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uphill Iu4lei Xinh a 86 7(280) 2015 CO HOI VA THACH THOC CHO CAC DOANH NGHIEP DET MAY KHI VIET NAM GIA NHiiP HIEP BINH BOI TAC KINH TE CHIEN LUOC XUYEN THAI BiNH DIIUNG I ThS NGUYEN T H O Y DUNG H ifi[.]
86 7(280)-2015 uphill Iu4lei Xinh a CO HOI VA THACH THOC CHO CAC DOANH NGHIEP DET MAY KHI VIET NAM GIA NHiiP HIEP BINH BOI TAC KINH TE CHIEN LUOC XUYEN THAI BiNH DIIUNG I ThS NGUYEN T H O Y DUNG H ifip dinh d6i tde kinh tl chifin lugc xuyfin Thdi Bmh Duang (TPP) Id mgt Hiep dinh thuang mgi ty (FTA) nhilu bfin, dupe ky kit vdi myc tifiu tfaiet lgp mdt mat blng tiiuang mai ty cfaung cho edc nudc kfau vyc efaau A - Thdi Bhih Duong Hifp dinh liie dau nudc tham gia kfadi xudng gdm: Brunei, Chile, New Zealand va Singapore (cdn gpi Id P4), duge ky ket ngdy 03/6/2005, cd hifiu lye tii 28/5/2006 Tir ndm 2010 den nay, cd flifim nudc tham gia ddm phdn gdm: My, Ausfraha, Peru, Canada, Mexico, Vift Nam, Nhgt Bdn, Malaysia va tiianfa vien tifim ndng la Hdn Quoe va Dai Loan ngang TPP tgo lgp mdi trudng cho cdc nudc cd trinh dd pfadt trifin khdc nfaau, nfaimg cd ging dgt dugc eiing mau sd chung de pfadt trien Trong cde euge ddm pfadn ve TPP, cdc vin dfi Iifin quan dfin luifa vvc dft may ludn Id mpt npi dung quan frpng cd Ufin quan den tat cd cdc ndi dung ddm pfadn Tgi Mft Nam, sau 25 nam lifin tyc phdt tiifin, Ngdnh Dft may da vuon lfin frd ngdnh kinh tfi quan frpng ciia cd nudc Nam 1990, todn ngdnh cd 200 doanh nghifp dft may ehii ylu Id doanh nghifp cua Nhd nude vdi 200.000 lao ddng, doanh thu dgt ty USD, frong dd xuit khiu ehilm 10% Hifn nay, cd nudc cd Idiodng 6.000 doanh Hifp djnh TPP bao gom 29 chuong, frong dd ngfaiep dft may (nam 2013), frong dd co eiu cdng ed chuong la tii^c tiep lifin quan den van dfi frao ty flieo hinfa flnic sd hiiu til nhdn Id chu ylu' vd su ddi fadng fada, djcfa vy; 24 cfauong cdn Igi dl cap dyng khodng 2,5 tiifu lao ddng, kim nggeh xuit nfailu vin de lifin quan den cdc chudn myc, tifiu khiu hang dft may cua cd nude nam 2014 dgt ttfin ehuan khde ve mdi trudng, chat lupng lao 21 ty USD2 Dfit may Viet Nam da vuan lfin hang ddng, ludt If tdi chinh, thvc pham vd thude men fliii thfi gidi ve xuit khiu fadng dft may vdi tin Vdi phgm vi da bien nhu vgy, cdc cam kfit frong tradng Id faon 180 qudc gia vd viing lanh flid, ttd TPP sdu han, todn difn hon cdc hiep djnfa tfauang flianh ngdnh kmh tfi mui nhpn ciia qudc gia, ddng mgi khdc V l nguyen tae, ede cam kit flivc hifn gdp fren 10,5 % GDP vd hon 15.% tdng kim ngaeh TPP phdi tfayc sy binfa dang, kfadng phan bift trinh xuat khau dp pfadt triln va xuat pfaat diem eiia mSi nudc Hodn thdnh dam phan de gia nhdp TPP la mot Mgi thdnh vien deu cd ngbia vu vd quyen lgi frong nhung muc tieu quan frpng ciia Viet Nam Ddn ChO & Phdp lu$t I (phifi lu4loA3Unhtt Hien cac qu6c gia Chile, Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, tjc New Zealand, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc da ky FTA vcri Viet Nam D6ng thdi Vi|t Nam ciing dang qua trinh hoan tat ky ket FTA voi cac nu6c lai, dac biet la My Vi6c dam phan cong va gia nhSp TPP se mang lai nhiSu ccr hoi cho nSn kinh te Viet Nam noi chung va cdc doanh nghiep det may Viet Nam noi rieng a nhiing khia canh ca ban sau: Thic nhit, ma rqng thi truang va tang kim ngach xuat nhap khdu hang det may Voi 14 d6i tac g6m 12 thinh vien chinh thiic va 02 thinh vien tiSm nang, d6 co nhihig n6n kinh te manh nhu: My, Nhat Ban, Canada, Australia, TPP trd mgt khu v\rc kinh tS vdi thi trutog hem 790 tri$u dan, t6ng GDP la 27.000 ty USD, ddng gdp 40% GDP va chilm khoang 1/3 kim ngach thuong mai toan cau Trong dd cd thi tnrdng chinh la My chiSm 48%, Nh|t Ban chiem 12 %, ffln Quoc chiem 6% kim ngach xuat khlu hang d?t may cua Vi?t Nam Ngoii ra, Viet Nam cdn xuat khSu hing d?t may sang cdc nudc khac ASEAN v i Australia, Canada deu nim Uiinh vien TPP' D^c biet My dugc coi la thi trudng nhap khau hang det may ldn nhat cua cac doanh nghiep det may Vi$t Nam vdi khoing 1000 ddng sin phim det may, chiem 48% tdng kim ngach xuat nhip khiu Nim 2014 kim ngach xult khlu hing d^t may ciia Viet Nam sang thi trudng My dat 9,8 ty USD, ting 14% so vdi nam 2013 Dukien sau gia nhap TPP, giai doan 2014-2017 xuat khlu d?t may cua Vi?t Nam sang My cd the tang trudng 13-20%, quy md xuat khlu d?t may vio My cd the dat khoang 25-30 ty USD va den nam 2025, quy md xuat khlu ciia cac doanh nghiep det may Viet Nam cd the dat 50-55 ty USD'' I Ddn chCi & Phdp lu^t 86 7(280)-2015 Thie hai, cdc doanh nghiep det may se duac huang nhieu uu dai ve thue Muc tieu ldn nhit tham gia TPP cia Vift Nam la ting cudng lgi the xuit khau ndi chung vi xuit khiu hang det may ndi rieng sang cdc nuoc vien TPP thong qua viec cic nudc niy miln hoac giim thue cho hing hda Viet Nam Bdi m^t h-ong nhitng ndi dtmg quan trgng ciia cac mrdc qui trinh dim phin TPP la cic nudc thuc hi?n cit giim gin 100% cac ddng thue (it nhit 90%), dd cd ITnh vuc d$t may dugtc thac hiSn hoac thuc hien vdi 16 trinh rlt ngk Dac biet, tham gia vio TPP cd the se giiip Nginh Det may Viet Nam tiSp can thi trudng MJ va hudng nhieu uu dai ve thue xuit nhip khlu tai thi tnrdng niy.'Theo do, 16.000 ddng thue HS chir sd, hing det may thuoc cdc chuong HS 50-63 m i My cd nhap khlu, Viet Nam cd xuit khlu vio My khoing 1.000 ddng thul vdi thui suit MFN binh quan 17-18% va die biSt nhiiu ddng sin phim chiu thul tdi 30% Vdi vi?c dam phdn v i k^ ket cdng TPP se cit giam miic thul nhip khau hang d?t may ciia cic doanh nghiep det may Viet Nam vio My din ve 0% thay vi muc thue tnmg binh 17-18% nhu hien nay' ThUba, ndng cao ndng luc canh tranh dia ck doanh nghi?p d^t may TPP la mpt khu v\rc t\r thuang mai hoat dpng theo nguyen tic thi trudng Nguyen tic ddi hdi thi trudng phai thdng thoing, cdi md, cong khai, minh bach, khdng phin biet doi x i Vi vay, tham gia vio TPP, Viet Nam phii xod bo su phin bi?t ddi xii, ip dvng luit choi binh ding giiia cdc thinh phan ldnh te nham dam bio s\r canh tranh giiia cac doanh nghiep det may via v i nhi vdi cac doanh nghi€p det may ldn; tang su canh tranh giira cic doanh nghiep det may c6 hinh tfaiic ^kiip,lii4icd3Unka sd hihi tu nhdn vdi cdc doanh ngfaifp dft may cd vdn ddu tu nude ngoai Ddng thdi, vifc gia nhap TPP dupc ky vpng se la dudng de ede doanh nghiep det may Vipt Nam ndng cac nang luc canh tranh ddi vdi cde doanh ngfaifp dft may eua edc nudc khac Vdi vifc eat gidm thue xuat nh^ip khdu ve 0%, hang dft may Vipt Nam se ed dupc lpi thd ve gid tfadnh sdn phdm de eanh tranh vdi ede nudc xudt khdu fadng dft may dac bift id Trung Qude (qudc gia khdng la thdnfa vien cda TPP) Thur tir, ma ca hpi thu hut ddu tu, hap tdc v&i cdc nu&c nham hi$n dgi hoa sdn xudt, ndng cao chdt lupmg sdn pham, tham gia sdu han vdo chuoi sdn xuat todn cdu 86 (280)-2015 Tuy nhien cung gidng nhu cdc hiep dinfa khac, ngoai nhimg co hpi, tfai viec Vift Nam gia nhdp TPP se tao nhihig tfadcfa thuc ldn cho cdc doanh nghiep dft may \^et Nam nhu: Mdt id, thdch thuc ve qi^ tdc xuat xu vd rdo cdn ky thugt Trong dam pfadn TPP, cac qudc gia eam kdt tfauc hifn nguydn tdc "tu spi frd di" (yamforward), tuc la tat ca cde khau frong faoat ddng sdn xuatfadngdet may tir spi cho den vai, cat, may deu phai duac tfauc faien frong ndi khdi, dd sdn pham dft may mdi dugc faudng uu dai ve thue Tuy nfaien ede qudc gia Id thdnh vien ciia TPP deu la cac qude gia phat tridn ehii yeu nhap kfaau fadng Trong cac tfadnh vien TPP, nfaieu qude gia cd det may, ndng san va xuat kfaau cdc tfaiet bi, may kfad nang Id d6i tdc tiem nang dau tu ve vdn vd mdc faien d^i Trong kfai nguyen pfau lieu hdng dft ehuyen giao edng nghf hifn d^i cho cdc doanh may cua Vift Nam faifn cfau yeu nhap khdu tir nghifp dft may Vift Nam nhu: My, Nh^t Bdn, Trung Qudc (qudc gia khdng la thdnh vien TPP) Australia, New Zealand, Singapore TPP cd thS Ddng tfadi tfaeo cam ket TPP ve xuat xu hdng hda, giiip thtic day dau tu ciia nfaimg nudc vdo cac ty If npi diafadasdn pham vdi ngdnh may phdi dat doanfa ngfaifp dft may Vift Nam cfauyen tu 55% frd len, md d Viet Nam hien ty If ndy chi dat phuong thiie sdn xudt CMT sang cdc phuong thiic ehua den 25%, md cfaii yeu la nhimg nguyen lifu sdn xuat cao han nhu OEM, ODM vd OBM tao phu lieu don gidn nhu vdi ldt, ciie do^ Do vay khd nang cho Vift Nam tfaam gia sdu faon vdo mudn dupc hudng uu dai ve thue bat bupc cdc chudi gia frj frong khu vyc vd todn cdu Cac doanh doanfa ngfaiep Yiet Nam phdi tfauc hifn cfau dpng ngfaiep det may cung ed dieu kifn md rdng quy ve ngudn nguyen phu Ufu cung nhu tim thi trudng md, nang cao ehat luong sdn phdm vd tu nang cap cung cap nguyen phu lieu thay the Day Id khd frong chudi eung umg todn cau bdi d \flet Nam khan ddi vdi doanh nghifp dft may eiia Viet Nam faifn cdc doanfa ngfaifp dft may chu ydu Id edc bdi faifn nang luc tu san xudt vd cung ung doanfa nghifp viia vd nhd Ben c^nh dd, ndu TPP nguyen pfay lifu edn han che Ngodi ra, la tfaiic ddy cdc doanfa ngfaifp dft may Vift Nam ddu thdnh vien cua TPP, nhung hang det may cua \^et tu vao nguyen lifu nfau du kien tfai ede cfal tieu ve Nam se kfad khan kfai nhap vdo nhihig thi trudng xudt sieu, gid tri gia tang vd t^ If npi, dia fada se cac nude nay, bdi hp dat rat nhieu hang rdo ky dupc nang cao Du kien cdc doanfa nghiep det may thudt dac biet la ddi vdi cdc thi trudng khd tmh ^^f t Nam se dua ngdnfa det may cdn dich sdm vdi nfauMy, Nh^tBdn myc tieu dat ty If n^i dia fada 60% vdo nam 2015 Hai id, gia tdng site ep ve ma cua thi tru&ng vd 70% vdo nam 2020* vd ndng luc canh tranh Ddn chd & Phdp lu^t I (IMp.lii4ioiL3Unka Hifp dinfa TPP Id mdt faifp dmh "cd di cd lai" nen Viet Nam se phdi md ciia nhanfa va manh tfai trudng npi dja cua minfa cho hdng dft may tii edc nude ddi tde Ddng thdi vdi vifc tfauc faifn cam kdt gidm thud vd 0% ddi vdi phan ldn cdc nfadm matfadngtut cdc nudc ddi tdc Id tfaanfa vidn TPP, se ldm cho cde ludng hdng hod det may tur edc nudc frdn vdo thi frudng V\&X Nam, tao siic ep rat ldn len cac doanh nghifp dft may viia va nhd ciia Vift Nam He qud ldm cho tfai pfajin ciia cde doanh nghifp dft may frong nude bi thu hep, hang dft may ndi dia se phdi canh franh kfa6c lift vdi faang dft may ciia cdc qudc gia khde Dgc bift frong boi cdnh cdc doanfa ngfaifp dft may Vift Nam hien pfay tfaupc vao nguyen pfay lifu nfaap khdu tur Tmng Quoc Bdi nguydn ph\i lifu nganh dft may nhdp tCr Trung Qudc cd gid re, chi bdng khodng 25-35% gid thdnh so vdi nhap tii edc thi trudng khdc nhu Nhdt Ban, Hdn Quoc Neu thay ddi thi trudng nhdp nguydn phu lifu, doanh nghiep kfadng cdn cacfa nao kfaac la pfadi tang gid thdnh sdn pfadm md tang gid sdn pham se ldm gidm siic c ^ franh ciiafadngdft may Y\^t Nam so vdi edc nudc khde Mat kfadc cdc doanh ngfaiep det may \^f t Nam hifn da so chi th\rc hifn pfauang thiic xuit kfadu cfaii yeu Id CMT vdi gid tri gia tang thap, frong cde doanfa ngfaifp nudc ngoai den Vift Nam vdi pfauang thue sdn xuat xuit khdu OEM, ODM vd OBM kfaep kui tu viec tao ngudn nguyen lieu den khau tfaanfa phim cuoi cdng de xudt khiu vdi gid trj gia tang d?t cao nfait Vdi vifc ky ket TPP thdnh, se tao sdc ep ldn ve s\r egnh franh eho cdc doanh nghifp dft may Vift Nam vdi doanfa nghifp det may ed vdn ddu tu nudc ngodi Ba id, thdch thuc ve gidi quyet cdc vdn de lao dpng vd moi truang I Ddn chO & Phdp lu$t 86 7(280)-2015 Theo diing cam ket cua TPP cdc doanh nghiep dft may Vift Nam phdi ddm bdo dung cdc quy djnh vd lao dpng phii hpp vdi edc tieu chudn cvia td cfaiic lao ddng tfae gidi (ILO) Dac biet la cac doanfa ngfaiep dft may Viet Nani pfaai dam bao cSc vin de vd quyen lap fadi (cdng dodn), quyk tap fapp va ddm pfaan chung ciia ngudi lao dpng, dam bdo quy dinh cam sti d\mg mpi hinh tfaiic lao dfng cuong biirc, quy dinh cam khai thdc lao dpng tre em, quy dinfa Ididng pfadn bipt ddi xii frong l\rc lupng lao ddng Day Id mdt thdch thiic ldn bdi cac doanh nghifp dpt may ciia Viet Nam hifn da s6 Id cdc doanfa nghiep vda vd nhd, viec dam bio eho ngudi lao dpng dupe hudng diing theo cic chd dd cua ILO Id rit kfad khan Ngodi ra, dam bdo cac van de ve mdi trudng theo diing eam ket ciia TPP Id mdt rdo cdn quan frpng frong sdn xuat hdng dft may ciia cdc doanh nghifp dft may d Viet Nam Bdi vifc xay d ^ g cdc nfad mdy dft may ludn ed nguy co gay d nfailm mdi tnrdng cao, frong mudn xay dpng mOt nhd mdy dft nhu$m dap ling day dii ede tieu chudn vd mdi trudng phai ton cfai phi rdt ldn tii 20-30 frifu USD Trudc nhling co hdi vd thdch thiic fren, vin de ddt eho cdc doanh nghifp det may Vift Nam phdi ed nhimg kd hoach phdt triln viing chac dS t|ln dyng ca hOi ciing nhu vupt qua dupc thach thiie Bdi TPP dupc xem Id co fa^i ldn cua nhiing doanh nghifp det may Vift Nam nang dpng, biet nim bat vd tan dung tot co fadi se pfadt tridn manh nhd Hiep dinh ndy Dd ndm bdt dupc cdc co h6i, vupt qua tfadcfa tfaiie, cdc doanfa ngfaiep dft may Vift Nam can phdi thyc hifn mdt s6 gidi phap co bdn sau: Thiir nhat, chii dpng ndng cao ndng luc canh tranh Mudn nang cao nang lye egnh tranfa, cac doanh ^Phdp.iii4tifd.JUnkte 86 (280)-2015 ngfaifp dft may Vipt Nam cin tfavc faifn cfauyin dicfa dan sang md fainh sdn xuit theo hudng ODM, ddp ling yeu eau eua xu hudng phdt trien mdi Phdi tap trung dau tu nhidu faon niia cfaien lugc nghien ciiu thi frudng vd cdng tac tfaiet ke Bdi faifn cdc doanfa ngfaifp dft may tfaudng sir dyng pfauang thiie san xudt xuit khiu cfainh la CMT, dd, hai bd phan md cdc doanh ngfaifp dft may cdn thieu hoac chua dau tu phdt trien thich ddng Id nghien ciiu ve nhu cau thi trudng vd kfaau tfaiet kd - Tfau hut cdc doanh nghiep nudc ngodi dau tu va sdn xuit nguyen phu lieu tai Viet Nam: Thye faien eae bien pfaap tiiu hiit cdc doanh nghifp eiia Trung Qude ciing nhu cac qudc gia kfadc dau tu xay dyng nfad mdy sdn xuat nguydn phy lifu cfao doanfa ngfaifp minh ciing nhu ngdnh dft may tgi \^f t Nam Nhu vay viia ddm bdo ve gid tfadnfa ciia ngudn nguyen phy lifu viia dap iing yeu eau tii quy tie xuat xii eua TPP Thir hai, thuc hien cdc bi^nphdp degidi quyet vdn de ve ngityen phy lipt - Tun thi trudng nhap nguydn pfay lifu tfaay the: Dd giai quyet vdn dd phu tfaupc vao ngudn nguyen pfay lifu nfaap kfaau cfau yeu tii Trung Quoc nfau faifn nay, cdc doanfa ngfaifp dft may Vipt Nam can pfadi tim tfai trudng cung cdp nguyen pfay lieu thay thd cfao tfaj trudng Trung Quoc nfadm ddp iing diing quy tac xuat xii de dupc hudng uu dai ve thue tiieo dung cam ket ciia TPP Ngodi till trudng Trung Quoc, cdc doanh ngfaiep Vift Nam cd tiie faudng tdi vifc nhgp nguydn phy lipu tii Nhdt Bdn, Han Qudc (thdnfa vidn tiem ndng) vd ede quoc gia Ididc frong TPP - Xdy dyng vd pfaat trien cdc vung nguySn lifu: Xdy dung vd phdt trien cdc viing nguydn lieu gan nhu la giai pfaap huu hieu de day mgnh sy tang trudng vd pfaat trien ben vimg ciia cdc doanfa ngfaifp dft may ^^et Nam De pfadt trien cdc vung nguyen lifu tfaeo mue tieu ve nguydn lipu cfao cdc doanfa nghifp dft may can khdc phyc nfaimg t6n tai ve tdp qudn sdn xudt phdn tdn, manh miin, nfad le, chua tiidnh viing sdn xuit nguyen lieu tap trung ldn; he thdng thiiy lgi ehua phii hpp vifc tudi tieu cho cay bdng; gid mua nguyen lifu chua hip din; vife dau tu tham canfa tang nang suit, ea gidi fada cdnfagnche cho nen chua canh franh dupc so vdi cac Ioai cay nfau ngd, sdn ; cin hhih tfaanfa cdc - Hlnh tfaanfa cac chudi lien kit kfaep kin ngdnfa det may: Cac doanh nghifp dft may muon Ben c?inh pfadt tridn thi frudng xuit Idiiu, cdc pfadt tridn ngudn nguydn phy lifu frong nudc tfal doanh ngfaiep det may Viet Nam pfaai tfayc faifn cdn ddi hdi sy gdn kdt giiia cdc doanfa ngfaifp dft dinh hudng di sau vdo tfai trudmg ndi dia Mu6n may frong ngdnh, tiic la hbih vd ndng cao v^y cdc doanfa ngfaiep det may cin diy manh faon ehuoi hen ket giua eae doanh nghiep; khdp kin nua vifc co ciu laifaoatddng sdn xuit kinfa doanfa, quy trinfa sdn xuat tii sgi - dft - nhupm hodn tat dau tu mgnfa cfao thi frudng nOi dia Tfaeo dd, edc may, ehuydn ddn tii hinh tfaiic gia cdng CMT sang sdn phdm duge cdi tidn, mlu ma da dgng, chit ldm faang FOB (mua nguydn lifu, bdn thdnh lupng cao, gid cd hgp ly, san pham ddm bdo cho pfaam) vd ODM (ty thiet ke, sdn xuit vd ban sdn Slic khde, dich vy khuyen mai phong pfaii, bdo pfaam) Dieu ndy se giiip tang t^ If n^i dia hda ciia hdnfa tht, ddp iing nhu cau ciia ngudi tieu diing nganh, nang cao gia tii gia tang eiia sdn pham, nudc vd tang su eanh franh doi vdi hdng dft gidm nhgp sieu Khi do, vifc hudng lpi tii Uiue may ngoai nhgp dgc bipt la hdng cua Trung Qu6c suit mdi tfa\rc sy phdt huy tdc dyng Ddn ChQ & Phdp lu$t I (l>kdp,Ui4ieaJ[Mnka 86 (280)-2015 timg budc thuc hien diing cdc quy djnh ve lao dpng phu fagp vdi cdc tidu chudn cia td chiic lao dpng flid gidi d6i vdi lao dpng ngdnfa dft may theo cam kdt TPP Trong thdi gian tdi, edc doanh nghifp dft may cdn ddu tu xay dyng edc kfau cdng nghifp cfauy£n vd ngdnh nhupm de tap trung vdo vifc phdt trien cdng nghe vd tfaugn lpi cho vifc x i \