh quyen va moi thinh phan xa hdi Kinh nghiem qudc te ve phat tnen dd thj can dUOc hoc tap mdt each cd chpn loc v& linh hogt can cfl vio tflng trfldng hpp va tflng dieu kien ey the efla Viet Nam * TrUdng Dai hgc Xsy difng, email- tranduci^aS3@gmail.com TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Dao Hoang TuSn, Phil triSn ben vifng dd Ihi - NhOng vandily luSn vi kinhnghiem dJa thegicH Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hdi Ha Noi 2008 Nguyen Viet Anh Thoai nUdc ^i ben vifng va Wii nSng ap dung tai Viet Nam Tham luan tai Ha Ihao Tho^l nUdc Ihi ben vOng Trung lam KTWT DTSKCN (CEETIA) Tnidng Dai hgc XSy diing - Tmng lam Ky Ihual Nudc vd Phat tnen (WEDC), D^ hpc long hdp Loughborough Anh qudc 20/3/2003 Dd TiJ Lan Dmh hudng phSt tnin Thinh phd Eco2 Mot s6 bdi hoc kinh nghidm T^ chi Quy ho^ch XSy diJng s6 42,42.43/2010 Ken Regelson Sustainable Cities - Best Practices lor Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Sierra Club, 28/10/2005 Donald Walson & Kenneth Labs Climatic building Design - Energy- eWaenl building pnnciples and pratice 1992 UN - Indicators ot Sustainable Development, guidelines and methodologies Neva York 2001 Urban 21 Conference - Sustainable Cities Berlin Ju/^ 2000 ... nhan, va ca nhan eac cdng dan He thong ve sinh sinh thai Gan day, tren the gidi da hinh mdt phUdng thyc tiep can mdi ve smh mdi trUdng, dd la vfe sinh sinh thai, Md hinh dhm bad sy can bang va... tren cd sd nen kinh te sinh thai va tfl he thdng Tai nhieu nfldc tren the gidi, ngfldi ta da ed ging thyc hien de tiep can nhflng diem dan cfl dd thi sinh thil tfldng ty nhy tieu khu sinh thai Herlen... cic dd thi smh thai, the hien bang cac ling sinh thii dd thj cflng nhfl xay dung eie edng vien cdng nghiep Dd thi cung l i mot he sinh thai nhu cac he sinh thai khac, nhung nd cd cic dgc thu ve