CHINH TR! GIAO DUC VAN H O A X A H O I 93 10 I LUAN VAN T 6 T N G H I E P DAI HOC NGANH QUAN TRI CACH TIEP CAN lif PHUOfNG PHAP BINH TINH Ngay nhan bai 16/09/2013 M „ x;i„ Khoa'''' Ngay nhan lai 30/10/20[.]
CHINH TR!-GIAO DUC-VAN H O A - X A H O I 93 10 I LUAN VAN T T N G H I E P DAI HOC NGANH QUAN TRI - CACH TIEP CAN lif PHUOfNG PHAP BINH TINH Ngay nhan bai: 16/09/2013 Ngay nhan lai: 30/10/2013 Ngay duySt dang: 30/12/2013 M „ x;i„ Khoa' jj ni Thanh Xuan' TOM TAT Lu^n vdn tdt nghiep Id yeu cdu ciia nhieu ngdnh ddo tgo, co ngdnh qudn tri De da dgng cdc de tdi lugn vdn tot nghiep vd cdch thitc thitc hien, cdc phuang phdp nghien citu da dgng vai cdc quan diem khdc cdn dugc gi&i thieu vdphd bien rgng rdi Muc tieu cua bdi bdo ndy la giai thieu cdch tiep can phucmg phdp nghien cuu dinh tinh de thuc hien ludn vdn tot nghiep dgi hgc ngdnh qudn tri Bdi bdo ma ddu bdng viec giai thieu nhiing dac diem ca bdn ciia nghien ciru dinh tinh vd mot so vdn de co the gidi quyet theo phuang phdp dinh tinh Sau do, cdc phuang phdp nghien citu dinh tinh vd cdc ky ndng cdn thiet de thitc hien dugc trinh bdy, nhdm giiip ngudi dgc thdy ro han khd ndng dp dung nhihig phuang phdp ndy cho cdc nghien citu a hgc dgi hgc Tir khoa; Nghien ciiu dinh tinh, vin de nghien ciiu, muc tieu nghien ciiu, mo ta, phong van, quan sat ABSTRACT Undergraduate thesis is a requirement in majors, including the major of business In grder to diversify research topics and methods, research methods from different paradigms should be introduced and disseminated broadly The purpose of Ihis article is to introduce approaches to qualitative research methods to conduct undergraduate thesis in business major It begins with introducing main characteristics of qualitative research and answer to the question 'When to use qualitative research?' Then, qualitative research methods and needed skills are presented to provide a comprehensive view to readers as to the feasibility to implement those methods in undertaking research in the degree of undergraduate Keywords: Qualitative research, research problem, research objectives, describe, in-depth interview, observation DiiT VAN DE Luan' van t6t nghiep (LVTN) mot cong trinh nghien cmi ma sinh vien c4n thuc hien ii danh gia kha nang van dung cac kiin thiic da hoc chuang trinh dao tao vao viec giai quySt cac vin ik thuc tiln Do do, LVTN nganh quan tri noi Chung, bao gom ca bSc thac si va eu nhan ' Tru&ng Dgi hgc Qude Te, Dgi hgc Qude gia TP.HCM - Tnr&ng Dgi hgc Bdch Khoa Dgi hgc QuSc gia TPHCM se tap trung vao xac dinh va giai quyet cac v&i da thue tiln hoat dong quan ly va kinh doanh [13] nhatn tang cuong nang 'V^ ™a to chuc de co the dap mig nhu cau ^"^ * i ' " " " *°"g " " " ' " ' t ' l ; ? ° " S "ghien cuu cac nganh khoa hoc xa hoi noi "^hung, va nghien ciiu nganh quan tti noi n^ng- '^^ ^^ 1"™ * ^ ' " * " ^^^ * '"^P "'^ 94 TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRL/CiNG DAI HOC M TRHCM - SO (34) 2014 eae vande [11,9] Quan diem thu nhal dua tren hien thuc (positivism) va ngudi nghien euu di tim kiem su that hoac nguyen nhan eiia cac yeu td nhu la nhirng tae ddng ben ngoai den ngudi Quan diem thii hai dua tren hien tupng (phenomenology) va ngudi nghien cuu tim hieu cac quan diem va trai nghiem thuc tien ciia nhiing ngudi ed lien quan de tim hieu suy nghT, tinh cam va nguyen nhan thiic day hp hanh dpng Chinh su khac vd xuat phat diem va ban chat nghien ciiu, cac phuang phap dupc su dung de thuc hien nghien ciiu cung khac Nghien eiiu tim hieu eae tac ddng ben ngoai thudng sii dung cac mo hinh nghien ciiu va cac dir lieu thdng kd thu thap tvr bang cau hdi khao sat, sd lieu kiem ke sd lieu nhan khau hpe v.v de dua cac ket luan (sau day dupc gpi la nghien Cliu dinh lupng) Trong dd, cac nghien Cliu tim hieu quan diem ngudi dua kdt qua nghien eiiu bang cac du lieu md la (descriptive data) thdng qua cac phuang phap dinh linh nhu quan sat, phdng van sau va mpt sd phuang phap khae (sau day dupc gpi la nghien eiiu dinh tinh) Thii hai, cau hdi "khj nao can su dung nghien ciiu dinh tinh?" dupc tra loi thdng qua viec gidi thieu nhiing \'an de can sii dung phuang phap dinh tinh dd giai quyet Thii ba, cac phuong phap nghien euu dinh tinh \'a cae thach thiie sii dung nhimg phuang phap dupc gidi thieu Cudi ciing, bai bao gidi thieu nhiing ky nang can thidt de thuc hien nghien ciiu theo phuang phap dinh tinh DAC DIEM CUA NGHIEN Ctltl DINH TINH MOT Sy khac biet chinh yeu nhat giiia nghien ciiu dinh lupng va dinh tinh chinh la quan diem va muc tieu nghien ciiu; quy trinh thuc hien nghien ciiu; va phuang thiic Iudng [5] Nghidn ciiu dinh lupng dat trpng tam vao tim hieu van de thue te da tdn tai, ciing nhu nguyen nhan eiia cac yeu td xa hdi Ket qua ciia nghien ciiu dinh lupng dupc dat tren nen tang cua sd lidu thu thap tu mdt sd lupng mau khao sat Idn dd phan anh tinh dai dien cho tdng the nghien eiiu Trong do, vdi gia thidt kien thiic dupc hinh thdng qua giao tiep va kien thiic khdng cd san ma nam Tuy nhien, tren thuc lien, phuong nhan thiic va su ly giai eua eae ca phap dinh tinh rat il dupc sii dung sinh nhan [12]; muc tieu ciia nghien eiiu dinh vien thuc hidn de tai tdt nghiep dai hoc Cu tinh tap trung vao tim hieu sir hieu biet, thd, d trudng Dai hpe Bach Khoa TRHCM, nhan thiic, hanh vi, su tuang tac va Uen thdng ke so bp sd lidu linh hinh thuc hien he ciia ddi tupng nghien ciru pham LVTN ciia sinh vien dai hpe ehinh quy vi nghien ciiu Do dd, tir yeu ciu cua dang cua Khoa Quan Ly Cdng Nghiep nghien eiiu nay, ngudi khao sat khd cd the nam gan day cho thay tdng sd 461 thuc hien tren mot mau nghien ciiu ldn, LVTN dupc thuc hien hoan tit, chi cd 06 ma ddi hdi phai khai thac sau va tim hieu LVTN sir dung phuang phap dinh tinh Vi that chi tiet hieu biet va nhan thiic eua mau vay, muc tieu ciia bai bao la nhim gidi nghien curu thi^u each tiep can phuang phap dinh tinh Xuat phat tii su khae biet ve quan de thuc hien LVTN dai hpe nganh quan tri didm va muc tieu nghien ciiu, quy trinh De giai quyet muc lieu nay, bai bao giai thuc hien nghien ciiu cua mdi phuang phap quyet cac van de sau: Cling dupe thyc hien khac de dam Thii nhat gidi thieu cac dac didm ea bao giai quydt dupe muc tieu da dat Ddi ban ciing nhu su khac biet ciia mot nghien vdi nghien cuu dinh luong, quy trinh thue Cliu dinh tinh so vdi nghien ciiu dinh hien bao gdm cac budc cu the va ro rang lupng CHINH TRI - GlAO DUC - VAN HOA - XA HOI dupc xem la ydu td quan trpng de trien khai, thuc hien nghien ciiu va ddng thdi ciing giiip dam bao chit lupng ciia ket qua nghien ciru [2, 4] Trong dd, quy trinh thuc hien cua nghien cim dinh tinh phai dap ling dupc cac yeu td uyen chuyen, linh hoat, va cd kha nang thich nghi vdi dieu kien thuc tien cua hoan canh nghien ciiu de CO the tim hieu mpt each chinh xae va chi tiet ve ddi tupng nghien ciru [4] Ngoai ra, mdt su khae biet niia giiia nghien ciru dinh Iupng va dinh tinh chinh la phuang thiic ludng Cac nghien ciiu dinh lupng sir dung phuang thiic Iudng bang each so hda cae bidn quan sat nham sir dung cac cdng cu thdng ke qua trinh phan tich, cae nghien cim dinh tinh khdng sir dung each thiic [5] Nghien ciiu dinh tinh dupc sir dung de tra Idi cho cac cau hdi can su giai thich chi tiet, hieu biet s^u sSc ve hien tupng va bdi canh nghien ciiu Vi vay, cau hdi mdt nghien ciiu dinh tinh la nhiing cau hdi md, cau hoi dung de phat trien van dd, va khong phai la dang cau hdi ddng (true tidp) Cae cau hdi dien dat Iai mue lieu eua nghien ciiu bang nhiing tir ngii cu the, chi tiet ban va thudng la nhirng c&u hdi nhu Gi, Cai gi, Nhu the nao Vi du, de tim hieu ngudi quan ly hieu thd nao ve dao diic kinh doanh, cau hdi nghien ciiu se la "Dao diic kinh doanh gdm nhiing yeu td nao?" "Dao dire kinh doanh cd anh hudng nhu the nao den ket qua boat ddng kinh doanh cua td chiic?" Chinh vi vay, nghien ciiu dinh tinh cd mpt sd dac diem co ban nhu sau [5, 10]: Nghien eiiu dinh tinh sir dung dd tim hidu ban chit ciia vin dd nghien ciiu; phat tridn lap luan giai thich hoac phatti-idnly thuydt Nghien ciiu dinh tinh cd tinh chit tim hieu, kham pha va Iinh boat Qua ti-inh thu thap va phan tich sd lieu dupc thue hien ddng thdi dS co the dieu chlnh cSu hdi nghien eiiu va qua trinh thu thap sd lieu tidp theo Nghien ciiu dinh tinh sii dung dd thd hien su hidu bidt ehi tidt va da dupc didn dich ve ddi tupng nghien ciiu thdng qua viec tun hidu suy nghi, kinh nghiem, va quan diem ciia hp Mau nghien cuu nhd va dupc chpn cd muc dich dua tren muc lieu nghien ciiu Phuang phap thu thap thdng tin dupc lya chpn la nhiing phuang phap cd su tuong tac true tiep vdi ddi tupng nghien Cliu de cd the kham pha va tim hidu cac van de cd lien quan Sd lieu va thdng tin phai chi tidt va bao quat Qua trinh phan tich sd lieu xac dinh su sap xep thdng tin, hoac hinh trit tu va giai thieh cac trat tu Ket qua la su dien dich cac vin dd nghien ciiu thdng qua viec sap xep va tai the hien cac van de 3.CACTRU'6NGHOPSU'DIJNG NGHIEN ctru DmH TINH Vdi nhiing su khac biet so vdi nghien cim dinh luong va cac dac didm co ban neu tren, phuang phap dinh tinh cd the dupc sir dung ti-ong nhiing trudng hpp hoae nghien ciiu nao? Ly chinh yeu nhat de quyet dinh lira chpn phuang phap chinh la van de va muc tieu trpng tam cua nghien Cliu Theo Ghauri va Gronhaug (2005) va Cresswell (2007), phuang phap dinh tinh dupc sir dung [3,5]: Van de nghien ciiu can dupc kham pha, chua hoac cd rat it cac nghien ciiu thuc hien trudc Van de nghien ciiu la de tim hieu kinh nghiem, hieu bidt, nhan thiic hoac hanh vi cua doi tupng nghien eiiu TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRUONG D/^I HQC M d TP.HCM - S6 (34) 2014 v i n de nghien ciiu lien quan den viee tim hieu hanh vi va quan he xa hdi cac td chiic, cac nhdm hoac cac ca nhan v i n de nghien eiiu khd cd the giai quyet neu sii dung phuang phap dinh lupng vi dp phiie tap va chi tiet cua dii lieu Theo tac gia Nguydn Dinh Thp (2009), npi dung va yeu cau eua LVTN bac dai hpe la mdt dang nghien ciru iing dung de xac dinh va giai quydt cae vin de boat ddng kmh doanh (problemsolving research), vide thuc hien nghien ciru nhu la mdt khau dd thu thap thdng tin [13] Nhu vay, tiiy thupe vao vin dd cu the thyc te ma sinh vien xac dinh, phuong thiic de thyc hien se khac Gidi ban pham vi luan van tdt nghiep bac dai hpe, bai bao gpi y mpt sd vin dd ma sinh vien cd the tiep can va giai quydt bing phuang phap dinh tinh Cu the, sinh vien ed the su dung phuang phap dinh tinh khi: Thyc hien nghien ciiu mdi, khdng thuoc nhdm cac de tai da dupc thyc hien trudc nhieu lan, de kham pha van de va khdng dua tren thong tin da dupc xac dinh trudc tir ly thuyet hoac ket qua ciia cac nghien ciru trudc Vi du: tim hieu va giai thich nguyen nhan doanh sd ban hang hoae thi phan thay ddi Uieo chieu hudng giam hoae tang De tai can tim hieu va kham pha nhimg yeu to cd anh hudng den ngudi va pham vi tham khao (frame of references) eiia hp Vi du, nghien ciiu thai dp khach hang hoac nhan vien; hoac tim hidu nguyen nhan din ddn hanh vi img xir bdi canh cu the, De tai can nghien ciiu ngudi gin lien vdi timg hoan canh hoac tinh hudng qua khii cua ddi tupng nghien ciiu Vi du, tim hidu qua trinh hinh phong each lanh dao ciia nhiing nha quan ly cdng Dang de tai lim hieu suy nghi va hanh ddng ciia ngudi (nhan vien khach hang v/v ) irong boat ddng hang cua hp; hoac tim hieu bdi eanh ha>' mdi trudng tac ddng de hp hinh hoac giai quyet cae v&i de Vi du tim hieu quan diem, nhan thiic ciia quan Iy nhan vien hay khach hang ve cac khai niem lien quan ddn boat ddng cua doanh nghiep nhu dao diic kinh doanh, miic dp hai Idng/thda man/chip nhan, 4, CAC PHU^OTVG PHAPNGHIEN c u t ; DC4H TINH MOt lan niia, cin khing dinh ring viec tiep can va quyet dinh lua chpn phuang phap dinh tinh phii hpp dd thuc hien nghien eiiu phai dya tren van dd va mue tieu nghien eiru Vide lua chpn phuang phap nao de thuc hidn se thude vao tinh chat cua de tai De thuc hien mdt nghien ciiu djnh tinh, cd nam phuang phap co ban, bao gdm: tuong thudt {narrative research), hiin tugng (phenomenological research), xdy dung ly thuyit nen (grounded theory research), thdm nhgp (ethnography) va nghien cuu tinh huong (case study research) [3], Cac dac diem chinh ciia nam phuang phap dupc trinh bay d Bang Phuang phap tudng thuat (narrative research) la phuang phap dua trdn cac cau chuyen ve nhiing trai nghiem dupc ddi tuong nghien ciiu tudng thuat Iai Cac trai nghiem cd the bao gdm mpt hoac mdt chudi cae eau chuyen, hanh dpng hoac sy kien dupc sip xdp theo thir tu thdi gian Ddi tuong nghien ciiu chi la mdt hoae vai ca nhan Chinh vi vay, mdt yeu eiu quan dd thuc hien phuang phap la ngudi nghien ciiu phai tim hidu that chi tidt ddi tupng nghien cim, bao gdm ea hoan canh ca nhan Yeu cau ddi hdi ngudi nghien cun phai xay dung dupc mdi CHfNH TR! - GtAO DUC - VAN HOA - XA HOl quan he tich cyc vdi ddi tupng nghien ciiu de cd the trao ddi thu thap thdng lin cho nghien eiiu Mpt nghien ciiu sir dung phuang phap hien tuong (phenomenology research) md ta y nghia ciia mpt khai niem hoae hien tirpng dupc trai nghiem bdi nhieu ca nhan Dang nghien cim tap trung vao md la cac diem chung kinh nghiem eiia ddi tupng nghien ciiu, bao gdm hp da cd nhiing kmh nghiem gi va nhimg kmh nghiem dd didn nhu thd nao [3 12] Vi vay viec lya chpn cac miu nghien ciiu la quan trpng de dam bao cae ca nhan dupc chpn da co hieu biet hoae trai nghiem vd hien tupng hoae van dd nghien eiiu Ngoai ra, mdt \ du td quan trpng khac can luu y \iec sir dung phuang phap la quan didm \ a sy hieu bidt cua ngudi nghien ciiu phai duoc tach bach qua trinh nghien Cliu va bao cao ket qua Sir dung phuang phap ngudi nghien ciru phai xac dinh ro rang each thiic de the hien su hieu bidt va kinh ngbiem eiia minh qua trinh nghien ciiu \'a bao cao ket qua Khdng chi dimg lai d viec md la y nghia chung ciia mot nhdm cac ddi tupng nghien ciiu, cac nghien ciiu sir dung phuang phap xdy dung ly thuyet nen (grounded theory) dua tren dii lieu thu thap tii nhiing ea nhan da ed trai nghiem thyc te de khai quat hda mpt ly thuyet hoac nguyen Iy chung Theo Strauss \a Corbin (1998) dugc trich dan bdi Creswell (2007), da}' la mdt phuang phap dinh linh ddi hdi thu thap quan diem ciia mpt so Iupng ldn ddi tuong nghien ciru vd cac boat dpng va su tuong tac eua hp [3] Mot thach thiic thyc hien phuang phap la ngudi nghien ciiu can xac dinh dupc nao hinh cac phan nhdm, va nao dii thong tin de phat bieu ly ihu\ It Phuong p h ^ tham nhE^ (etlmograph\research) la phuang phap md ta va dien dich cac khung gia tri hanh vi nidm tin ngon ngix ciia mdt nhom cimg ehia se mdt nen van hda va thdng qua do, y nghia ciia cae }eu td dupe diic kdt Dir lieu dupe thu thap thdng qua phdng vin va quan sat qua trinh tham nhap cua ngudi nghien eiiu vao boat ddng ciia cdng ddng ddi tupng nghien eiiu [3, 12] Dd cd thd ap dung phuang phap nay, ngudi nghien ciru phai cd sy hieu biet nhit dinh \d cdng ddng nghien ciru va npi dung nghien cuu Ben canh do, thdi gian thu thap sd lieu thudng keo dai, ngudi nghien ciru cin cd mpt dp nhay va kha nang nhan bidt dupc mirc dp anh hudng eiia minh ddn ddi tupng \ a mdi truang nghien eiru la nhiing thach thiie su dung phuang phap Phuang phap tinh hudng (case study research) cd the dupe thue hien de nghien Cliu mdt tinh hudng (single case study) hoae nhieu tinh hudng (multiple case study) mdi trudng nghien ciiu dupe xae dinh cu the theo khdng gian, thdi gian hoac muc dich [3, 12] O phuang phap nay, ket qua nghien ciru la su md la tinh hudng nghidn ciiu va cac chii diem dua tren tinh hudng Thdng lin cin thidl cbo de tai dupc thu thap chi tiet va da dang dudi nhieu hinh thiic khac nhu quan sat phdng van bao cao tai lieu, hinh anh video clip Kho khan ldn nhat sir dung phuang phap ehinh la viee lya chpn tinh hudng phu hpp eho nghien ciiu Trong trudng hop sii dung nhieu tinh hudng mdt van de khac dat la sd lupng tinh hudng thich hop la bao nhieu Ngoai ra, pham \i ciia mdi trudng nghien eiiu (boundaries) ciing la mdt yeu td can dupc luu y sii dung phuang phap tinh hudng 98 TAP CHf KHOA HOC T R J C N G DAI HOC M d TP.HCM - SO (34) 2014 Bang Cac dac diem chinh ciia nam phu-ong phap nghien ciru dinh tinb [3,14,15] D?c diem Muc tieu Phinmg phap Phmmg phap Phmmg phap hien tirgng xay dung tircmg thuat (phenomenology) Iy thuyet nen (narrative (grounded research) theory) Phat trien ly Tim hieu cupc Tim hieu diem thuydt tir dii chung song/kinh lieu thuc te trai nghiam cua nghiem ciia nhieu ca nhan mot ca nhan Tudng thual Van de cac cau nghien chuyen ve kinh nghiem ciru canhan Boi Mpt hoac tirgng vai ca nhan nghien ctru - Phong van Cach true tiep thu - Nghien thap Cliu tu lieu thong tin Md ta ban chat/ di^m chinh yeu cua mot hien tupng Mot nhdm ca nhan cd cung trai nghiem ve van de nghien ciiu - Phong van Irirc tiep - Co th£ sir dung Ihem cac phuang piiap idiac nhu quan sal, nghien Cliu tu lieu, Hinh ly thuyel tir quan diem cua doi tupng nghien ciiu Nhieu ca nhan c6 lien quan - Phdng van true tiep Dd phan tich sd lieu dudi dang van ban, hoac hinh anh thu thap lir cac each thu thap thdng tin ndu tren, phan mdm hd trp nha nghien eiiu xur ly sd lieu dinh linh NVivo hoac Leximancer co the dupc sii dung de xac djnh cac chu diem (theme) ciia dii lieu thu thap duac, mdi quan he giua cac chii diem, tin suat xuat hien ciia cac chil diem Viec su dung cac phan mem se hd trp cho ngudi thuc hien phan tich sd lieu van ban quan ly, va phan tich thdng tin mpt each hiiu hieu Tu>' nhien, pham vi va lupng thdng tin can thiet ciia LVTN bac dai hpe, sinh vien thyc hien nghidn Cliu dinh tinh cd the khdng can sii dung cac pham mem vira neu, ma chi can dung phuang phap phan tich thu cdng (manual coding and analysis) de hoan tit viec phan tich va trinh bay kei qua nghien ciiu Phirong phap Phmmg phap tinh hudng tham nhap (ethnography) (case study) Mota va dien dich mpt nhdm ciing chia se mpt nen van hda Md la va dien dich cac khung gia tri van hda dupc chia se Mot nhdm/ td chiic chia se mpt gia tri van hda - Quan sat va phong van true tiep - Co the sii dung them khac ngudn thdng tin khac Mo la \ a phan tich chi tiel mpt hoac nhieu tinh hudng Cung cap thdng tin chi tiet ve mot ho^c nhieu tinh huong Mdt su kien, mpt chuong trinh hoac mpt hoat dong Sir dung nhieu hinh thirc: phdng van true tiep, quan sat, nghien ciru tulieu, CAC KY NANG CAN THIET D£ THU^C HIEN MQT NGHIEN ClTU THEO PHlTOfNG PHAP DINH TINH Vdi nhiing dac diem da neu d phan mdt nghien ciiu dinh tinh ddi hdi ngudi nghien ciiu phai cd cac ky nang can thiet dd cd the dap iing dupc yeu cau ve chat lupng Cac ky nang bao gdm: ky nang thu thap dii lieu, ky nang phan tich dii lieu, ky nang vidt va ky nang xem xet su anh hudng ban than (reflexivity skill) Ky ndng thu thdp dit lieu Nhu da trinh bay d Bang I, cac phuang phap dd thu thap dir lieu cua nghien ciiu dinh tinh bao gdm phdng van, quan sat va nghien ciiu lu lieu Miic dp su dung cua timg phuong phap thu thap du lieu tiiy thude vao phuang phap nghien ciiu CHINH TR! - GIAO DUC - VAN HOA - XA HOI dugc lya chpn De cd the thu thap dir lieu phil hpp khaeh quan va chinh xac ngudi nghien ciiu ein cd ky nang quan he ngucri (interpersonal skill) that tdt, cac k5^ nang can dupc chii y bao gdm: Ky nang giao tiep dupc van dung dd ngudi nghien ciru cd the tiep can vdi ddi tugng nghien cuu; tri mdi quan he vdi ddi tupng nghien cuu mpt qua trinh dai; va tao dung nidm tin ciia ddi tuong nghien ciiu [11] Nhiing ydu td rit quanti-png.mang tinh quylt dinh su cdng hay that bai cua de tai nghien ciiu Ky nang lang nghe va k5' nang dat cau hdi dupc sii dung qua trmh trao ddi va phdng van true tiep Dua tren didn bidn eua qua trinh phdng van, nguai thuc hien phai biet chpn thdi diem de dat cac dang cau hdi khac nhu cau hdi gidi thieu, cau hdi dan dat, cau hdi tham dd, cau hdi gian tidp/truc tidp, cau hdi dien dich Chit iupng thdng tin thu thap dupc qua phdng van khdng chi phu thuoc vao cac cau hdi ma cdn phu thude vao phan iing cua ngudi thuc hien phdng van sau mdi cau tra ldi Tham chi bidt im lang diing thdi didm cung la mdt each dat eau hdi [7] Ngoai ra, ngudi nghien ciiu can cd ky nang quan sat va bao quat de cd the thu thap day dii cac cac dii lieu can thiet nhu phan ling, hanh x'l thai dd sy tuong tac ciia ddi tupng nghien ciiu Ky nang phan tich so Heu Kha nang sang tao va danh gia dd chuyen mpt lupng ldn dii lieu lir van ban va hinh anh cac ket qua thdng qua viec nil gpn du lieu thd, xac dinh cac chii didm quan trpng, xa)- dung cae phan nhdm va phat trien nguyen ly/ly tiiuydt Kha nang danh gia va phan tich (considerable skill) de xac dinh miic dp chi tidt ciia diJ lieu, ket ndi eae ydu td va tudng thuat cac su kien nghien ciiu [8] 99 Ngoai ra, dac thii ciia nghien ciiu dinh tinh, ngudi thyc hien phai cd kha nang phan tich va dien dich sd lieu qua trinh thu thap; ciing nhu kha nang can bang giiia muc tieu kham pha van dd nghien cihi va sin sang chip nhan su thay ddi qua trinh nghien ciiu Ky nang viet Ket qua va gia tri khoa hpe ciia nghien cuu dinh tinh la mdt ban van, dd ngudi nghien cim phai cd kha nang vidt tdt van phong lap luan chic chin va cd tinh thuyet phuc Trong bai vidt ciia minh, ngudi nghien ciiru phai the hien dupc kha nang can bing giiia Iupng thdng tin du dd md la vSn de nghien ciiu va dp thuyet phuc cua eae luan cii Ngoai ra, ngudi viet bao cao dinh tinh phai the hien dupc quan diem va tridt ly nghien cuu vao bai viet Ky nang xem xet su anh hirdng bdn thdn (reflexivity skill) Miic dp anh budng cua ngudi thyc hien vao loan bp qua trinh nghien cuu dinh tinh la rat ldn Cu the, ngudi thuc hien tham gia tuong tac d dia diem nghien ciiu, tham gia vao qua trinh hinh ket qua nghien Cliu Chinh vi vay, de ket qua nghien ciiu khdng bi anh hudng bdi su hidu biel chii quan cua ngudi thuc hien, ky nang xem xet su anh hudng ban than (reflexivity skill) la mpt ky nang quan trpng va cd miic dp anh hudng Idn Ky nang cho phep ngudi thyc hien tu danh gia vai trd ciia minh qua trinh hinh ket qua nghien Cliu: ciing nhu biet ro cac budc quy trinh nghien ciiu hinh ket qua nhu thd nao Ddng thdi ky nang ciing cho phep ngudi thuc hien Iy giai dupe tai nghien ciiu dupe thuc hien va ket thiic nhu the nao [6] Vi \'ay, de ren luyen ky nang ngudi thuc hien nen thudng xu\en tu phan bien bai viet ciia minh Dieu 100 TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC M TP.HCM - SO (34) 2014 giiip xac dinh rd vai trd va su anh hudng cd the cd cua ngudi thyc hien den ket qua nghien ciiu Ben canh viec tri ghi "nhat ky nghien ciiu" (research diary) se giup ngudi thuc hien xem xet lai toan bd cac budc quy trinh nghien ciiu, ciing nhu sy thay ddi cita ban than minh qua trinh nghien ciiu Ddi vdi sinh vien dai hoc ndi chung va sinh vien nganh quan tri ndi rieng, phan ldn cac ky nang tren ddu da dupc trang bi thdng qua cac mdn hpe chuang trinh dao tao chinh khda va ngoai khda Viec thuc hien bai tap ca nhan, bai tap nhom, thuyet trinh du an, tieu luan hay thuc tap ddu cd tac dung giiip sinh vien ren luyen cac ky nang lien tuc sudt chuang trinh hpe KET LUAN LVTN dai hoc nganh quan tri cd the dinh hudng giai quyet cac van dd da dang boat ddng cua td chiic tu vin dd gia san pham hoac nguyen vat lieu, tinh trang cung irng du bao doanh sd nghien ciiu hanh vi khach hang cho ddn cac vin dd ben td chirc nhu nghien ciiu su thda man cua nhan vien, xay dyng lai co cau td chiic/quy trinh thyc hien cong viec hay he thdng tra cdng lao dpng v/v Tat ca cac van de nay, tiiy thuoc vao muc tieu dupc xac dinh, deu cd the tiep can va giai quydt theo phuang phap dinh tinh Ngoai ra, cac ky nang can thiet dd thuc hien nghien ciru dinh tinh, sinh vien bac dai hoc deu dupc trang bi thdng qua chuong trinh dao tao Co the thay rang, phuang phap nghien ciiu dinh tinh hoan toan phii hop ddi vdi sinh vien bac dai hoc de thyc hidn LVTN Tuy nhien, tiiy vao kha nang cua sinh vien vd thdi gian va nang luc nghien ciiu; ciing nhu tinh chat cita de tai de lua chpn mpt phuang phap phu hpp TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Adams J Khan HTA, Raeside R & White D, Research Methods for Graduate Business and Social Sciences students, SAGE Publication Inc (2007) Bahiaves M & Caputi P, Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods, 1st edn, SAGE Publications Ltd (2001) Creswell J.W, Qualitative inquiry