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VAN DUNG PHirOfNG PHAP MONTESSORI DE PHAT TRIEN Ki NANG HOAT DONG DOC L ^ CHO TRE KHUYET TAT TRi TUE NGUYEN TUAN VINH PHAM THI QUYNHNI NGUYENPHUOC CAT TUONG Trudng Dgi hoc Suphgm Dgi hoc Hue TRAN THI[.]
VAN DUNG PHirOfNG PHAP MONTESSORI DE PHAT TRIEN K i N A N G HOAT DONG D O C L ^ CHO TRE KHUYET TAT TRi TUE NGUYEN TUAN VINH - PHAM THI QUYNHNI - NGUYENPHUOC CAT TUONG Trudng Dgi hoc Suphgm - Dgi hoc Hue TRAN THI PHUONG ANH - HOANG THJ Dl£U HONG Trudng Dgi hoc Y Duac - Dai hgc Hue Tom tit: KI nang boat dgng dpc lap (KN HDDL) la mot nhung h | thong kT nang (KN) toi can thiet cho moi ca nhan de dam bao sir hoat dong binh thudng cupc s6ng hang Do nhiing thieu hut ve tri tue va ban che ve nhan thiic, Ue khuyet tat ui me (KTTT) gap nhilu kho khan viec hinh va phat trien cac KN Vdi nhiing uu diem ciia minh, phuang phap giao due Montessori da duac van dung de xay dung he thong bai tap phat triSn cac KN HDDL ca ban va can thilt cho tre KTTT Qua trinh thii nghiem mpt so bai tap tren Ue KTTT d3 cho thay tinh kha thi vk hieu qua ciia he thong bai tap Mpt so luu y su dung he thong bai tap ciing duoc bet ke Uong bai bao Tir khoa: Phuang phap Montessori, Ky nang hoat dgng doc lap, Tre khuyet tat tri tue I.MODAU KT nang hoat dpng ddc lap (independent Junction!ng skills) la mpt khai niem cd npi ham kha rpng va bao quat, the hien qua nhung ten gpi khac nhu KN hoat dgng sdng (functional life skills), KN song ddc lap (independent living skills), hay ndi gpn la KN hoat ddng (functional skills) KN HDDL la nhung KN cin thilt de bao dam tri hoat d6ng cua ca nhan mdi trudng sdng, giiip ca nhan boat ddng cupc song hang mpt each tu tin, hieu qua va d miic dp phii hgp vdi liia tuoi cua ca nhan Tre binh thudng hinh nhung KN mgt each de dang va tu nhien sir tich luy tii viec tuong tac vdi mdi trudng va ngudi xung quanh (Herr va Batemen, 2012) [3] Tuy nhien, ddi vdi tre KTTT, KN thich ling ndi chung va KN HDDL ndi rieng phat trien khong tuong xiing vdi tudi thuc va khdng hoan thien, linh boat nhu tre binh thudng cimg dp tuoi Nguyen nhan chinh cua tinh trang la chiic nang boat dpng tri tue hi thieu hut dang kl, kha nang khai quat boa kem va ca bdi hgc nglu nhien ban che Vi vay, tre KTTT khd cd the hgc va luyen tap KN mgt each thdng thudng cQng nhu khdng thi van dung linh hoat KN dugc hpc mdi tnrdng vao nhihig mdi trudng khac tuong tu Phucmg phap boat ddng tu (freework) dugc nha giao due ngudi Italia Maria Montessori (1870 - 1952) xay dung tir dau the ki XX (Vi vay, phuang phap cdn dugc gpi la phucmg phap Montessori) Den nay, phuang phap da dugc ap dung rdng rai tren thi gidi cac ca sd giao due mam non va tieu hgc cho tre binh thudng va tre khuyet tat Phuang phap boat ddng tu chii trpng vao ITnh vuc la: phat trien cac boat Tap chi Khoa hoc va Giao due, Tnicmg Dai hpc Sir pham Hue ISSN 1859-1612 S6 01(29)/2014: Ir 99-107 NGUYEN TUAN VINH va cs ddng thuc tien cugc s6ng, phat trien giac quan, toan, ngdn ngu va van hoa Tron§ mdi trudng giao due Montessori, tre dugc tu lira chgn va hoat dgng theo mot so nguyen tic dinh sin Tren ca sd do, cac KN cua tre dan dugc hinh va phat h^en, kha nang HDDL dugc phat huy Tuy cd nhilu dilm uu viet nhu vay, song hien nay, d Viet Nam, phuang phap cdn nrong ddi mdi me, chi mdi dugc ap dung d mpt sd trudng mim non va hiu nhu chua dugc biet den cac ca sd GDDB cho tre KTTT Viec nghien cuu, van dung phuang phap vao viec phat trien KN HDDL cho KTTT se gop phin hoan thien he thdng cac phuong phap phat trien KN cho tre KTTT tai cac ca sd GDDB GICJI THIEU VE PHUONG PHAP MONTESSORI 2.1 V^i net vl su ddi ciia phmmg phap Montessori Phuang phap giao due Montessori la mgt phuang phap su pham giao due tre em dua tren nghien cuu va kinh nghiem cua bac sT va nha giao due Y Maria Montessori (18701952) Vao diu nhiing nam 1900, lam viec vdi nhiing tre cd khd khan ve tri tue, hanh vi va cam xuc, Montessori da phat hien ring cac phuang phap day hgc huyen thong khong mang lai hieu qua cho tre va ba nhan thay rang tre em hoan toan bi cuon hut bdi cac vat dung va chat lieu dugc thiet ke de trg giup su cam nhan cua giac quan Montessori da bat dau thiet ke va xay dung nhihig cdng cu va phuang tien trg giiip day hgc chuyen biet dugc dimg cho nhiing tre moi trudng thich hgp va tdn trpng nhirng dac tinh rieng biet cua tre (Lillard, 2005) [4] Phuang phap Montessori sau dd dugc phat trien va md rpng toan nude MT vao nam 1911 va dugc biet den rat nhieu thong qua cac phuong tien thdng tin, dac biet da dugc xuil ban saeh Den nay, phuong phap Montessori dugc biln chu yeu d cac trudng mam non va tieu hgc tren toan the gidi (5 Viet Nam, Montessori la mgt phuang phap giao due kha mdi me, chua dugc biet den nhieu va chua dugc ap dung rdng rai Ban dau, chi cd mgt sd tnrdng mam non tu thuc hoac cac trudng mam non he thong giao due qudc te d Ha Ngi va Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh ap dung phuang phap Sau dd, phucmg phap Montessori dugc nganh giao due mam non d Viet Nam bat dau quan tam nghien ciiu va ap dung thi diem 2.2 Cac nguyen tic va cic Iinh virc cua phirong phap Montessori Cd nguyen tic ca ban phuang phap Montessori la: (I) Tdn trgng tre em, (2) Tam tri hap thu (The Absorbent mind), (3) Thdi ky nhay cam, (4) Mdi trudng chuan bj va (5) Giao due tu ddng (Autoeducation) Cac linb vuc giao due phuong phap Montessori bao g6m: - Thuc te cupc song (Practical Life): Linh vuc giao due cho tre KN tu lam viec, quan sat mdi tnrdng xung quanh, su phdi hgp, KN van dpng kheo leo cua tay, kha nang tap tnmg va sap xep mgt each khoa bpc, trat tu Cac boat ddng la nen tang cho viec hpc tapft-onghrong lai - dac biet la dpc, vilt va lam toan - Giac quan (Sensorial Materials): LTnh vuc giiip tre su dung cac giac quan ciia VAN DUNG PHUONG PHAP MONTESSORI DE PHAT TRIEN KY NANG minh de ITnh hdi cac khai niem vl kich thudc, mau sac, binh dang, ddng thdi cung nang cao nang luc phdi hgp giua tay va mat Tre so sanh chieu cao, trgng lugng, mau sic, am thanh, miii vj, binh dang va chit heu - Toan (Math): Chu de gom cac vat lieu hihi hinh the hien sd lugng Tre sii dung nhung vat lieu de hieu cac khai niem, bieu tugng va cac phep tinh Qua trinh hgc bao gdm gidi thieu ve cac sd va mdi lien he giua sd lugng va ky hieu toan hpc, tinh thii tu, phep cdng, phep trir va he thong thap phan - Ngon ngu (Language): LTnh vuc bao gom nghe thuat ndi va vilt chir Tre budc diu tim hilu vl kilu mlu phat am va ki tu, su kit hgp, vin dieu va su ddi am Tiln hinh phat trien KN dgc va vilt ciia tre thdng qua cac phuang phap giiip tre ftr lam giau vdn tii vung, dieu khien tay de vilt chu, nhan mat chu, ten ggi va am - Van hoa (Culture): LTnh vuc cun^ cip cac kiln thiic co ban vl van boa, khoa hgc va dia ly, xSy dung cho tre y thuc ve the gidi xung quanh, nai chung ta dang song 2.3 Su* k h i c biet gifra phwong phap Montessori vk cac phirong phap gido d^c khac Theo Lillard (2005), phuang phap Montessori cd nhirag uu dilm khac vdi nhihig phuang phap khac Cd the khai quat nhirag diem khac biet dac tnrag sau; (I) Cac ldp Montessori tap tnmg cac em d nhirng tudi khac Thdng qua dd, tre cd the kich thich va giup dd boat ddng (2) Tre chii dgng chgn khu vuc hgc va theo dudi hiing thu cua minh den tre muon ddi qua boat dpng khac (3) Tre hpe thdng qua thu nghiem vdi cac dd diing hpc tap va qua tuong tac vdi tre khac (4) Dd dimg hpc tap dugc thilt ke chuyen biet cho tiing ITnh vuc, tirag boat dpng, timg bai tap (5) Chuang trinh day dugc phat trien dua tren kha nang ITnh hpi cua tre (6) Giao vien ddng vai tro la ngudi hudng dan, chi bao tirag em de tre phat trien tu duy, tu nang cao tinh dpc lap va tu tin (7) Montessori khdng cd he thdng thi dua, muc tieu quan trgng hon ca !a tre cam thiy h?uih phiic din tmdng va trudng cugc song [4] VAN DUNG PHLTONG PHAP MONTESSORI DE PHAT TRIEN KI N A N G HOAT D O N G D O C L A P CHO TRE KHUYET TAT TRI TUE 3.1 Xay dirng he thong bai tap phat trien ki nang boat dpng dgc lap cho tre khuyet t^t tri tue theo phmmg phap Montessori Dua tren ca sd nhihig van de li luan co ban vi KTTT, KN HDDL va phuang phap Montessori va kit qua khao sat thuc trang KN HDDL cua 45 ti-e KTTT d Thira Thien Hue [1], he thing bai tap phat trien KN HDDL theo phuang phap Montessori da dugc xay dung nhim muc dich can thiep de khac phuc nhihig ban chi ve KN HDDL ciia tre KTTT He th6ng bai tap dugc Het ke bang dudi day: Bang Danh muc cdc bdi tap phdt trien KN HDDL KInang KJ nang an Bai t9p Bai tap diing thia Bai tap dung dua Bai tap xep ban an NGUYEN TUAN VINH \a cs KI nang uons KI nang di ve sinh Ki nang rua mat/ Riia tay/ Danh rang/ Tam KJ ning vai quan ao KI nang vdi day dep KI nang di lai an loan KI nang vdi dien thoai Bai tap ghep the nhan hieu va thiic an Bai tap chon mon an theo thuc don Bai tap xep chuoi rot nude Bai lap rot nude vao coc Idn Bai tap rot nude vao chen nho Bai tap xep chudi tranh ve sinh 10 Bai tap xep chuoi va thirc hanh nia mat 11 Bai tap xep chuoi va thuc hanh rira tay 12 Bai tap xep chuoi va thuc hanh danh rang 13 Bai tap xep chu6i va thuc hanh tam 14 Bai tap xep chuoi mac quan ao 15 Bai tap thuc hanh mac quan ao cho blip be 16 Bai tap xep quan ao 17 Bai tap khau theo mau 18 Bai tap dam niit ao 19 Bai tap phan nhdm trang phuc 20 Bai tap lua chon trang phuc cho blip be 21 Bai tap that day giay 22 Bai tap mang giay that day 23 Bai tap mang giay quai hau 24 Bai tap mo hinh giao thong 25 Bai tap so cap bien bao theo tranh 26 Bai tap tinh huong giao thong 27 Bai tap cau chuyen giao thong 28 Bai tap xep chuoi va thuc hanh doi mu bao hiem 29 Bai tap ghi nhd so dien thoai 30 Bai tap bam so dien thoai Mdi bai tap dugc thiet ke gdm phan sau: (I) Ten bai tap; (2) Dd dimg: md ta day du cac dd dung cho bai tap va binh anh minh boa cu the; (3) Cach thuc bien: md ta rd ve mdi trudng, vi tri td chuc thuc hien bai tap, cong viec cua giao vien va ciia tre; (4) Tu kiem tra: md ta each thiic tre tu kiem ira ket qua thuc hien bai tap; (5) Md rpng: neu cac dinh hudng md rdng ndi dung thyc hien bai tap va each thiic van dung vao thuc tien Mgt sd bai tap cdn dugc cung cap man the anh, ki hieu (nlu can) Dua tren miic dp khuyet tat, dac diem phat trien ciia timg tre KTTT va dieu kien cua Idp hgc va gia dmh, cac bai tap se dugc lua chgn, dieu chinh va md rdng phii hgp, Dudi day la mot vi du cu the ve bai tap ren luyen kT nang dung thia Bai tap: Diiog thia vdi cac loai thuc Sn khac Do diing: khay, thia, chen va dia hoac to, than dung mau thuc phim dang hat, mieng vuong 2cm x2 cm, mieng chii nhat 2cm x 4cm, spj ngjn 5cm VAN DUNG PHL-OKG PHAP MONTESSORI DE PHAT TRIEN KY NANG Cach t h u c h i e o : Can chpn vi tri ngoi p h i h o p vdi voc dang de tre co the de dang thuc hien hoat dpng Chii y, liic ban d i u chi nen dung mot mau thiic an dan gian nhit (hat) de giiip Ue tap trung va de dang cong Uong boat dpng Sau do, tSng dan dang mau thiic an khac de m d rpng kha nang thuc hien cua tre Mang khay dung diing dat tren ban/san nha Chon mpt Ip dung thuc pham, md n i p va xiic thirc p h i m chen L i n lugt xiic tat ca thuc pham cho d i n tat ca thuc p h i m Ip da d chen Sau do, cho nguac tat ca thuc pham Uong chen vao Ip va day n i p lai Cu6i cung, mang khay ve cho cu T u kiem t r a : Cac mau thiic an dugc xiic bang thia d Uong chen Khong thuc p h i m nao roi vai san/bim M d r p n g : Sir dung nhirng loai thia vdi chat lieu khac nhau; Sit dung cac mau thuc pham co hinh dang, nguyen lieu/chat lieu khac nhau; Thuc hanh hoat dpng Uong cac biia an hang tai gia dinh 3.2 Ket qua thir nghiem mot so bai tap phat tri8n ki nang hoat dong ddc lap tren tre khuyet tat tri tue tre cd muc dp KTTT khac dugc lua chgn de tiln hanh thu nghiem mgt sd bai tap thang Qua trinh thu nghiem dugc thyc hien d ldp hgc (chu dao) va nha cua tre CJua trinh quan sat va phdng van dugc to chiic sau mdi thang va sau toan bd qua trinh thii nghiem de danh gia su tien bd ciia tre Md ta cho tirag trudng hgp thir nghiem dugc trinh bay dudi day: 3.2.1 Tru&ng hop * Thong tin chung Tre nam ten P.V.T., sinh nam 2002, cd KTTT muc nhe Kit qua danh gia KN HDDL cho thiy miic phat trien cac KN HDDL d mire trung binh, cd the thyc hien dirge cac KN ty phuc vu co ban Mgt sd ban chi cua em la chua bilt lua chpn trang phuc phii hgp cho tirag muc dich cu the, ban che viec nhan biet va tuan diii cac qui tac giao thdng ca ban va su dung cac tien ich giao thdng cdng cdng T phat trien the chat bmh thudng Em cd kha nang nghe hieu tdt kha nang ndi ban che, khdng ndi dugc cau dai va phat am khd nghe Hoat bat, cdi md vdi mgi ngudi, kha nang tap trung tucmg dii tit Tuy nhien, T dugc gia dinh chieu chuong nen cd nhihig hanh vi chdng ddi khdng dugc dap ung nhirng dieu minh mudn * Muc tieu vd noi dung can thiep Sau tiln hanh danh gia muc cac KN HDDL, tren ca sd phan tich dilm manh dilm NGUYEN TUAN VINH va cs yen, bon muc tieu can Uiiep vdi nhimg bai tap hrong ung sau day d5 dugc xac djnh: Bai tgp MMC tieu Chpn quan ao phii hop sir kien, thdi Phan loai the tranh quan ao theo nhom su kien, thai tiet, gidi tiet, gidi tinh Mac ao quin cho blip be giay/vai theo sy kien An toan di tren cac phuang tien Chpn tinh huong giao thong diing va sai Dat biln bao giao thong diing tinh huong giao thong Di lai dpc lap, tham gia cac tinh hudng Cac budc dpi mu bao hiem Cau chuyen giao thong giao thong Dat so theo vi tri m6 hinh dien thoai Sii dung dien thoai ': Gpi dien thoai theo so dugc yeu cau * Kit qua can thiep Sau ba thang can thiep, T hau bet da dat cac muc tieu d^t theo danh gia ciia gia dinh va giao vien Nhdm nghien ciiu ciing da tien hanh quan sat T tai ldp hgc, ncri cdng cdng va tai gia dinh Den thdi diem hien tai, T da thao chpn trang phuc phii hgp vdi sy kien Tuy nhien, ddi luc tre mac chua phii hgp vdi thdi tiet, vi du trdi nang thi lai mac ao am va chi thay lai quan ao phii hgp dugc nhac nhd Thinh thoang T vin cdn thich mac ao quan cua be gai T rat ty tin tham gia giao thdng vdi ngudi Idn (d noi dong ngudi, xa la) va mgt minh (d nai quen thuge) Em biet di tren le dudng, dgi bet xe mdi qua dudng d noi khong co cho danh cho ngudi di bp Doi vdi noi cd tin hieu danh cho ngudi di bp, em dudng nhu da nhan bilt dugc tin hieu va thyc hien theo ti'n hieu giao thdng T cung phan biet dugc y nghTa ciia den xanh, den dd va ich lgi ciia viec dgi mu bao hiem T dpi mu bao hiem thao Dieu dac biet, T da bilt sir dung tliao dien thoai md hinh, hieu dugc cdng dung cua dien thoai va biet dugc each giao tilp qua dien thoai Ve tinh phii hgp cua muc tieu va cac bai tap, ca cha me va giao vien deu cbo rang cac muc tieu va bai tap dua diu kha thi va vira siic Dac biet, nhihig npi dung can thiep da giup T ty lap hon cupc sdng hang 3.2.2 Tru&ng hgp * Thong lin chung Tre gai ten N,T.T.M sinh nam 2000, cd KTTT muc tiamg binh Kit qua danh gia KN HDDL cho thay TM cd mpt sd han che dd la chi dimg thia an cam va cdn roi vai idiieu; chua thyc hien dung qui trinh cac KN ve sinh nhu danh rang, nia mSt, rOra tay, tam, di ve sinh; van chua co dugc cac KN tham gia giao thong ca ban Dieu dang Iim y TM la tre mo cdi, dang sdng tai chiia dudi sy giam sat cua bao mlu Sy ddi boi cao ve tinh tu lap khien TM co dugc nhihig kT nang dgc ISp tit hem nhiing tre cimg miic khuylt tat khac Tuy nhien, em khong dugc quan tam can thiep, giao due nhilu, ngoai d ldp hgc Em ban che ve ngdn ngu, dac biet la kha nang ndi * Muc tieu vd npi dung can thiep Tren CO sd thyc ti^ng phat tiiln KN HDDL va nhung dac dilm rieng cua TM., nhdm nghien cim xac dinh muc tieu can thiep va cac bai tap tuong irng nhu sau: VAN DUNG PHLONG PHAP MONTESSORI DE PHAT TRIEN K-Y NANG Bai tap Muc tiea Diing dua thuin thuc vdi cac loai Sii dung diia de gap cac loai thiic an khac thiic an khac Chon duoc mon Sn theo nhu cau 2, Lay mon an theo thuc don Riia tay, nia mat, danh rang, tam Xep chuoi qui trinh riia tay diing qui trinh Thuc hanh nia tay Xep chuoi qui trinh riia mat Thuc hanh rira mat Xep chu6i qui trinh danh r5ng Thuc hanh danh rang Xep chuoi qui Uinh tim 10 Thuc hanh tim Di lai dpc lap, thuc hien dupe mpt 11 So cap bien bao giao thong vdi Uanh co bien aao so qui tac giao thong ca ban tuong ling 12 So cap bien bao voi tmh huon^ giao thong * Ket qua can thiep Sau ba thang can thiep, TM da hoan cac muc tieu dat cua ke hoach Cu the TM da gap dugc cac loai thiic an bang dua Ngoai ra, TM cdn cd the ty chgn thuc an va ty de xuat mdn an thdng qua cac buoi hpc nau an tai trudng Doi vdi ki nang nia mat, nia tay, danh rang va tim, dii TM khdng thao kbi xep chudi tranh (chi lam dugc mgt lan, lan hai la bat dau sai) nhung em lai rat thao kbi thyc banh cac ki nang Em lam chinh xac, nhanh va saeh Trong 03 buoi thuc hanh kT nang di lai ddc lap ben ngoai cho thiy TM da biet di bd dung ben, nhan biet va cd hanh vi phii hgp gap den xanh, va vang Ve tinh phu hgp va kha tbi cua muc tieu va bai tap, giao vien cho ring cac muc tieu phu hgp va cac bai tap dua giiip tre thuc hien ki nang diing quy trinh Giao vien cung de nghi ring tre can tiep tuc dugc phat trien cac kT nang ddc lap khac nhu phan biet ngudi quen ngudi la, nhan biet nguy hiem 3.2.3 Tnr&ng hgp * Thong tin chung Tre gai ten N.T.D.M., sinh nSm 2004, co KTTT muc nang DM cd nhieu ban che va thilu hut ve KN HDDL Em cd the ty xiic an bang thia, ty uong nude nhung deu roi vai nhilu Em chi an vdi phan com va thuc an da dugc chia sSn bat rieng M khdng tham gia dugc bit ki boat ddng an uong nao noi cdng cdng M hau nhu khdng ty di ve sinh dugc, DM hiu nhu khong the ty rOra mat, nia tay, danh rang va tim dugc Em khdng thi cai niit ao, cai khoa keo quan ao DM khdng tham gia dugc vao giao thdng cong cdng Em cung khdng the nhan biet dugc nhihig nguy hiem, trd ngai tren dudng di Thi chit ylu, hay dau 6m, han che ve ngdn ngii va nhan thuc * Muc lieu vd npi dung can thiep Tren ca sd dac dilm KN HDDL va miic tri tue ciia M., nhdm nghien cuu da xac djnh muc tieu can thiep vdi cac bai tap tuong ung nhu sau: NGU1EN TUAN VINH va cs Bai tap Muc tieu Dimg thia thuan thuc vdi cac loai thuc I Bai tap dung thia vdi cac loai thirc an hn khac Tu chpn mon an irong cac bua an tai So cap nhan hieu va cac loai mdn Sn (oshi, keo, banh, siia, nude ngpt) gia dinh ldp hoc va quan an Lay mon an theo thuc don (com, mi, canh, ca thit, rail, trai cay) Nhan biet dugc qui trinh va thuc hien Xep chuoi qui trinh nia tay dugc mpt phan cac KN ve sinh nhu nia Thuc hanh nia tay mat, rira tay, danh rang Xep chuoi qui uinh nia mat Thuc hanh rua mat Xep chuoi qui trinh danh rang Thuc hanh danh rSng Mac/cdi dugc cac loai quan ao khac 10 Xep chuoi qui trinh mac/cdi quin ao 11 Mac/ cdi ao quan cho blip be * Kit qua can thiep Sau ba thang can thiep, DM hiu het da dat cac muc tieu dat theo danh gia ciia gia dinh va giao vien Nhdm nghien ciiu cung da tien hanh quan sat M tai !dp hgc, nai cdng cdng va tai gia dinh Den thdi diem hien tai, M da dimg thia diing each lay thiic an van cdn rai vai Em ciing da chgn dugc mdn an theo sd thich an tai nha, trudng va quan an vdi sy trg giup cua ngudi Idn Cac KN nia tay, nia mat va darih rang, M da lain dugc theo quy trinh nhung chua saeh lam M da mac va cdi dugc ao chui diu va quan thim thao Ve tinh phu hgp cua muc tieu va cac bai tap, ca cha me va giao vien deu cbo rang cd mpt vai muc tieu va bai tap dua hoi khd cho tre Cu thi, cac chuoi tranh dai va rudm lam tre khd phan biet va hieu dugc y nghTa cua tiing tranh dan den viec tre khd khan xep chuoi Tuy nhien, ve ca ban, nhiinfi KN dugc hinh va phat trien thdi gian vira qua la nhimg KN quan trgng ddi vdi cugc sing thudng cua M Tir kit qua nay, chiing tdi se cd nhung dilu chinh d he thing bai tap dugc xay dyng KET LUAN KN HDDL la nhirng KN toi cin tiiiet cho moi ca nhan Vdi sy phat tiiln binh tiiudng cua lua tudi, moi ngudi hinh tiianb nhihig KN mgt each dl dang va ty nhien su tich luy tir viec tuong tac vdi moi tmdng va ngudi xung quanh Vdi tie KTTT, chiic nang boat dgng tri tue bi thieu hut dang ke, kha nang khai quat hoa kem va ca hdi hgc nglu nhien ban che nen KN thich ling ndi chung va KN HDDL cua ti-e khdng hoan thien, khdng linh boat nhu tre binh thudng cimg dp tudi Tren co sd nghien ciiu li luan \ a thyc tiln, phuang p h ^ Montessori da dugc van dung dl xay dyng 30 bai tap phat trien cac KN HDDL ca ban va can tiiilt cho tre KTTT Kit qua thir nghiem mgt so bai tap ti-en tre vdi muc KTTT khac da cbo thiy tmh kha thi va kha nkng img dung cua he thdng bai tap can tiiiep, ren luyen KN HDDL cho tie KTTT Tuy nhien de viec su dung he tiidng bai tap thyc su cd hieu qua, c5n luu y mgt so VAN DI;NG PHUONG PHAP MONTESSORI DE PHAT TRIEN KY NANG diem sau day: (1) Viec su dung he thong bai tap la nham giup tre thyc hien dugc KN HDDL thyc tien cupc sdng chu khdng phai la tre thuan thuc cac bai tap mdi trudng giao due (2) Muc tieu can thiep va cac bai tap dugc lya chpn phai dua tren ket qua chan doan, danh gia mgt each toan dien va cd he thong (3) Cac bai tap ren luyen KN HDDL cin dugc phdi hgp nhip nhang vdi cac ngi dung can thiep khac mgt tong the tac dpng toan dien nhieu ITnh vuc (4) Cac bai tap can dugc dieu chinh de phii hgp vdi dac diem ciia timg tre, vdi dieu kien cua gia dinh, ldp hgc de mang lai hieu qua thyc te Dac biet chii y den viec tao co hpi cho tre thyc hanh cac KN da dugc ren luyen (5) Can cd sy phoi hgp chat che giiJa gia dinh va nha trudng de tao nen sy thong nhat tac ddng giao due, giup cho cac KN cua tre dugc hinh mgt each ben viing TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [I] [2] [3] [4] Nguyin Tuin Vinh, Nguyin Phuac Cat Tudng, Pham Thi Quynh Ni, Tran Thi Phuong Anh, Hoang Thi Dieu Hong (2013) KJ nang hoat dpng dpc lap cua tte khuylt tat tri Uie Tap chi khoa hoc Dgi hoc Hui Tap 86, S6 8, 2013 T 310-319 CoUms, J (2010) What are functional skills and why does my child with a disability need them?, http://ezinearticies.com/7What-Are-Fimctional-Skills-And-Why-DoesMy-Child-With-A-Disability-Need-Them?&id-I049755 Truy cap 17/08/2010 Herr, CM Batemen, B.D (2012) Writing measurable andjunctional and transition lEP goals Attainment Company, Inc USA Lillard, A S (2005) Montessori: The science behind the genius New York: Oxford University Press Title: APPLYING THE MONTESSORI METHOD TO DEVELOP INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONING SKILLS FOR CHILDREN WTTH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY Abstract: Independent fimctioning skills are part of the essential skills system for individuals (o ensure normal functioning in daily life Due to intellectual and cognitive impairments, children with intellectual disabihty have many difficulties in forming and developing these skills With its advantages, the Montessori education method was employed to build a system of exercises to develop basic and essential independent fimctionmg skills for children with intellectual disability Results of teaching some exercises for three children with intellectual disability have shown the feasibility and effectiveness of this exercise system Some notes when using this exercise system is also listed in the paper KejTVords: The Montessori method Independent Functioning skills Children with intellectual disability ThS NGUYEN TUAN VINH Khoa Giao due Mim non, Trudng 0ai hpc Su pham - Dai hpc Hue ThS PHAM TH! QUYNH NI - ThS NGUYEN PHU(5C CAT TUCJNG Khoa Tam li - Giao due, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham - Dai hpc Hul TRAN THI PHUONG ANH, HOANG THI DlfU HONG van phong Tu vin di truyin va Hfl tig ue khuyet tat, Tnrdng Dai hoc Y Duoc - Dai hpc Hue ... biet den cac ca sd GDDB cho tre KTTT Viec nghien cuu, van dung phuang phap vao viec phat trien KN HDDL cho KTTT se gop phin hoan thien he thdng cac phuong phap phat trien KN cho tre KTTT tai cac... tre KTTT tai cac ca sd GDDB GICJI THIEU VE PHUONG PHAP MONTESSORI 2.1 V^i net vl su ddi ciia phmmg phap Montessori Phuang phap giao due Montessori la mgt phuang phap su pham giao due tre em dua... xSy dung cho tre y thuc ve the gidi xung quanh, nai chung ta dang song 2.3 Su* k h i c biet gifra phwong phap Montessori vk cac phirong phap gido d^c khac Theo Lillard (2005), phuang phap Montessori