JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educaticmal S(i 2011, Vol 50, No 4, pp 102 106 O N G DUNG PHUdNG PHAP XAU CHUOI VAO DAY KY NANG T U PHUC vy CHO TRE KHUYET TAT TRI TUE Dao Thi PhUdng Lien Tntdng Dgi hoc Su[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educaticmal S(i 2011, Vol 50, No 4, pp 102-106 O N G DUNG PHUdNG PHAP XAU CHUOI VAO DAY KY NANG T U PHUC vy CHO TRE KHUYET TAT TRI TUE Dao Thi PhUdng Lien Tntdng Dgi hoc Su phg,m Ha Ndi L-iiiail: ijliuoiigliengddb'Oginail.com Tom t a t Tre khuycM, tat tri tne (KTTT) khong chi gap khd khan hoc taj) ma c()n gaj) klui khan tiong cac hoat dpng sinh hoat hang Mot nhfmg hoat dpng sinh hoat ha,ng phai kl deu la k.v nang tu phuc vu (KNTPV) ChUPng trinh day KNTPV khong chi dupc cac nUdc tren thi gidi quan tam ma d Viet Nam cfing rat quan tam d(Mi npi dung va da dupc len kl hoach day cu tlu'; chuPng trinh day tre KTTT d cac trUdng chuyen biet (trudng danh ri(">ng cho tic' khuy(''t tat) Cac nha nghien ciiu da lua chpn mot phuPng pliaj) day KNTPV cho tie KTTT rat hieu qua dd la phUPng phap xau chuoi Dl thiy dUpc hieu qua ciia phuPng phap xau chuoi day KNTPV cho tre KTTT, chung toi tiln hanh thu nghiem tren 01 tre KTTT theo qui trinh nhu sau: Danh gia nhu can can thiep ciia tre (sii dung thang hanh vi thich iing ABS - S: 2), lap ke hoach can thiep, thuc hien ke hoach can thiep va danh gia kit qua Sau danh gia K X T P \ ' bing thang hanh vi thich iing kit hpp tim hilu tre thong qua giao \'ien cha me tre va quan sat tre, chiing toi quyet dinh da}- tre ky nang an com bing thia siif dung phuong phap xau chuoi theo hinh thiic chuoi ngupc K6t qua sau tuin day, mdi tuin day bu6i, mdi buoi day 30 phut tre da cd th(^ tu xiic thiic an bing thia, khong bi roi vai ma khong cin sir giup dp ciia ngUdi khac Nhu vay, chiing ta cd thi khing dinh ring phUPng phap xau chudi la mot nhiing phuong phap day hpc hieu qua day KNTPV cho tre KTTT (mot ky nang quan trpng giiip tre KTTT trd nen dpc lap hon cupc slug) Md dau Khuylt tat tri tue ( K T T T ) la loai khuylt tat dupc xac dinh bdi han chi dang kl vl hoat ddng tri tue \'a hanh vl thich iing t h i hien d cac ky nang nhan thiic, xa hdi va ky nang thich iing thuc te, khu}'lt tat x u i t hien trudc 18 tudi Nhiing khilm khu}lt d i n den nhiing khd khan hpc tap ciing nhu khd khan trpng cac hoat ddng sinh hoat hang ciia tre K T T T Mdt nhiing hoat dpng h i t siic quan trpng trpng cupc sdng hang gdp p h i n tap nen su dpc lap cua tre KTTT dd chinh la kha nang tU phuc vu Dk giiip cho tre K T T T cd kha nang tu phuc vu dupc ban than thi r i t d n d i n su phoi hpp cua giap vien va gia dinh trpng viec lua chpn npi dung va liia chpn phuPng phap day thfch hpp 102 Ung dung phuang phdp xdu chudi vdo dg.y ki nang tU phuc vu cho tre khuyit tdt 2.1 Noi d u n g nghien cu!u Mot s6 phUcfng phap day ky nang tU phuc vu cho tre KTTT [4] Qua nghien ciiu, cac nha nghien ciiu da dua mot so phuPng phap day ky nang tu phuc vu cho tre KTTT dd hp nhin manh din mot phUPng phap rit hieu qua day ky nang tu phuc vu (KNTPX^ cho tre KTTT dd la phuong phap xau chudi [4] Xau chudi la day tre thi.rc hien mdt chudi cac phan iing ed lien quan vl mat chiic nang theo thii tu chinh xac hoac gin chinh xac dd thuc hien mdt cdng viec hay mdt nhiem vu [2] Phlu Idn cac ky nang chiing la sii dung dl day tre bao gom mdt chudi cac phan ring phan Hpc mdt chudi cac phan iing la hpc thiic hien tiing budc chudi dd theo diing tiinh tii va tUPiig doi lien tuc vl mat thdi gian \eu d u sU dung phUPng phap xau chudi dd la gido vien phai chia nhd nhiem v\i ciia hoat dpng day sau dd da}' theo hinh thiic chudi xudi, chudi ngupc va chudi toan bd - Hinh thiic chuoi xudi: Sau phan tich nhiem vu va danh gia gidi han kha nang, giap \'ien bit diu hudng din bing viec cho tre lin lupt lam cac budc da hpc cho tdi budc tre chua thuc hien thuc Giao vien se bit diu hudng din tfr budc dd Cling cd sau hudng din Khi budc diu tien chudi da thiic hien cd thi cung co d miic dp cao hon Nhiing budc cdn lai hoac giao vien thiic hien hoac tre thiic hien vdi su trp giup nhung toan bp nhiem vu d n dupc hoan trudc kit thiic budi hpc Hinh thiic chuoi ngiidc: Sau phan tich nhiem vu va danh gia gidi han kha nang, giao vien bit diu hudng din bing viec lam toan bd hoac giiip tre lam toan bp chudi phan iing din tan budc cuoi ciing ciia chudi hanh vi Sau tre da lam tot budc cudi ciing, chuyin sang day budc trudc budc cudi ciing nhung tre phai thiic hien dupc budc cuoi cung ma khdng d n trp giiip Cung co sau hudng din, budc cuoi ciing chudi dupc thuc hien, se cung cd d miic cao hon Khi tri cac budc da day, da hpc va da bd sung theo thii tii giat liii, toan bo chudi hanh vi dupc thiic hien va tre dupc cung co - Hinh thUc chudi todn bg: Sau phan tich nhiem vu va danh gia gidi han kha nang, giao vien bat diu hudng din budc diu tien chudi va day tfrng budc tilp theo, theo thii tu cho din hoan ca chudi Tit ca cac budc d n hudng din se dupc day thep thii tu va ddng thdi trpng thuc hien ca chudi Cung cp sau mdi phan iing dl siia ldi va nang cao kha nang phan iing ciia tre Lap lai cung cd vao cudi chudi 2.2 Thu* nghiem iJng dung phUdng phap xau chu6i vao day K N T P V cho tre K T T T Chiing tdi tiln hanh thii nghiem suf dung phUPng phap xau chudi vao day KNTPV cho 01 tre KTTT tai trung tam chuyen biet d Ha Ndi (trung tam danh cho tre khuylt tat) Trudc tiln hanh thuf nghiem chiing tdi tim hilu thdng tin ve tre thdng qua giao vien day tre va cha me tre; ho sP ca nhan, quan sat tre chpi va 103 Dao Thi PhUPng Lien sii dung thang h i n h vi thich iing ABS S: (Thang dupc xay dirng bdi Hiep luii K T T T M.v) Noi dung ciia thang gdm p h l u , p h i n t a p trung danh gia cac hoai dc.iiig dpc lap, phan danh gia cac hanh vi xa hdi De thay dUpc diem manh va dilm \eii Irong kha nang tiiicli iing ciia tr(' miy chung lOi sii dung thang hanh vi thich iing IrUctng hoc va So tay trric iighi(;'m vifm dd neu rd cac ky nang can danh gia va each tinh diem cho tirng ky nang Qui trinh thii nghiem duPe lien hanh theo cac budc nhu sau: danh gia nhu can can I liic;']) cua lii' (sii dung thang hanh vi thich iing VBS - S: 2), lap ke hoach can thiep, tlu.rc hien ke hoach can thit;-]) va danh gia kit ciua X(')i dimg thii nghiem dupe xay dUng In'm c(J sd danh gia nhu can can tlii('p ciia \\e va di.ra tien iing dung ciia i^hUPiig pha]) xau chii(")i Ddnh gid nhu cdu can thiep eiia ire I lui nghi(''iii thong qua tim hiT'ii thdng tin \'e tr(' vk sii dung thang hanh \i thich iing XBS S: nhu sau: Thdng tm ve In': Tran Thanh B la mpt be trai tudi Kit qua dupc danh gia bdi bac si d \"\e\\ Xhi Trung [Umg cho bilt em bi klm.vet tat tri tuf' miic dp nang, kill nang nhan tluic lUPng dUPug \'di tre tudi rudi Trong qiui trinh mang thai siic khde ciia iiu.' B binh thudng Khi sinh the trang cija em binh tlurpng ciua cjuan sat chiing tdi nhan thay cac ky nang ciia B phat triln cham liPn rat nhilu so vdi nhfrng tre ciing tudi Dac biet, em gSj) khd khan thuc hien cac ky nang an nong ma le d liia tudi cac em phai tluic hien dupc B dang theo hoc d mdt trung tam chuyen biet tai Ha Ndi Sit dung thang hdnh vi thich iing ABS - S: de danh gia hoat ddng dpc lap (ky nang ti.r phuc vu) dd bao gom cac ky nang nhu ky nang an nong, ve sinh ca nhan, di ve sinh, hinh thufc ben ngoai, giii gin q u i n ao di khoi nha mac va edi quin ao, an toan di lai Chiing tdi danh gia tiing ky nang hoat ddng ddc lap, kit qua cho thi}' hoat dpng ddc lap ciia B dat dudi miic trung binh va qua trinh quan sat tre an, chiing tdi thi}' em xiic cPm b i n g thia nhung vin bi rdt vi t h i chiing tdi tiln hanh day ky nang mi}' cho tre i i o u g bai v'xex chiing tdi tiln hanh day cho em B ky nang an b i n g thia day la mpt ky nang h i t siic quan trpng giiip B trd nen ddc lap hpn sinh boat hang Lap ke hoach can thiep: Da}' ky nang tu an b i n g thia ma khdng bi rpi vai thdi gian t u i n , mdi t u i n budi, mdi l)iidi 30 phiit ThvCc hien ke hog,ch can thiep: Chia nhd cac nhiem vu va day cac budc theo hinh thiic chudi xudi, chudi ngUpc va chudi toan bp \'di hinh thiic chia nho nhiem vu va sir dung phuPiig phap xau chudi can thiep nhu vky r i t phii hpp day ky nang cho tre- kliii}'lt tat tri tiu;^ d miic dp nang TrUdc day B ky nang an cPm b i n g thia, chiing tdi tieu hanh phan tich nhiem vu ciia hpat ddng an b i n g thia nhu sau: Budc 1: e l m thia b i n g hai ngdn ta}' cai va ngdn tay tro, cac ngdn tay cdn lai dd can thia cho chic: Budc 2: Tfr tfr dua thia vko mieng bat; Budc 3: Xiic thiic an rdi dua len mieng bat sau dd gat thiic an; Budc 4: NhIc thia len khdi mieng bat; 104 Ung dung phuang phdp xdu chudi vdo day ki ndng tu phuc vu cho tre khuyit tdt Budc 5: Ha mieng va tff tfr dua thia vao mieng; Budc 6: Diing ludi diy thiic an vao trong; Budc 1: Liy thia khdi mieng Qua quan sat B, chiing tdi nhan tliA}' em chua cd ky nang elm thia cfmg nhu ky nang xiic thiic an nen chiing tdi qii}'lt dinh day tre miy nga}' tfr giai doan hinh ky nang theo hinh thiic chudi ngUpc (vdi hinh tluic mi}- B da dupc (luan sat chung tdi thuc hien cac budc ciia mot hoat dpng, em chi thuc hien budc cuoi ciing ciia hoat dpng nhu vay em sc"* cam Ilui}' cdng \'a mudn til]) tuc dupc lam) Diu tien chung tdi lam tfr budc l('Ji budc sau dd hudng din vk vew d u lie lam budc Khi tre lam thuc budc 7, chiing t(ii lam tir budc din budc sau dd hudng din tr(' lam budc 6, Tlu.rc hien tUPng tii cho den In'^ cd thi tu lam tit ca cac budc Trong qua trinh da}' cluing tdi sii dung ky thuat siia ldi vk ciing co Ddnh gid kit qud can thiep: Thdng qua quan sat gid an ciia tre cimg vdi cac ban, qua trao ddi vdi phu hu}'iih vk giao \'ien cQng nhu thdng qua thang hanh vi thich ling ABS - S:2 kit qua cho thi}- em da cd thi tii xiic thiic an bing thia khdng rpi vai ma khdng d n sii giup dd ciia ngudi khac Ddng thdi mdt so ky nang nim hoat ddng ddc lap ciia B ciing dupc cai thien Nhiing lilu y qud trinh can thiep cho tre: Khi tre mic ldi ngudi hudng din d n can thiep nhe nhang va siia ldi theo cac each khac Nlu tre mIc ldi giai doan hinh ky nang thi ngudi hudng din d n hudng din lai cac budc ma tre mlc ldi vk veu d u tre thuc hien lai Nlu tre mlc ldi giai doan thuc thi ngudi hudng din d n sii dung cac phuong phap siia ldi cd tinh kit ciu la hudng din vdi thdng tin dUa it hon \ i tre da thuc hPn, so lupng ldi tre mlc se it di \'a thudng phan tan tu tudng hoac chinh mang chfr khdng phai tre khdng bilt lam Trong nhiing trudng hpp nhu vay cd thi liia chpn mpt nhiing each sau day: Khi tre mlc ldi hoac ludng lu, ngudi hudng din cd thi chd vai giay dl tre tii siia Xlu tre khdng lam dupc, ngudi hudng din cd thi hd trp bing thi chit nhu sii dung tay dl bao hieu tre lam chua diing - Xhic nhd tre nhe nhang dl tre tii sua ma khdng td thai dp tieu cue hoac qua nghiem khic vi du: thii lam lai xem nlu tre mlc ldi lin thii 2, ngudi hudng din d n xet din nguyen nhan va giiip dd them Ngay tre nguTng mlc ldi, cd thi dua gpi y toi thilu ("tilp theo la gi") hoac nhIc lai budc cudi ciing ma tre vfra thuc hien dupc vi du: Khi dua thia tff tfr vao mieng rdi thi phai lam gi nao? Nlu tre ngirng lai chua lam xong mOt budc, ngudi hudng din cd thi khuyin khich tre tilp tuc ("diing roi lam tiep di") Ket luan PhuPng pha,p xau chuoi la mdt nhiing phuong phap day hpc cd hieu qua dang kl viec day ky nang tu phuc vu cho tre KTTT d cac miic dp dac biet phuong phap r i t phii hpp day cho tre KTTT miic dp nang Dl sii dung 105 Dao Thi Phuong Lien dupc i)liirpng i)hap miy liir-u (jua, iigudi hudng dan phai chia nhd^ nhiem vu mdt chudi cac nlii(Mn vu nhd liPn vi vay s(~' giup tre KTl'T cd thi hilu va nhd cac nhi(MU vu de dang liPn ^lieii da.v, chiing tdi minh hoa thii nghiem sii dung phUPng pha]) xau clmdi \a,o day k.v nang tu phuc vu cho lipe sinh KTTT Trong khudn khd ciia bai bao mi}' chiing tdi mdi thii nghiem mdt phUPiig phap day k.y nang tU phyc vu cho 01 lie K ITT i u y nhien, kit cjua ciia thii nghif'tn ciing phan anh dupc phin nao hi('Mi qua ciia phuchig i)hai) rmi chiing tdi sii dung day ky nSng tir phuc vu cho lie KFi^r TAI LIEU T H A M KHAO [1] Xgii.\'eii Thi Hanh, 200 I ///.//// th.anh ky ndng tu phuc clio tre ehgrn phiit triin tri tue TrUdng Tie a Iwc Binli Minh, Luan van thac si |2| Thang luinli vi tli.ieh itng ABS-S:2 sv/ dung trUdng hoe Sd tay trdc ngliiem men Xuat ban lau lai View dich 2003 |3| Trail Le Thu 2002 Dg.i citang gido due ddc bi(t cho tre cham phdt trifn tri tue Xxb Dai hoc C^iuic gia Ha X(^i [4] Ann Cast el Davis, 1999 Exceptional Lives, special Education in Todays Schools 2nd edition, printed in the United States of America [5] Keys to parenting the child with Autism Second Edition Maiiene Targ Brill, M.Ed, 2001 ABSTRACT Application string method on teaching self help skill for Children w^ith Intellectual disabilities Children with Intellectual disabilities (ID) not only have difficult}' in learning, but also have difficulties in acti\'ities of daily li^•ing One of the daily activities is self - help skills which children with disabilities cannot cope with b}' themselves The teaching programme of self help skill is not onl}' inter(>sted in the World but also in \ietnam is \'ery intc^K^sted in this content, and was planned to teach in specific programmes for ID in special needs schools (schools dedicated for children with disabilites) The researchers hnve chosen a method for teaching self - help skills of ID which is a vexv effecti\'(^ method To see the effecti\'eness of the String method in teaching self - help skills for ID, we conducted an experiment on an ID child, the process was as follows: E\'aluation of th(> childs needs: adaptive behavior scale: ABS- S: 2), intervention planning, implementation of inter\'ention plans and evaluation results After assessing b}- ABS-S:2 and combined inter\'iews with his teachers, parents and ol)ser\'ing him, we decided to teach him skills to eat rice wdth the String method used in the form of string concentration backwards Results after weeks of teaching two si^ssions per week, each session consisting of 30 minutes teaching, he can eat with a spoon, does not drop withput helping Thus, we can confirm that the String method is one of the effective teaching methods when teaching self - help skills for ID (an important life skill helps ID become more independent in life) 106 ... vao day K N T P V cho tre K T T T Chiing tdi tiln hanh thii nghiem suf dung phUPng phap xau chudi vao day KNTPV cho 01 tre KTTT tai trung tam chuyen biet d Ha Ndi (trung tam danh cho tre khuylt... to teach in specific programmes for ID in special needs schools (schools dedicated for children with disabilites) The researchers hnve chosen a method for teaching self - help skills of ID which... nhiem vu va danh gia gidi han kha nang, giap ''ien bit diu hudng din bing viec cho tre lin lupt lam cac budc da hpc cho tdi budc tre chua thuc hien thuc Giao vien se bit diu hudng din tfr budc