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THirC TRANG VA YEU CAU DAT RA TRONG VIEC TO CHlTC MINH GIAI VAN BAN TAG P H A M T H O C A LY T R A N TRONG N H A TRlTOfNG PHO THONG HIEN NAY PHAM HAI LINH''''** LU''''NGUYEN MINH*"'''' 1 Van de minh giai van b[.]
THirC TRANG VA YEU CAU DAT RA TRONG VIEC TO CHlTC MINH GIAI VAN BAN TAG P H A M T H O C A LY T R A N TRONG N H A TRlTOfNG PHO THONG HIEN NAY PHAM HAI LINH'** LU'NGUYEN MINH*"' Van de minh giai van ban d nha tru'dng thong trung phong each cua tfi ngfi Han Viet, dd Tigp cgn lac pham van hpc Han Ndm la dudng ban ddu dan den cdng viec ndi chung va tha Ly Trdn ndi rigng khdng thi khdng xuat phat tfi chat lieu ngdn ngu - vdn tu va ljch sfi van ban Tuy quan dgn phan tich li tinh va khai quat dac td chfic minh gidi van ban (MGVB) cac tdc phdm van hpc Hdn Ndm Trong phgm vi fing dung vao nha nhign, qua trinh dgy - hpc cfia giao vign trudng phd thdng, cd the hieu minh giai (GV) va hpc sinh (HS) hien dang gap van ban la su li giai, giai thich mpt each phai nhihig trd nggi Idn, nhdt la each thfic tudng minh, chuan muc, xdc thuc; khdng nhgn dipn, giai thich va phan tich van bdn suy diln, khdng cam tinh, khdng phien Ndm 1998, nhdm tgo mdt budc dot pha d l dien Ldy van bdn tac pham ldm ddi ddn giai quylt nhiing vdn dg mang tinh tupng, minh giai van ban la thao tac su hpc thugt dgy hpc ngfi van, tfi gdc dyng he thdng cac phuong phap khoa nhin ngdn ngfi vdn tu, tac gia D ^ g Due hpc dg Ii giai, nhdm giup cho vdn ban Sigu da bien soan chuygn lugn Dgy vd hgc tac phdm dupc hieu mdt each chan thuc, tit Hdn Viet a trudng phd thdng Chuyen dung ddn vdi nhfing pham chat - gia trj lugn da trinh bay, giai quygt va tdng khach quan vdn cd cfia nd [minh thudt mpt each co ban ve ljch sfi, qua trinh minh gidi cd nghTa la sang rd, khoa hpc, du nhgp va dac trung vg cau tao cua tfi chudn xac, khach quan; gidi la giai thich, Han Viet Ddc biet, tu gdc dp giao hpc li giai, phdn lich mdt each he thdng, dfing phdp, dng dd neu bat nhfing vdn d l mang tinh djnh hudng v l phuang phap dgy hpc tu ngfi cho GV va HS Tfi cam nhan true ' *NCS Trudng DHSP Ha Ndi "'PGS.TS Trudng DHSP Ha Noi 73 TAP CHI HAN NOM so (132)-2015 PHAM HAI UNH- LU NGUYiN MINH Thu-c trang minh giai van ban d nha trucmg thdng 2.1 Sdch gido khoa 2.I.I Npi dung muc "Yeu cdu cdn dgt" sdch gido khoa Sach giao khoa (SGK) NgU vdn d nha trudng phd thdng dS cu the hda muc Ddi tupng hudng den cfia cdng tac lieu cdn dat ve kien thuc, kT ndng cho td chfic MGVB tac phdm tho Ly - Tran HS muc "Yeu cau can dat", dupe nha trudng la hpc sinh ldp va ldp ddng khung d ddu mdi bai Ndi dung 10, vdi dgc diem ve tdm sinh li Ifia tudi, dupc dien dat bdng mdt cum tfi, mdt vg kha nang nhdn thuc d tam muc rieng cau hay mdt dogn van ngan "Ygu cau Vi vay, ban than tac phdm Han can dat" d mdi bai dpc hieu NgU vdn la Ndm vdn da cd each bfic, neu minh su khai quat tri thuc, kT nang va thai dp giai lgi lam phfic tap hda, dai ddng, kinh cho tich hpp cac phan Dgc - hiiu, Tiing vien hda thi rd rang la khdng mang lai Viet va Ldm vdn Khao sat SGK Ngfi van ldp va ldp 10 (Ban co ban va nang hieu qua Cho nen, ngudi td chuc minh cao) - hai khdi ldp tap trung nhieu tac giai can cd su xdc dinh, lua chpn trudc, phdm Han Ndm nhat, chung tdi thdng kg tu he thdng van de can minh giai, pham dupc sd lupng ygu cau ve kien thfic, kT vi tu lieu, den ldi van minh giai nang va thai dp nhu sau: Bang 1.1: So sanh yeu cau can dat ve kien thirc, ki nang va thai dirpc de xuat ung vdi cac tac pham tho Ly - Tran ddn, phfi hpp] Xem thg, MGVB tao co sd khoa hpc, la ngn tang cho viec tiep can cac gia tri chdn thuc cua tac pham van hpc Han Ndm, nd khdng ddng nhat vdi cac phuong phap/ thao tac phan lich, binh giang tac phdm nhu thudng thdy Ltyp So luang yeu cdu ve So luang yeu cdu So luang yeu cdu kien thuc ve kf ndng ve thdi 10 TSng 8/14-57% Vdi ket qua thdng kg trgn, chiing tdi nhdn thdy im digm ndi bat cua sach giao khoa la quan tdm dung muc ygu cau vg kien thfic cho moi bai hpc Tuy nhien, ygu cdu cho qua trinh dpc higu tac pham Han Ndm lgi thien ve each hidu ndi dung va hinh tuong lac pham Vi dy nhu d vdn ban "Td long" {Thudt hodi, Pham Ngu Lao) [SGK NgU vdn 10 nang cao] 74 5/14-35% 1/14- 8% cd dua ygu cau vdi HS : "Hidu dupc li tudng cao ca va phdch anh hfing cfia tac gia - vj tudng gidi thdi Trdn" va "Thay dupc nhung hinh anh cd sue diln la manh me cfia bai tho" Nhu vgy, nhung yeu cau chua thuc su bam sat vao thyc te ngdn ngfi - van ban cua tac pham Chigu theo yeu cdu MGVB, vi the, chua duoc quan tam dung mfic THUC TR^NG VA YEU CAU DAT RA TRONG VI$C 1.2 Cdu hdi hudng ddn hoc bdi ddi vai cdc tdc phdm tha Ly - Trdn Sau dan trich vdn ban (phign am, djch nghTa, dich tha), chu thich tfi ngu khd, soan gia cac bdi hpc vg tac phdm tho Ly - Tran deu dua he thdng cdu hdi hudng dan hpc bai Ve sd lupng, ngu dgn cau hdi ddi vdi mdi npi dung bai hpc phuc vu cho viec dpc hieu tac phdm Vg ndi dung, cac cau hdi xoay sau vao kien thuc thg loai, so sdnh ddi chieu phign dm va dich tha, nhgn thfic khdi qudt ndi dung va tu tudng cua tdc phdm Cac cau hudng dan hpc bai dupc td chfic, sdp xgp theo trinh tu: nhdn bigt the loai - higu nghTa cua tu/ hinh anh (ket hpp so sanh ddi chilu phign dm vdi djch tho) - phan tich dgc dilm ndi dung cua bai hpc Hudng di giup HS bam sat vdo ngdn ngfi - van tu - ljch sfi vdn ban; vdi mong mudn giup hilu dung y nghTa vdn ban HS cd the tu hpc, tu dpc, tu tilp nhdn cdc lac phdm Han Ndm khac Ndng Iuc dpc hieu cung tfi dd ma (ki vpng) ddn dupe hinh Tuyen ngdn ddc lap bao gid cung dupc vigt sau su nghiep da hoan thanh, cdn day la bai tho ddi vao thdi digm ddt nudc dd tu chu va dang td chfic khang chien bao ve nen dpe ldp thi em se tra ldi thg nao? Tfi hay giai thich tgi bdi tho "Sdng nfii nudc Nam" lai dupc xem la ban tuygn ngdn ddc lap ddu tign cfia nudc ta" Cdu hdi "Cach bilu y va bieu cam cua bdi Phd gid vi kinh va bai Sdng nui nudc Nam cd gi gidng nhau?" [8, 68] van cdn khd hieu d cym tu "bidu y vd bieu cam" Nen ddi Igi la "Hay phdt bigu vg mdi lien quan ndi dung gifia hai bai tho Phd gid ve kinh va Sdng nui nuac Nam " Trong cdu hdi chudn bi bai "Td ldng" {Thudt hodi), ngudi bien sogn da dua cdu hdi mang tinh trac nghiem nhu eau "Np cdng danh ma tdc gia ndi tdi bai tho cd the hieu theo nghTa nao dudi day: a The hign chi lam trai theo linh than Nho giao: ldp cdng (de lgi su nghiep), lap danh (de lai tigng thom) b Chua hoan nghTa vu ddi vdi dan, vdi nudc c Ca hai nghTa trgn dgu dung" Khdng chi vgy, cac cau hdi dua Vdi nhiing cau hdi trac nghiem nhu ddu kha rd rang, phfi hop vai trinh dp the nay, phuang an c ("Ca hai phuang nhan thuc cua HS Tuy nhign, cdu hdi an tren") khdng hg dn nhgp vdi lenh md dpc hieu d mpt sd bdi van cdn han che SGK dua Thiet nghT, d dap an, khdng Ci tac pham "Sdng nui nudc Nam" {Nam ngn dua phuong an "ca hai nghia tren qudc son hd), cdu hdi cdn chung chung, dgu dung/sai", ngn ddi lgi dap an la: a Quan niem sdng tich cue, nhgp thg chua bam sat vao ngdn tfi vdn ban b Khat khao lap cdng danh va dg lgi Chdng han, eau hdi "Sdng nui nudc Nam dupc coi nhu la ban Tuygn ngdn tigng tham cho cudc ddi Ddc lap d^u tien cfia nudc ta vilt bdng c Ygu cau hoan nghia vy lam trai tho Vgy the ndo la mdt Tuyen ngdn Dpc 2.1.3 He thdng bdi tap luyen tap lap? Ndi dung Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap ung vdi cdc tdc phdm tha Ly - Trdn bai tha la gi?" [8, 64] Cdu hdi Trong cac bai hpc vg tha Ly - Tran ngn ddi lgi la "Neu cd ngudi ndi rdng: d nhd trudng phd thdng, sau phan 75 TAP CHI HAN NOM SO (132) - 2015 "hudng ddn dpc higu" la phan luyen tap ciing cd, ndng cao He thdng bdi tap (BT) deu cd nhung ddc diem chung la: phong phu, phfi hpp vdi chuan kign thfic, kT ndng cho HS, deu gdn vdi qua trinh dpc hilu Cdc bai tap ciing dupc phdn loai BT nhan dien, tai hien, phan tich, van dyng BT deu hudng vdo phat trign nang luc ITnh hdi va tiep nhdn ciia HS Tuy nhign, dudi gdc nhin minh giai van ban, he thdng bai tap vdn cdn mdt vai ban che: (1) Theo khdo sat, thdng kg cua chfing tdi, sd lupng bdi tap luypn tap bai hpc ve cdc tac pham tha Ly Trdn Id bai tren tdng sd tac pham tho (rieng bai dpc thgm chuong trinh Ngit vdn 10 khdng cd bai tap luyen tap) Ddy la sd lupng it di, khd dap ung dupc nhfing ygu cdu ddt ddi vdi mdi bai hpc Cdc tac phdm tho Ly Trdn vdn khdng de dg dpc higu va liep nhan vdi HS, sau hogt dpng dgy hpc, dpng lgi HS dupe nhung gi ludn la van dg rat dang quan tam Viec bd sung he thdng bai tap dpc hieu cac tac pham tha Ly - Trdn cua GV td chfic thuc hien chuong trinh Ngit vdn phd thdng la didu cdn thiet phai lam (2) He thdng bai tap fing vdi cac tac phdm tha Ly - Trdn d nha Irudng phd thdng chua cd sy phan bd ddu gifia BT tai hien, BT tiep nhgn va BT van dung Sau phan cau hdi dpc hieu, phan luyen tap chu y nhigu dgn viec tai hien kign thuc van ban bang ygu cdu "Hpc thudc long phign am va dich tho" [8, 116] Khdng chi vdy, bdi tap luyen tap cung cd Igi yeu cdu "So sanh ddi chigu ban dich tha vdi dich nghTa" [9, 159], ma day lai 76 PHAM HAI LINH - LU NGUYEN MINH la cdng viec/ thao tdc khd bgc nhat qua trinh MGVB Nlu chfic ndng cfia bai tgp luyen tap la gifip HS cfing cd, nang cao, van dyng kign thuc dd hpc vao thuc tg thi he thdng cdu hdi luypn tap cfia SGK fing vdi cac lac phdm tho Ly Tran chua lam dupe digu dd 2.2 Sdch gido vien Trong mdi bai hpc, sach giao vien (SGV) cd cac muc sau: Muc tiiu cdn dgt, Nhiing diiu cdn luu y, Phuong phdp va tiin trinh td chitc dgy hgc Kiim tra ddnh gid - Ggi y gidi bdi tap va Tdi lieu tham khdo "Myc tieu cdn dgt" dua nhfing yeu cau cy the ve kign thfic, kT nang, thai dp cho mdi bai hpc Ddy chinh la djnh hudng quan trpng nhdt ma GV phai xdc dinh trudc moi tac phdm "Nhfing digu can luu y" la muc rat hOn ich vdi GV Muc chi rd ddc diem bai hpc, trpng tdm bdi hpc hay trich nhiJng ludng y kign khac ve mpt dan vj kien thfic Doi vdi cac tac pham Han Ndm ndi rigng va cac tac pham tha Ly - Trdn ndi chung, cdng vide suu tam tu lieu van ban Id v6 cung quan trpng Nd gifip cho qua trinh dpc higu va tiep nhdn cac tdc pham Han Ndm dgt tai dp chdn xdc "Nhung dieu cdn Iiru y" gifip GV lya chpn dupc nhfing don vj kien thfic mang tinh quy pham, phfi hpp vdi trinh dp tiep nhdn cua HS "Phuong phap va tign trinh td chfic day hpc" lgi la mpt gpi y cho GV vl phuong phap vd cac hogt ddng day hpc Trong muc nay, SGV dua nhung phuong phdp cu thg, gdn vdi tfing hogt ddng tim hieu bdi hpc SGV dua hudng ddn cho cac cdu hdi tim hieu bai va luyen tap (ddi vdi sdch NgU vdn 10 nang cao) va hudng dan cac hogt dpng cua GV ldn luot tim THV'C TRANC VA YEU CAU B,^T RA TRONG VI?C hieu tac phdm Nhin chung, "tien trinh td dgy hpc d cac trudng; THCS &T HPT chfic" dgy hpc cho mdi tac pham ddu gdn Nguyin Tdt Thanh, THCS & THPT Ldvdi qua trinh dpc higu Tuy nhien, cdc md-nd-xdp (Ha Ndi), THPT Bai Chdy phuong phap ciing chi dfing lgi d; dpc dien (Quang Ninh), THCS Ly Tu Trpng cdm, bmh gidng Chinh nhung ddc dilm (Quang Ninh), THCS Ygn Thjnh, THPT lgi khien GV y lgi, khdng ddi mdi Ygn Djnh (Thanh Hda) Ngoai ra, chung phuong phap giang day Cudi cfing, SGV tdi cdn phat phieu khao sat 161 GV la cung cap them myc "Tu lieu tham khao" hpc vien ldp Ngu van he vfia lam vfia Cac tu lieu ddi la tdn sach, nhigu la hpc d hai tinh Ha Nam va Nam Djnh doan thdng tin lien quan Nhung Tdng sd GV dupc khao sat la 161 GV lai, cac tu lieu SGV hudng din la nhung Chung tdi tien hanh khao sat dudi hinh cudn phan tich, bmh giang ma khdng luu y thfic: tham khao giao an cac tac phdm nhung tu lieu vg vdn ban, vl di ban di van tha Ly - Tran, du gid cae tilt dgy, phdng qua trinh truygn bdn vdn true tidp GV va phat philu khao sat Nhu vgy, yeu cau vg kien thfic, kT Ndi dung khao sat cua chung tdi tap nang da khd, cdng thgm nhung ban chl trung vao: danh gia cfia GV vl viec dgy cua SGK, SGV cang khign cho cdng tdc hpc tho Ly - Tran, nhdn thfic cfia GV vl MGVB tac pham tha Ly - Trdn khdng minh giai vdn ban, cac phuang phdp GV phat huy het tac dung cfia nd ddi vdi qua sfi dyng dgy hpc Sau day la nhiing thdng ke cy thg vg cac hogt ddng day trinh dgy hpc dpc hieu hpc ma GV sfi dung gid dgy hpc 2.3 Ve phia gido vien dpc higu lac phdm tho Ly - Tran dudi Dg cd CO sd dd xuat cae ygu cau, gdc dp MGVB chung tdi tien hanh khdo sdt thyc tien Bang 2.2: Thong kS cac hoat dong du'tfc GV s ^ dung day hoc c^c tac pham thtf Ly - Tran it nha tru'cmg thong dirol '6c d$ minh giai van ban STT Hoat dong Yeu cau HS phat hien dien tich, dien co tac pham Yeu cau HS lira chpn each giai nghTa tir So lutmg GV 36 38 23,6 Yeu cau HS ducrc so sanh cac di ban, di van, danh gia van ban quy pham Giao nhiem vu dieu tra, khao sat tir Han Viet van ban Day hoc thong qua cac tai lieu tham khao 19 12 41 25,4 3,7 21 13 161 100 r' Yeu cau HS lien tuong toi dac di8m lich su, thai dai ^ ^ lui Ty le (%) 22,3 77 TAP CHI HAN NOM SO ( ) - 2015 Nhu vay, cdc phuong phap dgy hpc dupc cac GV sfi dyng kha phong phii, da dang, cd su dan dgu d cac phucmg phap 25,4% cac GV dupc khao sat khdng djnh hp da yeu cdu HS digu tra, khao sat tfi Han Viet van ban Day la phuong phdp chilm ti le cao nhdt cac phuang phap chiing tdi dua dl khao sat GV Dieu eho thdy, cdc GV chu trpng tich hop giu:a hai phdn mdn " i ^ " va "vdn" (dac biet frong chuong trinh Ngit vdn 7, HS dupc hpc song song cac van ban tha Ly - Tran vdi each sfi dung tfi Han Viet Phuang ph^ tra tfi dien dg giai nghTa tfi khd cung dupc 23,6% GV su dyng Ben cgnh dd, 22,3% GV dl HS phat hien diln tich, diln cd van ban Ddy la nhung yeu cau phfi hpp, vfia sue vcd HS Vi vdy, 45,9% GV dupc hdi cho bigt thudng xuygn sfi dung hai phuong phdp dy Tuy nhign, chi cd 13% GV mgnh dgn ygu cdu HS so sanh dj bdn, dj van dg danh gia van ban quy phgm 3,7% GV day hpc sinh thdng qua cac lai lieu tham khao Hai phuong phap it dupe GV su dung bdi vi ddy la nhQng ygu cau cao, ddi hdi ca GV va HS PHAM HAI UNH - LU NGUYiN MINH phai ndm vung qua trinh MGVB va cd qua trinh suu tam tu lieu cdng phu Nhu vay, kit qua khao sdt cac hogt ddng cfia GV qua trinh day hpc dpc hilu cdc tac phdm tho Ly Tran cho thdy cdng tac MGVB cdn chua dupc sfi dung loan didn, triet dl D I ndm bdt gia tri vdn ban tdc pham mdt each chan thuc, GV vd HS cdn triln khai MGVB rd rang, hieu qua han 2.4 Ve phia hpc sinh Chfing tdi lign hanh khao sat thai dp hpc tap cac tac pham tho Ly - Trdn cua 312 HS ldp va 10 cac trudng THCS & THPT Nguyin Tdt Thanh, THCS & THPT Ld-md-nd-xdp (Ha Npi), THPT Bdi Chay (Quang Ninh), THCS Ly Ty Trpng (Qudng Ninh), THCS Yen Thinh, THPT Ygn Djnh (Thanh Hda) Hinh thfic khdo sat cfia chfing tdi la: du gid cdc tiet hpc cac tac phdm tha Ly - Trdn, phdng vdn true tigp va phat phigu khdo sdt Sau day la bang thdng kg nhung dg dgt, kign nghj cfia HS; Bang 2.3: ThSng k@ nh^g kien nghj cua HS qua trinh hpc c^e tac phfim thof L;^ - Tran d^ nha triroTig phd thong So luang HS Tile% TT Not dung A Dugc cung cap nhieu ban niia nhQng kien thiic 122 39,1 ve ngon ngii van ban 46 14,7 B Dugc cung cap nhieu hon nua nhiing kien thijtc ve b6i canh van hoa thai d^i 88 C Co nhieu bai tap thuc hanh van dung sir dung tir 28,2 Han Viet cupc song hang 56 D Dugc cung cip them nhQng tai lieu MGVB 17,9 312 Tong 100 78 THUC TRANG VA VEU CAU t>;\T RA TRONG VIEC Nhin vao bang thong ke, cd the thay ro nhiing mong mudn cua HS hpc cac tac phdm tha Ly - Trdn Cd 39,1% HS mong mudn dupc cung cdp nhigu hon nua nhung kiln thfic ve ngdn ngfi vdn ban, 14,7 % HS cd nhu cau dupc cung cdp thgm kign thfic ve thdi dgi Con sd cho thdy vai trd cua minh gidi vdn ban qua trinh dpc hieu va tigp nhdn ddi vdi HS Khdng chi vdy, cd 28,2% HS mudn cd thgm nhieu bai tap thyc hanh van dung su dung tfi Han Viet cudc sdng hang ngay, 17.9 % HS dg nghj dupe dupc cung cap them nhiing lu li?u MGVB Thuc te ddi hdi dd theo chung tdi la xac dang, nd chfing td dudng hudng MGVB dgy hpc tac phdm vdn hpc Han Ndm la mpt yeu cau khdch quan, bfic thidt, giup ich cho qua trinh dgy hpc dpc higu, tigp nhgn van bdn tac phdm cua GV va HS 3.1 Yeu cau cua cdc bu&c minh gidi vdn bdn ddi v&i gido vien Y@u c^u cua viec minh giai van ban doi vol giao vien va hoc sinh 6^ nhd t n r d n g thong - Phdn tich, gidi thich chu nghia cua vdn bdn v l CO ban, tiln hanh td chuc minh giai vdn ban tdc phdm vdn hpc Han Ndm cdn cSn cfi trgn thuc te ddi tupng ti!mg van ban cy thg Trgn co sd y kien cua cac nha nghien cuu Ddng Dfic Sieu, Nguyen Dang Na, Trjnh Khde Mgnh, Ha Minh, Pham Vdn Thdm, Nguyen Thanh Chung [xem Tdi li$u tham khdo], chung tdi xin kg thfia va hp thdng hda lai, ddng thdi dg xudt bd sung mdt he thdng cac budc, cac khau dogn, cung la cdc thao tac MGVB Dfing lgi ygu cau phue vy cho giang day vdn hpc cd nha trudng, mdt each chung nhdt, theo chung tdi, td chuc MGVB gom cd cac thao tac/ cdng vi?c cu thi ddi vdi GV va HS sau day; - Tap hgp, suu tdm tu liiu vdn bdn Do dieu kidn thyc tg, cac tac pham van hpc Han Nom duoc tuyen giang frong nhd trudng hien chi gidi thieu dupc mdt vdn ban (theo mdt ban - di ban) nhdt djnh; cd la van ban cac nha nghien cuu tai xac lap trdn co sd tdng hpp, ddi chigu, lua chpn cdu chfi tfi cac dj van ciia mdt sd di ban nao (ban hieu dinh) va khdng cd thdng tin khao dj cung nhu ttidng tin phdn tich dj van Trong khi, nhu cdu tigp nhdn vdn ban tdc phdm ciia hpc sinh ludn ddi hdi phdi dupc tigp can vdi cac van ban chuan, va hon thg la phai biet dupc ddi sdng cfia vdn ban qua trinh tmyen ban cua nd Vi the, viec tim tdi, tap hpp tu lieu vdn ban cfia tac phdm cd mpt y nghTa then chdt de GV giup HS hudng dgn cdng viec minh giai van ban hieu qua Khdng thi thdm nhdp vao tac phdm mdt each tich cue ma khdng li gidi can kg "chat lieu" ngdn tu cua van ban Ddi vdi cac tac phdm Hdn Ndm, tinh chdt da nghTa, cd dpng, ham sfic, sau sdc cua rigdn ngfi, rdt dl sinh nhiJng each eat nghTa van ban tac pham khac Phdn tich can ke ngfi nghia cua van ban se franh dupc nhung binh tan thigu can cfi, khdng xac thuc Trong khdu dogn nay, ddi hdi GV phai giup HS hilu dupc tdt ca cac net nghTa cfia tu ngfi; tim va xac djnh nghia cua tfi ngu dogn mgch vdn bdn lien quan Tuy nhien, de phu hpp vdi trinh dp cua HS, GV phai cung cdp cac net nghTa khac cua tfi dl HS lua chpn theo djnh hudng, tranh dm ddm, vd ich 79 TAPCHIHANNOM SO (132)-2015 PHAM HAI LINH- LU NGUYiN MINH - Tim hieu, xdc dinh cdu triic ngii khach quan cua van ban tac phdm mdt each phdp cita tieng cdu van/ tha mdi cao nhdt; ddng thdi phai ludng trudc va dy quan he dogn mach cua vdn bdn bao dupc cdc kha nang vl each hieu khac Chu nghTa cua tac pham phai dupc (hpp Ii hay khdng hpp li) cd thi xay xac djnh he thdng cua nd, theo Ddi vdi GV d nha frudng phd thdng, nhilu cap dp Vdi ddc tnmg logi the cfia cdng viec djch gidi chi dfing lai d yeu tac phdm Han Ndm, can chfi y cac khia cdu tim nhiing ban dich (cd thg la ban canh sau dayfrongviec li giai ngu nghTa dich van hpc hay ban sat dich nghTa) de vdn ban: (a) Cdu tnic cu phap da nghTa thdy duoc su khac cua cac ban dich cfia cdu vdn; (b) Chfi y vdn dl ngfi phap ay Tu dd ma GV hudng HS den nhung ddi xfing va cdu tnic ddi ngau, ban dich khoa hpc va hpp li kiln true ddi, ngu nghTa cfia hai cdu, hai Nhiing yeu cau cua cac budc vg cdu se xac nhan cho mpt each MGVB ddi vdi GV d nha trudng phd chat che; (c) Hien tupng tinh lupc thdng dupc chung tdi ddt dua tren yeu phdn cau frong cau van co la ddc digm cdu chung cua cac thao tac MGVB ket quan trpng, dac biet su tinh lupc cac tu hpp vdi thuc tign dgy hpc hien GV chi quan he gifia cac cau va ve cdu can tien hanh Unh hogt cac budc MGVB thudng tgo su ma hd da nghTa; (d) dl phu hop vdi tfing don vj kien thfic vd Bien phdp dao ngfi, cdu true sfi ddng trinh dp tiep nhan cua HS dupc dfing kha dgc biet nhieu de dan 2.3.2 Yeu cdu cua cdc buoc minh din nhung nhdm ldn viec xac djnh nghia ciing nhu dac diem nghe thugt cua gidi vdn bdn ddi vai HS NIU cac nha nghien cfiru Han Ndm cau vdn; (e) Chuyen loai tfi (hogt dung cua tfi) cung la ddc trung ngfi phdp hpc quan lam tdi tat cd cac budc thudng dupc ngudi xua su dyng nhu MGVB, GV lua chpn nhung thao tac phu hpp vdi thuc tien dgy hpc thi ben mpt bien phap tu tfi bieu dgt cgnh viec thuc hien theo yeu cdu cua Trong thuc te dgy hpc, GV can chi GVfronggid day dpc higu, HS cd thg se nhiing cdu tnic ngfi phdp ddc biet frong tham gia vao cac thao tac MGVB d doan tho/van de yeu cdu HS phdn tich, nhfing cdng dogn sau; nhdn xet Tu dd, qua trinh dpc hieu van - Tim hieu ve tdc gid, mdi lien hi ban tac pham Han Ndm ndi chung vd tac giita vdn bdn vdi boi cdnh lich sie - vdn pham tho Ly - Trdn ndi ridng mdi dgt den hod thdi dgi cua no su chdn xac, khach quan, khoa hpc Day la mdt khau dogn, cung la mdt - Dich - gidng nghfa vdn bdn tdc phdm nguyen tdc quan trpng nhdm tim hudng Dich giai la mdt cdng viec bat bupc xac djnh van ban, gpi md dudng tilp can vdd van ban Han Ndm Ydu tiep nhgn tac pham Tdc gia va nien dgi cdu quan trpng d day la dua dupc mpt cua tac phdm (cung nhu nign dgi cua van ban djch chfi vdn bdn hgc ddy du Ban djch ban ban dupe su dung nhu mpt van chfi dy phai dam bao chuyen tai gia tri bdn quy phgm) cd mdt mdi lien he npi 80 THUC TR^NG VA YEU CAU DAT RA TRONG VIEC tgi Mat khac, viec phan tich 11 giai van ban tac pham, vi khdng theo nguygn tac ddt tac phdm vao bdi cdnh lich sfi tu tudng - van hda ma d dd van ban da dupc san sinh nen da xuat hien kha nhieu quan digm/ kign giai ngupc chigu ddi vdi nhiing van de don gian Vi nhu viec xudt phat tfi tu tudng van hda nha Nho de H giai, danh gia lac phdm nha Phdt hodc ngupc lgi chang hgn Vi thi dt phai dgt vdn ban tae phdm bdi canh lich sfi van hda ma nd tfing tdn tgi C) nha frudng thdng hidn nay, HS da dupc hpc tich hpp bp mdn NgU vdn vdi cac bd mdn khoa hpc xa hdi khac Thgm vao dd, cdng nghe thdng tin ludn la trp thu dde lire frong viec tim kiem dfi lieu d bat ki ITnh vuc nao Day chinh la nhung lpi thi giup HS tim hilu ve tac gid, boi canh ljch sfi, vdn hda thdi dgi nham minh giai chinh xac gia trj vdn ban lac phdm - So sdnh, ddi chiiu vdi cdc bdn dich nghfa dd cd Ban djch nghTa van ban tac pham the hien each hieu/ each tiep nhan van ban cua i ^ d i djch.Vdi cac tac phdm ndi tigng (va quen thupc) dupc lua chpn dua vao chuang trinh ngfi vdn cac cdp, thudng cd nhieu ban djch nglua khac Giua cac ban djch ay cd the xudt hi?n rat nhidu "xuat nhgp" each higu nguyen tdc, theo cd nhieu each tiidu lam bign ddi nglua cfia nguygn tac Ddi vdi cac tac pham Han Ndm nha trudng, hien frrpng tdn tgi nhilu ban djch nghTa la kha phd biln Vi thi, dgy hpc dpc hilu tac phdm tho Ly Tran ndi rieng va tac phdm vdn hpc Han Ndm ndi rigng, HS can cd thao tac so sanh, ddi chilu phien am va cac ban djeh nghia 7am kit Minh gidi vdn ban cd vai frd quan trpng frong qua trinh dgy hpc dpc hilu cac tac pham van hpc cd viet bang chu Han va chu Ndm Nlu cdng viec MGVB dupc dp dung khoa hpc, hpp li thi se ddng gdp tich cue vao viec day hpc cac van ban tac phdm theo djnh hudng phal trien ndng lyc cho HS, ddng thdi cung dua nhung gpi y giup ich cho viec xay dung chuong trinh, vilt SGK theo dinh hudng ddi mdi gido due hien Trgn co sd khdo sdt SGK, SGV vd thuc tg cdng tac dgy hpc mang tho thdi Ly - Tran nha trudng, bdi vigt budc ddu neu mdt so nhan djnh va kiln giai cd lien quan, nhdm tfing budc hudng dgn muc tigu dgy hpc phat trign ndng luc cho HS thdng qua mdn NgU vdn, dap fing yeu cdu ddi mdi phuang phap day hpc hien nay./ P.H.L - L.N.M Tai lieu tham khao v^ trich dan Le A - Nguyin Quang Ninh - Biii Minh Toan: Phuang phdp dgy hgc tiing rfer, Nxb Giao due H, 1997 Nguyen Thj Hgnh: Xdy ditng chudn ndng lire dgc hiiu cho mon NgU vdn cua chuang trinh gido dye thong sau 2015 a Viet Nam Tgp chi Khoa hpc, DHSP TPHCM, sd 56, 2014 Pham Vdn Khoai: Gido trinh Hdn vdn Ly - Trdn, Nxb DHQG H, 1999 Phan Trpng Luan: Phuang phdp dgy hgcvdn,'N\h.DUSP,H, 1998 Trjnh Khde Mgnh: Vdn bdn hgc Hdn Worn, Nxb KHXH, H, 2014 Ha Minh: Mpt sd vdn di ve cong tdc td chirc minh gidi vdn bdn ldc phdm vdn hgc ... vdi dan, vdi nudc c Ca hai nghTa trgn dgu dung" Khdng chi vgy, cac cau hdi dua Vdi nhiing cau hdi trac nghiem nhu ddu kha rd rang, phfi hop vai trinh dp the nay, phuang an c ( "Ca hai phuang nhan... vdi sdch NgU vdn 10 nang cao) va hudng dan cac hogt dpng cua GV ldn luot tim THV''C TRANC VA YEU CAU B,^T RA TRONG VI?C hieu tac phdm Nhin chung, "tien trinh td dgy hpc d cac trudng; THCS &T HPT... pham khac Phdn tich can ke ngfi nghia cua van ban se franh dupc nhung binh tan thigu can cfi, khdng xac thuc Trong khdu dogn nay, ddi hdi GV phai giup HS hilu dupc tdt ca cac net nghTa cfia tu