Thực trạng và xu hướng phân tầng xã hội hợp thức và không hợp thực hiện nay (qua khảo sát nhận thức và thái độ của người dân tại quận Ba Đình-Hà Nội).pdf

^ V THlfCTIJN - KINH NGHISM Vll°i THl/C TRANG VA XU Hl/dNG PHAN TANG XA HOI HOPTHUfCVA KHONG HOPTHUfC HIEN NAY • • • (Qua khao sat nhan thiic vk thai cua ngtfdi dan tai qudn Ba Dinh - Ha N^i) • GS, TS NGUYEN DINH TAN • ThS NGUYEN THI THANH HUOfNG Vien Xd hoi hoc Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh P han tdng xa hdi (PTXH) la hien tupng tat yeu qud trinh phdt trien kmh te - xa bpi, phdn dnh nhiing vdn dl mang tinh quy ludt ndi ehung vd Id kit qud true riep cua kinh te thi trudng Hien tupng ndy diln pham vi ca nude, d ea ndng thdn vd thdnh thi, ddng bang vd mien mil, ndi bd mdi giai cdp vd giiia cdc tang Idp Noi nao kinh tl phat triin, thi trudng hang hda sdi dfing thi d dd PTXH diln mgnh me, noi nao san xudt hang hda chua phdt triin thi d dd PTJCH cdn md nhat PTXH hpp thirc la mfit cdu tnie tdng bile xd hdi dupe hinh thdnh tren eo sd ciia su khde bigt tu nhien eiia cdc cd nhan ve tdi, diic, su cdng hien, ddng gdp thuc tg eua hp cho xa hdi PTXH hpp thiic phdn dnh quy ludt phat trign xa hfii vira phu hpp vdi dgo ly, phdp ly va cdc chudn muc, gid tri ciia xa hpi hien tai, vira phii hpp vdi quy luat va xu hudng phdt LYLUAN CHfNHTRj-So2/2016 trign di len ciia vdn hda, van mmh; viia phdn anh mdt trat tu cila cdng bdng xa hfii, viia phan anh nhiing khdt vpng ciia nhdn logitienbp va tat cd nhiing ed tu lanh manh, bmh thudng xd hdi"' PTXH khdng hpp thiic Id cdu true "dgi ngbich" vdi PTXH hpp thiic, dupe hinh thdnh khdng phdi su khdc bifit ve tai, due, ve su cdng hiln thuc t l eiia mdi cd nhdn, td chuc cho xd hdi md Idm dn phi phdp, trdn, lau thul, tham nhiing, ehgy quyin, chgy chuc Cdu triic ndy khdng lan at cau triic phan tdng hpp tinie song nd la giac "ndi xam" Id ke thu cua vdn hda, van minh xa hdi Id kl di ngupe lgi dudng ma Ddng ta, Chu tich H6 Chi Minh vd nhan dan ta da chpn vd dang quygt tdm xdy dung"^* Khdo sat nhdn thiic vd thai dp eua xa hgi doi vdi PTXH tai qudn Ba Dmh dupe thue hign tai phudng Id phudng Dign Bifin (ehii ylu Id tri thiic) va phudng Phiic Xd (phdn ddng Id luc lupng Iao ddng ehan tay) sg ed cdi nhm todn dign ve PTXH cua ngudi dan quan Kgt qua khdo sdt Ihyc trang PTXH tai dia ban phudng cdn phu thupc vao mot sd ygu td Hfin quan din tinh da dgng vl ngdnh nghi cua ngudi tham gia o B a n g ; N h a n thirc cua ngiroi dan v^ cac nhom xa i i dat or dia p h u v n g (Ban vi tinh: %) I H H m ^ " ™^fB^9B Nhilu N % It N Khiill9c6 % N % Kho danh g i i N % C6hocv3ntt(3aihoctr6len 80 41.9 72 37.7 10 5.2 29 15.2 Co iMi So chuyen mdn ky thuat nghe nghiep cao 79 41.4 63 33 21 11 28 14 26 13.6 Lao dpng, thao vat 98 51.3 49 25.7 IS 9.4 Can.cii chiu kho 22 11.4 41 21.2 129 66.8 Giif chQc vu lanh tfao, q u i n 1$ 40 20.9 73 38.2 25 13.1 53 chiJcw cao xa hdi « 20.9 73 38.2 25 13.1 53 27.7 Gap nhi^u may man tmng cudc sdng 25 13.1 98 51.3 24 • 12:6" +t 23 Budnlau, trdn thue, lamanphiphap 25 13.1 40 20.9 46 24;1 80 41.9 Chay chiJc, chay quy^n 32 16.8 34 17.8 41 21.5 84 44 Cdh^nhvithamnhflng 35 18.3 35 18.3 34 17.8 87 45.5 Gioi sin xuat, kinh doanh 86 45 68 35.6 11 5.8 26 13.6 Co quan he rong rai 57 29.8 69 36.1 23 12 42 22 •71 37.2 47 24.6 17 8:9 56 29.3 Co bo me, vd, hoae chdng ngifCli than giQ cac OS 27.7 Lam vi€c d nhihig co quan, td chl}c nam giif ngudn lac k i n h t i Ngudn: Nhdm tac gid di tii diiu tra khio sit nim 2014 khdo sdt (trong dd ed 11,7% ngudi lam cdng vigc (16,8%) Qua dd cho tiidy xu hudng PTXH Hfin quan din lanh dgo, quan ly va 12,8% ngudi khdng hpp thiie ndy Iudn tdn tgi vd dan xen vdi PTXH hpp thuc d dia phuong Do dd, cdn cd Idm cdng vigc vdn phdng) Nh^n thijc ciia ngirM din ve phdn tang nhiing giai phdp huu higu dl han ehi su PTXH khdng hpp thiie xa hoi hgrp thiic va khdng h^p thiic Khi dupe hdi vl xu hudng PTXH eua dia Phdn tieh sd Hgu Bdng cho thdy, nhimg ngudi gidu cd, dat d dia phuang cd xu phuong hign nay, cd 46% sd ngudi dupe hdi hudng xudt hign edng nhieu, tap trung d cho rdng, cd "ngdy edng nhilu ngudi gidu cd, nhdm nhung ngudi ed trinh dp hpe vdn tii dgi thdnh dat nhd Idm dn hpp phdp, hpp thiic, hpe trd lln (41,9%), cd trinh dp chuyfin mdn ky chinh ddng" vd 28,5% sd ngudi dupe hdi cho thudt nghi nghigp eao (41,4%), nhimg ngudi rdng, cd "ngdy cang nhilu ngudi giau cd, thdnh Iao ddng, thdo vat (51,3%), nhiing ngudi kmh dat nhd lam an hpp phap, hpp thiie vd ehinh doanh gidi (45%) Thue te la mmh ehiing ddng nhilu hon ngudi gidu cd, dat nhd cho xu hudng PTXH hpp thiic dang diln khd lam an khdng hpp phdp, chinh dang" Qua tich cue trfin dia ban Quan Tuy nhifin, qua thdo luan nhdm vd phdng van sau ea nhan, khao sdt cho thdy vdn cdn mdt ty lfi khdng nhd nhieu ngudi cho rdng, nhiing ngudi thdnh dgt ngudi ddn khdng di Ifin bdng ndng lire md bdng chinh ndng lire vd lam an hpp phdp thdng qua cdc edng vific khdng cliinh ddng: thudng la nhiing ngudi thg hien rat cdng khai, minh bgch, dd cd the dl dang nhdn dien xu budn Idu, trdn thue, lam dn phi phdp (13,1%), hudng PTXH hpp thiie tham nhiing (18,8%), ehgy chiie, chgy quyfi'n LYLUAN CHfNHTRj-So2/2016 ^ THLfCTllN-KINHNGHliM Thai cua ngirM din doi y6i sv PTXH tdn vinh, iing hd nhirng nguoi lam giau ehinh Thai ciia nguoi dan dfii voi PTXH a dia ddng bdng nang lire eiia minh phuong la mot nhiing clii bao d^ danh Thai cua nguoi i^n doi ven nhiing ngudi gia nhan thuc cila nguM dan doi voi hito tupng dat Phan tich sd ligu khdo sdt cho thay, PTXH, dupe biSu hien qua: (1) thai dp cua nguoi ddn to rd thdi dp ddi vdi nhirng ed nhdn ngu6i dan doi vM xu hudng PTXH; (2) tha dp thdnh dat bdng nhung viec lam chinh ddng va cua nguoi dan ddi voi nhiing nguoi dat khdng ehinh ddng Cd 91,3% sd ngudi dupe Thai dd oia nguoi dan doi v&i xu liiKmgkhdo sdt ed thdi dp "rdt iing hp" "nhung nguoi PTXH Khdo s^taidiabancho thay, nguoi dan vupt khd lam giau"; 79% sd ngudi dupe hoi tra c6 thai dp rat ro rang doi voi PTXH hpp thirc va ldi "rdt ling hp" "nhiing ngudi thdnh dat nhd n6 PTXH Idiong hpp thiic Co 76,2% so nguoi Ivc, sieng ndng, sdng tao"; 59,6% sd ngudi diii;ic dupe hoi "rat ung hp" va "ung hp" xu huong hoi cd thdi dp "rdt ung hp" "nhiing ngudi "ngay cangnlii^u nguoi giau c6, dat nho dat, thang tign vd giau cd nhd tai ndng, diic dfi lam an hop phap, hpp thiic, chinh dang" va vd sii ddng gdp thuc tg cho xd hdi"; vd 47,2% so 63,2% nguoi dupe hoi "ting hp" va "r^t ling hp" ngudi ed thdi dd ung hd "nhung ngudi thdnh xu hu6ng: "nguoi giau dat nho lam an dat, thdng tien, gidu cd dua tren nhirng quanhe chinh dang, hop phap nhi^u hon ngiroi gi^u, rdng rai" Ben canh dd, cd 96,9% sd ngudi duoc dat nho lam an khong hpp phap" Trong hdi cd thdi dp khdng ung hd "nhiing nguoi do, chi co 4,1% sd nguin duoc hoi "r^t ung thdnh dgt nhd ldm an trdi ph6p, trdn, lau thu^, hp" xu huong "ngay cang nhieu nguoi giau len ldm hang gid, hang nhdi" vd 93,3% "khdng ung nho lam an bit hop phap, khong chinh thuc" hd" "nhiing ngudi thdnh dat nhd lpi dung chiic va khong co ngiroi nao "ling h6" xu hirong vu, quyen ban" "ngirm giau, dat nho lam an khdng Nhu vay, thdi dp eiia ngudi ddn ling hp va chinh dtog nhifo hon nguoi giau thtah dat khdng ling hd rat rd rang ddi vol nhung nguoi nho lam Sn chinh dang" ldm giau chinh ddng vd nhiing ngiroi lam giau Qua thao luan nhom va phong v&i sSu ca khdng ehinh ddng Do dd, cdn cd nhiing bien nhantaidiaban,dasd ngudi dupe hoi d^u cho phdp vd CO chg eho ngudi ddn bdy to quan rSng, nhUng nguoi lam an hpp phdp, lam giau diim ddi vdi cdc hpat ddng kinh tg - ehinh tri • ehinh dang la nhiing nguci en dong gnp tich xd hdi cua dia phuong, gdp phan phdt hien cue cho dia phuang, su thtah cdng cua hp cp nhirng tdm guong tdt, ten dn va td gidc nhung fch ehp xa hpi Thirc tg cho thdy, eo rat nhieu hdnh vi ldm tdn hai dgn lpi ich cua qudc giava nguoi lam giau bSng cai tam, cai diic cila hp va dia phuong, ddng thdi se ban ehS dupe PTXH nh& the, dong gdp dupe rit nhiSu ehp phat khdng hpp thiic va phdt huy PTXH hpp thuc a kinh tg-xahpiciiadia phupng Trpng diaphuong dn, nhung nguM lam an phi phap, thudng ehi Cupc khdo sdt ve PTXH hpp thiie vd khong lam phuong hai dgn loi ich eiia ngudi khde, hpp thiie qudn Ba Dmh eung eho thdy mgt tham chi lam tdn thdt kinh tg - xa hdi cua dia digu kha tgnhi: dudng nhunhdm lanh dsio,quJii phunng va dat nuoc Do dd, xa hpi cSn len dn, ly - nhiing nguoi eo chiic, quygn it dupe quy loai bo nhung hanh vi lam gidu hdi phdp ludt, trpng, ng phuc hon nhdm nhUng ngudi thuc tai, LV LUAN CHfNH TR|-So 2/2016 M Don vi tinh: % Nhung ngudi co chu'c quy^n NfiQtig ngi/di co trinh nghe nghiep cao NhQngngircri CD hoc thiic cao NhCTig ngirdi co tai nang co dong gop vdi dia phiTcmg Nhulig ngudi co lot song sach, gi^n dj va lanh manh Ngudn: Nhdm tic 0i di tii diiu tra khio sit nim 2014 can cu chiu khd, ed dgo due, nhdn each, dgt, giau cd mdt cdch hpp phdp, hpp thiie Phan tich Bigu dd cho thay, cd 88,2% sd ngudi dupe khdo sdt cho rdng "nhiing ngudi sdng gian di, sgch va lanh manh" vd 75,4% eho rdng, "nhiing ngudi cd tdi nang, ed ddng gdp eho dia phuang" thude nhdm ngudi dupe xa hdi kinh ng; chi ed 43,1 % sd ngudi dupe hdi tra Idi "nhiing ngudi cd ehiic quyen" Id nhdm ngudi dupe xd hdi Idnh ng Digu eho thdy, bdi eanh hidn nay, nhiing ngirdi ed dia vi eao vg kmh tg, chinh tri ehua ban Id nhiing ngudi cd uy tin xa hdi Thai dp eiia ngudi dan la ung hd va tin tudng vdo xu the ngdy edng phdt trign ciia PTXH hpp thiic, ddng thdi khdng ddng tinh vdi PTXH khdng hpp thiic, coi dd la ngudn gde cua bdt binh ddng vd bdt cdng xd bpi Do dd, Ddng, Nhd nude, chinh quygn dja phuong vd cdng ddng xd hdi cdn khang dinh su hien dien va ling hd su phdt trign eiia PTXH hpp thiic, ldm cho cau tnie PTXH hpp thiic trd thdnh trdt tii xd hpi chigm uu the toan xd hdi; mdt khde mpi ngdnh, mpi cap vd toan thg nhdn ddn phdi kidn quygt ddu tranh day liii PTXH khdng hpp thiic, cd nhu vdy mdi xay dung Trdn eo sd phan tieh mdt cdch tdng quan vg dupe mpt xd hdi tign bd, ddn chii, cdng bdng, PTXH hpp thiie vd PTXH khdng hop thuc tai dia van minh, hanh phuc bdn qudn Ba Dmh, cdc nhd qudn Iy cdn ed nhirng bien phdp gido due vd khoi day Idng nhdn di, phdt huy cdc gia tri truygn thdng tdt dep ciia van hda Vidt Nam, gdp phdn xdy dung (1), (2) Xem; "Ph5n tdng xa hpi tCr sw tdng - tich hpp dat nude ta phdt trign bgn viing cdc ly thuygt xa hOi hoc phuong Tdy va mgt s6 gpi Nhu vdy, PTXH dang dign trdn theo cd md vg Cdng bdng xa hdi", Tgp chi A2 hpi hoc, sd hai xu hudng hpp thiie vd khdng hpp thiic 4/2014, tr.16 LfLUAN CHfNHTRh So 2/2016 ... thiic Khi dupe hdi vl xu hudng PTXH eua dia Phdn tieh sd Hgu Bdng cho thdy, nhimg ngudi gidu cd, dat d dia phuang cd xu phuong hign nay, cd 46% sd ngudi dupe hdi hudng xudt hign edng nhieu, tap... eho thdy, bdi eanh hidn nay, nhiing ngirdi ed dia vi eao vg kmh tg, chinh tri ehua ban Id nhiing ngudi cd uy tin xa hdi Thai dp eiia ngudi dan la ung hd va tin tudng vdo xu the ngdy edng phdt trign... doi vM xu hudng PTXH; (2) tha dp thdnh dat bdng nhung viec lam chinh ddng va cua nguoi dan ddi voi nhiing nguoi dat khdng ehinh ddng Cd 91,3% sd ngudi dupe Thai dd oia nguoi dan doi v&i xu liiKmgkhdo