NGHIEN CCrU TRAO 001 DAO TAO DAI HQC, CAO D A N G KHONG CHINH QUY THtrC TRflNG V^ Glfil PWP QU^N LY PGS TS HOANG VAN CHC/C 1 Thuc trang dao tao dai hpc, cao dang khdng chinh quy a Ve ca cdu Dao tao kh[.]
NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO 001 DAO TAO DAI HQC, CAO D A N G KHONG CHINH QUY THtrC TRflNG V^ Glfil PWP QU^N LY PGS.TS HOANG VAN Thuc trang dao tao dai hpc, cao dang khdng chinh quy a Ve ca cdu Dao tao khdng chfnh quy (KCQ) cd hinh thdc la: vda lam, vda hpc (tai chdc), dao tao td xa, ddo tao chuydn tu cu (hoan chinh kiln thdc, lidn thdng) Tinh dd'n ddu nam 2007, loan qud'e cd 357 trudng dai hpc, cao dang (DH,CD) (160 trudng DH, hpc vien, 197 trudng CD); dd, cd 200 trudng td chdc dao tao KCQ (106 trudng DH va 94 trudng CD) Dao tao KCQ chu ydu la hinh thdc vda lam, vda hoc (VL,VH) 75,4%, dao tao td xa cd tl Id thdp Tdng quy md dao tao KCQ hidn khoang 834.473 sinh vidn (SV), chiem khoang 49,8% tdng sd SV (tdng quy md dao tao cua cac trudng DH,CD hien 1.676.117 SV) Tdng so giang vien tuong dng vdi quy md dao tao KCQ ndi tren la 34.350 giang vidn, chie'm ti Id 24,30 SV/giang vidn So SV tham gia hoc KCQ chu ydu d DH, chidm 86,3%, CD chidm 13,7%; dd, khdi ki thuat - cdng nghd: 15,9%; su pham: 26,3%'; kinh tl: 37,1%; khoa hpc co ban: 6,4%; KHXH&NV, luat, chinh trj: 5,2%; van hda - nghe thuat, the due - the thao: 1,1%; ngoai ngd: 6,4%; y dupe: 1,3% Cdc trudng dat ldp dao tao K(JQ chu ydu tai dja phuang: 62,9%; tai cac trudnjg: 37,1% Sd SV tdt nghidp so vdi thuc tuydn hang nam binh quan td 55%^0% Sau 10 nam, ke tdnam 1997, cocau dao tao theo hinh thdc VL,VH da thay ddi, SV theo hpc CD da tang td 2,7% vao nam TAP CHI Q U A N LY N H A NUdC - S6 154 (11-2008) CHC/C 1997 ldn tdi hon 13,7% vao nam 2007 Ca cdu ngdnh nghi dao tao cung cd chuyen bid'n Td nam 1997 dd'n nam 2007, khd'i nganh kinh te - quan ly giam td 38,3% xud'ng 37,1%, khd'i nganh KHXH&NV luat td 32,9% giam xud'ng chi cdn 5,8%, khdi nganh su pham td 6,7% tang ldn 26,3%, khd'i nganh khoa hpc co ban tang td 1,4% ldn 6,4%, cdc khdi nganh khae khdng cd thay ddi nhilu b Ve hinh thdc ddo tgo - Ddo tgo theo hinh thifc VL,VH (tgi chdc cii): 'Trudc nam 1993, dao tao theo hinh thdc VL,VH chi danh ridng cho nhdng ngudi da cd td'i thieu hai nam lam viec Td nam 1994, chinh sach md cda, nin kinh te thj trudng phat trien manh, nhu cdu dao tao va dao tao lai de chuan hda dpi ngu CB,CC, nhu cdu hpc dl tim vide lam, chuyin ddi nghi nghidp cua nhumg ngudi lao ddng thudc cac phdn kinh t l cang tang, ndn khdng quy djnh thdi gian cdng tac, dd, quy md dao tao theo hinh thdc VL,VH lidn tuc tang ldn Nam 2005, quy md dao tao VL,VH la 358.685 SV, tang 150% so vdi nam 1997; dd, DH la 74,3%, CD la 25,7% Nam 2007, theo sd lieu bao cdo cua 149 trudng DH,CD (tron^ tdng sd 200 trudng dao tao KCQ) cd tdng quy md dao tao VL,VH la 549.831 SV, chidm 32,8% tdng quy md tuyen sinh ca nudc Trong dd, ddo tao tai trudng la 238.848 SV, chidm 43,5%, tai dia phuong la 310.933 SV chiem 56,5% " Hoc vi^n Hdnh chfnh 35 NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO 001 - Ddo tgo hodn chinh kien thdc (chuyen tu cH): Cdng vdi hinh thdc dao tao VLVH, td nhCrng nam 60 thIki XX, nhilu trudng DH da md nhdng Idp dao tao DH theo hinh thdc chuydn tu cho can bd trinh dp trung cdp chuydn nghidp ldn trinh dp DH theo dung nganh nghi da dupe dao tao d bac trung cap Dd'i tupng dao tao chuydn tu DH tdp trung la nhiing ngudi cd nam cdng tae, kl td td't nghidp trung cdp chuydn nghidp, thdi gian dao tao Id nam hpc tap trung (khdng kl thdi gian dn tap vd thi tuyen) Do vay, quy md dao tao theo hinh thdc chuyin tu khdng Idn Song, nhdng nam gdn ddy, hinh thdc dao tao da cd nhilu thay ddi, vl dd'i tupng tuyIn sinh, thdi gian hpc, dia diem dat Idp Nhd vay, sd SV theo hpc he da khdng ngiing tang Nl'u nhu vao nam hoc 20022003, sd SV he chuydn tu chi cd 5.148 SV; thi dd'n nam 2007, 149 trudng DH, CD thi cd 48 trudng dao tao chuyen tu vdi quy md la 78.921 SV, chidm 9,5% Trong dd, dao tao tai trudng la 50,5%, dao tao tai dia phuang la 49,5% - Ddo tgo theo hinh thdc hpc tdxa: Hpc td xa d Vidt Nam da hinh td nhumg nam ddu thap ki 60 cua thi ki XX, da va dang tihig bude md rdng va liin tuc phat trien cung vdi su tid'n bd vupt bdc cua nganh cdng nghd thdng tin va truyin thdng Dl dap dng nhu cdu hpc tdp cua mpi ngudi, dac biet dd'i vdi nhumg ngudi sd'ng d vung sau, vung xa, vung kinh tikhd khan, khdng cd dieu kiln tdi trudng hpc tap, nam 1993, Chinh phu da quyet dinh lap Vidn Dai hpc md Ha Ndi va Trudng Dai hpc md ban cdng TP.Hd Chf Minh (nay la Dai hpc md TP Hd Chf Minh) Dd'n nay, da cd 13 trudng DH dang td chdc dao tao td xa, nhilu trudng cd quy md rdt Idn nhu: Dai hoc Hul (46.526 SV), Dai hpc Da Ndng (41.533 SV), Viin Dai hpc md Ha Ndi (34.562 SV), Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ndi (33.790 SV), Dai hoc md TP Hd Chf Minh (27.465 SV), Trudng 36 Dai hoc cdng nghd thdng tin - Dai hoc qud'e gia TR Hd Chi Minh (12.000 SV) Theo dd, sd SV hpc DH theo hinh thdc dao tao td xa cung khdng ngdng tang Nd'u nhu nam hpc 2002-2003 chi cd 2.820 SV thi sau nam (nam 2007) da tang ldn 205.721 SV Sd SV theo hpc td xa chu ye'u dang sinh sd'ng va lam vide d khu vuc miin nui phfa Bdc, Tdy Nguydn, vung sdu vdng xa thudc ddng bdng sdng Cuu Long va nganh hpc, chu ydu la cac nganh thupc khd'i su pham, khd'i kinh td' - quan tri kinh doanh; c Nhdng ke't qud dgt ducfc: - Dao tao KCQ da gdp phdn ndng cao trinh dd cua dpi ngu can bd chu chdt ciia cac bd, nganh, cac dia phuang, dac biet la cac vung sau, vung xa, vung kinh te kho khan Thdng qua hinh thiic dao tao nay, nhilu ngudi cd hoan canh khae khdng ed dilu kidn hpc d cac trudng ldp chfnh quy tap trung dupe nang cao trinh dd, chuyen ddi nghi nghidp, tim kidm vide lam va nang cao chat lupng cude sd'ng - Dao tao KCXJ da huy ddng cac ngudn luc xa hdi phue vu cho su nghiep phat trien giao due ngan sach ciia Nha nudc chua dam bao chi phf Bdng kinh phi ddng gdp cua ngudi hpc, cac trudng DH,CD cd them ngudn kinh phf dl ddu tu CO sd vdt chat, trang thidt bi, chuong trinh dao tao va tai lieu giang day, hpc tdp Ddi vdi cdc dia phuang, dl phue vu ddo tao KCQ, da xdy dung dupe he thd'ng cac trung tdm giao due thudng xuydn cdp tinh vung manh Nhilu trung tdm giao due thudng xuyen (TTGDTX) cd dpi ngd cdn bd quan Iy thao vide, dupe trang bi cP sd vat chat, thidt bi giang day va hpc tap cung nhu hdi trudng, Idp hpc tuong dd'i khang trang Id dia diim dat Idp dl cdc trudng DH,CD, triln khai cdng tae dao tao KCQ tai cdc dja phuong Dl'n nay, ca nudc da co 63 TTGDTX cap tinh, gdp phdn quan trpng vide gidp cac dia phuong dilu tra nhu cdu hpc tap cua can bd va nhdn dan TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NUOC - SO 154 (11-2008) NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO DOI va ve CO cdu ngudn nhdn luc cua dja phuong - Ddo tao theo phuang thdc KCQ da dem lai Ipi ich to ldn cho loan xa hdi, khai thdc dupe kha nang, trf tue cua dpi ngu giang vidn cdng tdc dao tao ngudn nhan luc cho dja phuong Thdng qua vide giang day, dpi ngu giang vidn cua edc trudng DH, CD cd dilu kidn nang cao nang luc chuydn mdn, phuang phdp giang day, dap dng ydu cdu ddi mdi giao due DH, ddng thdi nang cao ddi sd'ng cua ban than - Phdt trien quan he hpp tdc qudc tl, linh vuc ddo tao td xa Td nam 19931994 dd'n nay, he dao tao KCQ da nhan dupe su hpp tdc cua nhilu qudc gia vd td chdc qud'e te nhu: Td chdc Phap ngd (ACC) hd trp Du an Hudn luydn vl ly luan vd cdng nghd td xa; Vuong qud'e Bi tdi trp Du dn Ddo tao giao vidn THCS cho tinh vung nui vd vdng sau ddo tao trinh dp DH cho 1.500 gido vidn tieu hpc vd 2.500 gido vidn THCS, Vuong qudc Anh tdi trp Du an Ddo tao gido vidn tilng Anh THCS cho 22 tinh, phd Vidn Dai hoc md Ha Ndi, Trudng Dai hpc md TR Hd Chf Minh, Trudng Dai hpc (Qud'e gia TP Hd Chf Minh, Dai hpc Hud hpp tac vdi nhilu trudng DH d cac nudc cd nin giao due tidn tid'n Mac dd dat dupe nhiing kdi qua to ldn trdn, song nhin lai hinh thdc dao tao KCQ thdi gian qua vdn cdn mdt so tdn tai sau: Thd nhdt, mdt cdn dd'i vl co cdu ngdnh nghi va trinh dp ddo tao Cu thi, so SV dao tao theo phuong thdc gido due KCQ tap trung chu yiu vdo cdc ngdnh dd day, dd hpc, ft phai ddu tu co sd vat chdt, thidi bi, thi nghidm va cdc co sd thuc hdnh Ddo tao DH chidm hon 86,3%, dao tao CD chi chidm 13,7% Mdt can dd'i vl hinh thdc dao tao theo phuang thdc gido due KCQ tap trung chu ydu vao hinh thdc VLVH, cdn cac hinh thdc khde chidm ti Id thdp hon Thd hai, y thdc cua nhilu ngudi hpc TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA NUdC - $6 154 (11-2008) chua cao, dl thda hiep vdi nhdng tiiu cue cda cac dom vj dao tao Thdba, nhilu trudng DH,CD md ldp tai dia phuang khdng dung quy djnh, khdng dat ldp tai TTGDTX tinh ma td chdc ldp hpc d noi khde, khdng dam bao mdi trudng su pham Thd tu, khdng dam bao thdi gian ddo tao theo quy djnh, nhu cdp bdng CD su pham cho dd'i tupng la trung hpc su pham ehl thdng, quy djnh cua Ludt Gido due nam 2005 la 1,5 nam dd'n nam Chuang trinh dao tao bi cdt xen nhilu Vile td chdc giang day khdng chat che, nhilu noi, nhilu Idp thuc hidn giang day cdc mdn hpc theo hinh thdc cudn chilu Thd ndm, dilu kidn phue vu giang day nhu thu vidn, phdng thf nghidm, co sd thuc hdnh khdng dam bao dung ydu cdu cua chuong trinh dao tao Giang vidn chua cd trach nhidm cao va nghidm tuc vide thuc hidn nhidm vu giang day cac ldp KCQ, dac bidt la cac ldp td chdc d cac dia phuang, xa trudng Thd sdu, quan ly cdng tac dao tao KCQ cua ban giam hidu nhilu trudng chua chat che, chua thudng xuydn kiim tra, chan chinh nhumg vi pham giang day, td chdc, quan ly cac hinh thdc dao tao KCQ Chdt lupng chung cua dao tao KCQ chua dam bao, chua nhan dupe su tin tudng cua ngudi sd dung Sd dl cd nhdng tdn tai, han ehl trdn la cac nguydn nhan sau: - Nhan thdc cua dpi ngu can bd quan ly va giao vidn vl cdng tdc ddo tao KCQ cdn chua dung mdc Nhilu trudng DH td chdc tuyen sinh hi VL,VH chua nghidm tdc Cd trudng cdn tu thay ddi mdn thi tuyIn sinh - Quy md ddo tao vupt qua kha nang dam bao chdt lupng ddo tao, nhilu trudng md ldp d qud nhilu dia diim Dpi ngu giao vidn CO hiiu vd thinh giang cua nhilu trudng cdn thilu vl sd lupng, ydu vl chdt lupng, hon nda lai bi qua tai, khdng cd 37 NGHIEN CQU - TRAO DOI dilu kiln nghiin cdu, tu bdi dudng ndng cao chuyin mdn Co sd vat chat thidt bi cua nhilu trudng cung nhu d cac co sd dat ldp cdn thilu thdn va lac hau - K l hoach giang day thid'u ,khoa hpc, nhilu ldp qua ddng, thdi gian va ndi dung giang day bj cdt xen, phuang phap giang day lac hdu (dpc, chip), day theo hinh thdc "cudn chilu", day nhilu tilt mdt ngay, hpc xong thi ngay, ndi dung, chuong trinh dao tao khdng dupe kiim soat Khdng tach khdu day va khau thi, giang vidn day hit mdn, dl va chdm thi Mpt sd trudng cho ngudi hpc nop chdng chi cac mdn ngoai ngu, tin hpc Vide ddi mdi ndi dung, chuang trinh vd phuang phdp giang day dao tao KCQ ft dupe quan tam Cdng tdc kiim tra, tra chua thudng xuydn, vide phdt hidn, xd Iy cac sai pham chua kjp thdi va tridt de Ddi ngu can bd quan ly he dao tao KCQ cua mdt sd trudng cdn qua mdng, thudng Id can bd kidm nhidm vd thudng xuydn bi thay ddi, lai khdng dupe tap huan ndn khdng cap nhat dupe cac quy ehl vl tuyen sinh va quan ly ddo tao - Do su phan cdp toan didn, ddn dd'n Bd GD«&DT cung khdng quan ly dupe dia diem md ldp, chi tidu tuyen sinh va chdt lupng tuyen sinh eua cac trudng cd dao tao KCQ Giai phap nang cao chat lirong dao tao khong chinh quy thdi gian tdi a Ddi vdi Bo GD&DT - Tiep tuc hoan thidn thi che quan ly Trudc tien, cdn ban hanh quy chd' tuydn sinh VL,VH; khdng quy dinh thdi gian bdt bude SVphai cd mdt nam cdng tac, nhung uu tidn cho nhdng ngudi cd tham nidn cdng tdc Bd GD&DT can ban hanh nhdng quy djnh cu thi vl van dl tuyen sinh thay the Quy chlsdOl 29-01-2001 khdng cdn phu hpp Xay dung cdc quy dinh cda Nhd nudc vl huy ddng va khai thac cac phuang tiln thdng tin dai chdng, dac bidt la Dai Tidng 38 ndi Viet Nam, Dai Truyin hinh Viet Nam, he thd'ng co quan buu chfnh-viln thdng , td trung uong dd'n dia phuang dl phue vu cho cac chuang trinh giao due td xa - Tang cudng chdc nang QLNN trIn tai ca cac mat dao tao KCQ, td khau tuyen sinh, dl thi, coi thi, cham thi, chdm phdc khao, duyet diim chudn de'n kiim tra trdng tuyen Dd'i vdi chuang trinh, giao trinh can kiim tra vide cd cdp nhdt kiln thdc mdi hay khdng Chuan bi cdc dieu kiln va tien dl can thilt cho vide chuyen ddi dan td he thd'ng dao tao KC(3 theo nidn ehl sang dao tao theo hpc che tfn chi - Ddi mdi thi tuyIn sinh Td chdc thi tuyIn sinh he VLVH mdi nam theo tdng dpt chung cho ca nudc vdi dl thi Idy tif ngan hang dl cua Cue Khao thf va kiem dinh chdt lupng giao diic Rilng dl thi ket thdc hpc phdn, kli thdc mdn hpc, cac trudng thdng nhdt dung ngdn hang de thi he chfnh quy cua trudng, dupe Bd GD&DT kiim tra thdm dinh Cai tiln quy trinh tuyen sinh de nang eao chdt lupng ddu vao, tiing bude chuIn bj cho vide thi tuyen sinh bdng phuong phap trde nghidm Bd quy dinh diem san td'i thilu dd cdc trudng quydt dinh diim tu^en chpn cua cdc ki thi tuyIn sinh KCQ de dam bao ti Id sang Ipc va chdt lupng dau vao td'i thilu va giam bdt su mdt cdn dd'i ve nganh nghi, vdng miin - Xdy dung he thd'ng tiiu chf vl dieu kidn giang day, hpc tap, chat lupng giang vidn - xay dung che dp tai chinh, quy djnh su dun^ cdc ngudn thu giao due KCQ dd tai ddu tu tdng cudng ca sd vat chat, trang thilt bj, thu vien, hpc lieu - Xdy dung bd may td chdc va ngu6n nhdn lure Tang cudng bd may quan Iy dao tao giao due KCQ cua cdc trudng DH,CD Dd'i vdi cac trudng cd quy md td 3.000 SV KCQ trd ldn, phai cd bd phdn ddc lap thudng xuydn dupe tap hudn nghidp vu de theo ddi quan ly TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NU(5C - S6 154 (11.200«) NGHliN CCrU - TRAO 001 - Tang cudng cdng tdc kiim tra, gidm sat, vide thuc hidn chi tidu tuyen sinh, can ddi nganh nghi ddo tao cho cac vung miin, nai cd dilu kidn kinh t l - xa hdi khd khan, dilu kidn trudng ldp, co sd vat chat, phuong tidn giang day, chuang trinh va ngdnh nghi dao tao, co sd dat ldp tai dja phuang theo quy djnh tai khoan Dilu 46 Ludt Gido due Thuc hidn vide tra, kidm tra cdng tdc chuan bi thi, coi thi, chdm thi vd kiim tra trdng tuyen nhu he chfnh quy b Ddi vdi cdc trudng DH,CD - Chdn chinh vide tuyen sinh, ddo tao VLVH theo tinh thdn cude van ddng "Chd'ng tidu cue va khde phue bdnh tfch giao due" vd "Ndi khdng vdi dao tao khdng dat chudn, khdng dap dng nhu cdu xa hdi" Bd sung va nang cao trinh dd ddi ngu giang vidn DH, CD dl dat ti Id 20 SV/giang vidn vd giang vidn giang day KCQ phai cd trinh dp td thac si trd ldn va kinh nghidm giang day it nhdt nam - Xay dung quy trinh ddo tao KCQ mim deo, lidn thdng va cd Id trinh chuyin ddi td ehl dp dao tao theo nidn che sang ehl dp dao tao theo he thd'ng tin chi, tao dilu kidn thuan Ipi cho ngudi hpc linh hoat vide tich luy kiln thdc, vd dd dang chuyen ddi trudng, chuyen ddi nganh, chuyin ddi tin chi phu hpp vdi hoan canh va dilu kien cua nhdng ngudi VLVH - Ddi mdi mue tidu, ndi dung, phuong phap day va hpc, ddi mdi co che quan ly theo hudng phat huy tinh chu ddng tich cue cua ngudi hpc vd Idy ngudi hpc trdn co sd sd dung cdng nghd thdng tin va truyin thdng giang day, hpc tap va quan ly ddo tao IJng dung cdng nghd thdng tin, sd dung giao trinh didn td trdn mang lam tai lidu giang day cac ldp dao tao KCQ - xay dung cac quy djnh vl chi tidu ndi bd minh bach, ddng quy djnh; dac bidt la phai tai ddu tu dung mdc vao vide tang cudng CO sd vat chdt, trang thiet bj, thu TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA NUdC - S6 154 (11-2008) vidn, hpc lieu cho giao due KCQ - Cdng khai, ddn chd ddo tao KCQ Trudc ki thi tuyIn sinh KCQ, cdc trudng DH, CD phai gui bao cdo ke hoach tuyIn sinh tdi Bd GD&DT Cdng bd cdng khai trIn cdc phuong tidn thdng tin dai chung mpi thdng tin cdn thilt lidn quan dd'n ki thi tuyen sinh vd kit qua tuyen sinh cung vdi danh sach thf sinh trdng tuyen dl nhilu ngudi, nhilu co quan cung tham gia gidm sdt - Tang cudng hpp tdc dao tao vdi cac CO sd dao tao va ngodi nudc, nhdt la dd'i vdi hinh thdc hpp tdc dao tao td xa de tranh thu sir gidp dd vl dao tao, bdi dudng dpi ngu gido vidn, trang thilt bi, hpc lieu, ndi dung, chuang trinh va cdng nghd ddo tao mdi c Ddi vdi cdc dia phuong - UBND cac tinh, thdnh phd true thudc trung uong cdn phd'i hpp chat che vdi cdc bd, ban, nganh, cdc trudng DH, CD thuc hidn tdt cac chu truong, chinh sach cua Dang vd Nhd nudc, xay dung mdt xa hdi hpc tap va ndi khdng vdi tidu cue thi cd Xay dung quy hoach lau dai vide ddo tao va sd dung ngudn nhan luc cua dja phuong - Chi dao cac co sd giao due trdn dja ban thuc hidn theo dung chdc nang, nhiem vu da dupe quy djnh vl hpp ddng dao tao vdi cac trudng DH, CD, vl quan ly ngudi hpc vd thu chi tai chfnh - Hd trp cac TTGDTX tinh tang cudng ddu tu CO sd vat chdt, trang thilt bj thi nghiem dam bao cac dilu kidn cdn thidi td'i thieu cho dao tao Dilu tra nhu cdu dao tao ngudn nhan lire cua dia phuang, can cd vao tinh hinh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cua tinh, nang lire thuc t l va cac dilu kidn cu the cua cac CO sd giao due trdn dia ban dl md cac nganh nghi, xdc djnh hinh thdc va phat trien quy md dao tao hpp ly de dam bao chdt lupng dao taoQ 39 ... Giai phap nang cao chat lirong dao tao khong chinh quy thdi gian tdi a Ddi vdi Bo GD&DT - Tiep tuc hoan thidn thi che quan ly Trudc tien, cdn ban hanh quy chd'' tuydn sinh VL,VH; khdng quy dinh thdi... khae khdng ed dilu kidn hpc d cac trudng ldp chfnh quy tap trung dupe nang cao trinh dd, chuyen ddi nghi nghidp, tim kidm vide lam va nang cao chat lupng cude sd''ng - Dao tao KCXJ da huy ddng... tham nidn cdng tdc Bd GD&DT can ban hanh nhdng quy djnh cu thi vl van dl tuyen sinh thay the Quy chlsdOl 29-01-2001 khdng cdn phu hpp Xay dung cdc quy dinh cda Nhd nudc vl huy ddng va khai thac