NGONNGC son 2009 «'''' MOT VAI TRAO DOI VE GIANG DAY VAN HOA VIET NAM CHO SINH VIEN TRUNG QUOC HOC CHUYEN NGANH VIET NGU" HOC • • • TRAN THI H6NG HANH I VAI TR6 CUA VAN HOA TRONG DAY VA HQC TI^NG NU6C NG[.]
NGONNGC 2009 son «' MOT VAI TRAO DOI VE GIANG DAY VAN HOA VIET NAM CHO SINH VIEN TRUNG QUOC HOC CHUYEN NGANH VIET NGU" HOC • I VAI T R CUA VAN HOA TRONG DAY VA HQC TI^NG NU6C NGOAI Ngdn ngG Ifi mpt thfinh td ciia vfin hofi vfi Ifi edng cy hay phuong tign tiuyin tfii vfin hofi Ngon ngQ lfi kl higu, cdn vfin hofi lfi npi dung ciia ki higu iy Ngdn ngG Ifi d ^ g thirc cd thl tryc tilp tilp nh$n nhung vfin hofi, phin Idn, phfii dupe tim hilu vfi gifii thfch thdng qua ngdn ngO Nhfi ngdn ngG hpc Trung Qudc La Thudng Boi dfi viet dgi y ring: Ngon ngG vfin ty Ifi kit tinh vfin hofi ciia mpt dfin tpc Vfin hofi qufi khQ cua dfin tpc dd cting phfii dvra vfio ngdn ngO thl mdi luu truyin dupe Vfin hofi tiong tuong lai cQng phfii nhd vfio ngdn ngG mfi phfit triln Vfin hofi cua cfic dfin tpc khfic khong chl sfin sinh nhGng bp phgn y nghTa d$c bigt cua ngdn ngG mfi cd finh hudng quan tipng din cfic logi hlnh ciu tQ ngdn ngG Ngdn ngG ciia moi mpt dfin tpc nhu tim guong phfin finh trung thvrc van hofi ciia dfin tpc minh [I] Tiing Vigt vl thl cung khong phfii lfi mpt ngogi lg NhQng d$c tivng vfin hofi dan tdc ciing dupe luu giO vfi phan anh • • TRAN THI H N G HANH tiong tiing Vigt va tiing Vigtti-dthanh mpt cong cy phan finh mpt cfich khfi tofin dign nhthig djc trung vfin hoa ciia ngudi Vigt Nam Trong ngdn ngG hpc xfi hpi tuong tfic (IS) cd hai npi dung quan trpng lfi giao tilp dan tpc hpc va giao tilp xuygn vfin hofi Giao tilp xuyen vfin hofi cd thl dupe hilu lfi qua trinh giao tilp giGa cac vien thupc cfic cpng ddng van hoa khac VI vgy, nhGng sinh vien nude ngoai ndi chung vfi sinh vien Tnmg Qudc hpc tieng Vigt ndi rieng cd thl coi la nhthig ngudi tham gia vao qua trinh giao tilp xuyen van hoa Mudn dgt dupe higu qufi giao tilp, sinh vien phai dam bao "nim bit" dupe cfic ylu td vfin hofi tiong giao tilp, nlu khdng ngudi hpc sg tgo nh&ng idi mfi chung ta tgm gpi la loi xuyen vfin hoa Cd thl chia loi xuyen van hoa hai logi Loi xuyen van hoa dan thuin hay la loi xuyen van hoa bp phgn Logi loi tiiu hai cd nghTa la ngudi ndi chi hilu bilt rit ft vl van hoa Thf dy tixmg giao tilp, sinh vien Tnmg Qudc thudng xuyen mic cac loi ndi khdng (khdng cd chii till), hdi ti-dng 74 khong va dfip trdng khong vdi ngudi ldm tudi; cfic idi dung tQ ho ung khong diing chfing hgn nhu dimg ir, dupe thay vi phfii dimg dg, vdng nhthig tinh hudng cy the Day Ifi nhthig loi ho^ lfi chua thyc sy thuin thyc vfin hofi Vigt ho$c chju nhieufinhhudng ciia tiidi quen giao tiep vfin hofi Trung Qudc Ngofii ra, ngudi hpc ciing cd nhQng loi vfin hofi n$ng hon, thupc ve sy thieu hieu biet doi vdi nhthig d$c tnmg vfin hofi cua dan tpc lfi chu thl cua ngdn ngG dd Sau day Ifi mpt vfii thi dy ve tinh vfin hofi d$c trung tiing Vigt ma khong phai luc nfio ngudi nude ngofii hpc tiing Vigt cting cd the su dvmg dimg tinh hudng: Ngdn ngOr sd 11 nam 2009 tieu chuin cua xfi hpi nfiy dl xfi hpi khfic Mudn hilu day du vfin hofi cua cpng ddng xfi hpi nfio dd thl phfii so sfinh nd vdi nen vfin hofi cua cpng dong xfi hpi khfic de tim nhChig d$c tiung d$c thii Chinh vi lg dd, song song vdi vigc hpc ngon ngQ thuin tuy, dl sQ dvmgtiengthuin thyc, sinh vien Trung Qudc hpc Vigt ngQ nhit thilt phfii trang bj them rit nhieu hilu bilt vfin hofi Vigt Nam II M O T VAX KINH N G H I G M GIANG DAY V A N H O A V I ? T NAM CHO SINH VIEN TRUNG QUOC TRONG NHUNG N A M V U A QUA Vigc xay dyng vfi lya chpn cfic van de vfin hod de gifing d^y + Ldi chfio: Anh/ chj/ dng/ bd di Xfic djnh dupe vai trd cua vfin ddu day? An com chua? Cd gi moi khong?; hofi dgy vfi hpc tieng, vigc xay Anh/ ch]/ dng/ bd dang ldm gi day? (Khi dvmg vfi lya chpn mon hpc t^i khoa gpi dign thogi chfing hgn) Ngon ngG hpc dupe chu trpng Chfnh + Tgm bigt: Bdc/ed/chii/Igi nhd vi vgy, hign nay, hg thdng cfic mon hpc lien quan den dgy tiing thong qua vfin Bde/cd/chu ngdi chai ti dd vi hofi khfi phong phu bao gdm Tieng Viit rdi d? vd Phong tyc Viit Nam, Tiing Viit + Vai giao tilp xung ho: vd Li hpi a Viit Nam, Tiing Viit vd Bdc - em Tdn gido a Viit Nam, Tiing Viit vd Ddt nuac hpc Viit Nam Moi mon hpc + Ngudi Vigt Nam cd thdi quen nhu thl cd myc dfch vfi nhigm vy khfic mdi trudc fin com Khi khfich den choi nhfi vfi dupe mdi, d mien Bfic ngudi ta mdi nhigttinhvfi mdi nhieu lin nhung Chfing hgn Tiing Viit vd Dat nuac khong phai luc nfio khfich cung cin hpc Viit Nam lfi mon hpc co bfin cung cip cfic hilu bilt ve dieu kign ty nhien nhgn ldi; nhung ddi vdi ngudi miln vfi ljch su, nhthig dieu kign cfin bfin Trung vfi Nam, hp thudng mdi mpt chi phdi djc tiling vfin hofi Vigt Nam lin vfi dupe mdi thl khfich nhgn Trong dd, Tiing Viit vd Phong tyc ldi Viit Nam cung cap cfic kiln thirc phong De su dyng thuin thyc tiing Vigt tyc vl dan tpc nfio cung cd phong tyc hofin cfinh nhu tren thl ddi hdi rieng cua minh Phong tyc khong chi ngudi hpc ngogi ngG khong chl cd kiln Ifitiidiquen, lfi nip sdng Ifi hon till nOa, thuc ngon ngG ma bit bupc phfii cd nd cdn phfin finh trilt If, quan nigm, cfi hieu bilt ve vfin hofi, cy thl lfi vfin nhan sinh quan cua moi mpt cpng ddng hofi giao tilp Khi dd, khdng thl liy dfin cu Cdn le hpi thl bit cu dan tpc Mdt vkl nfio cQng diu cd nhthig le hpi ciia dan tpc minh Le hpi chfnh Ifi mpt birc ti-anh thu nhd, mpt bp bfich khoa thu vl ddi sdng tinh thin cua dan tpc dd Nd bao gdm hiu nhu diy du cfic hlnh thirc sinh hogt vfin hoa dan gian nhu: van hpc dan gian (tiuyen thuylt, thin thogi, thin tich, thin pha, van hofi, ca dao, hd, vg ), nghg thugt bieu dien dan gian (san khiu, dan ca, chgo, tudng, dan vti, dan nhgc \ tdn gifio, phong tyc tin ngudng (nghi le, nghi thirc, trd dien, trd tyc, tyc lg, trd choi dan gian ) Cdn Tiing Viit vd Tdn gido a Viit Nam cung cap nhiing tri thuc vl cfic tdn gifio vfi tin ngudng chinh cua ngudi Vigt Nam Nhthig mdn hpc nfiy, nhu vgy, dupe xfiy dvmg trudc hit nhim myc dich cung cip nhthig kiln thuc cfin bfin nhit dl giup sinh vien de dfing lien hg gitia sy bilu hign ngdn ngG vfi dau an ciia vfin hoa an ngon ngG Tuy nhien, vigc cung cip cac kiln thirc van hofi khong don thuin chi nhim myc dich nang cao cfic kT nang su dyng tieng cho sinh vien Nd ddng thdi ciing cung cip nhQng kiln thirc mfi ta tiiudng gpi lfi "Vigt Nam hpc" VI thl, cfic mdn hpc nfiy thudng dupe su dvmg de gifing dgy cho cfic sinh vien da cd ft nhat hai nfim hpc tieng Vigt vdi chit lupng tdt Khi dd, hp mdi cd du trinh dp nghe, dpc hilu va thao lu^n cac vin de lien quan din nhilu tQ ngQ van hoa mang tinh d^c trung tiing Vigt Mpt sd tiiugn lpi va khd khan giang dgy van hofi cho sinh vien Trung Qudc hpc Vigt ngG nhthig nam vira qua 2.1 Thugn lpi v l CO ban, sinh vien Trung Quoc hpc van hofi Vigt cd nhilu lpi thl so vdi sinh vien cfic nude khfic hpc 75 tieng Vigt Bdi vl Vigt Nam vfi Trung Quoc lfi hai qudc gia Ifing gieng cua nhau, Igi cd nhilu mdi lign hg ve ljch su, ngdn ngG va van h o i Cho nen Vigt Nam cd rit nhilu dilm tuong ddng ve ngdn ngG va van hoa vdi Tnmg Qudc D^c bigt la ddi vdi nhGng sinh vien den tir die tinh phfa Nam Trung Qudc, nhtmg tuong ddng van hoa tiong phong tyc tip quan Igi cang rd ngti Chinh tinh trgng t^o dieu kign thugn lpi cho sinh vien de dfing tiep thu cfic tri thirc van hoa ciia Vigt Nam Tuy nhien, van hoa Vigt Nam cung cd ngt ban sic rieng vdi nhieu diem djc thti Vi thl, nlu sinh vien chi hudng sy chii y den ngt tuong ddng thi chua dii Ndi khac di, hp phai cd syti-auddi nhthig kien thuc khfic bigt thl mdi thvrc sy gdp phan su dyng hay va dimg tieng Vigt dupe 2.2 NhGng khd khan can luu y 2.2.1 van hofi vdn la mpt khfii nigm rat rpng UNESCO djnh nghTa tu vdn hod nhu sau: "Dd Id phtic thi tong thi cdc dgc trung - diin mgo vi tinh thdn vd vgt chdt, tri thQc vd linh cdm khdc hog nin bdn sdc cita mpi cpng ddng gia dinh, xdm, ldng, vitng, mien, quoc gia, xd hpi Vdn hod khong chi bao gdm nghi thugt, vdn chuang md cd nhQng ldi sdng, nhiing quyin ca bdn cita nguai, nhiing hi thdng gid trf, nhiing truyin thdng, tin nguang " [5] Nhu vgy, van hofi vQa la nhGng gia tii hign hthi cy till, la cac dinh, chtia mieu mgo, nhung vua la nhGng gia trj trim tupng vd hinh nhu ngdn ngG, khdng gian van hoa, cfic gia tri tinh thin, nhan sinh quan, trilt li sdng Chinh vi vgy, lya chpn cfii gi vfin hoa de gifing dgy va gjang dgy nhu till nao tiong mpt thdi lupng gidi hgn ciia mpt mdn hpc chi vdi hai Tin chi khdng phai lfi mpt vigc lam de dang 76 Lay thf dy ddi vdi mdn Tieng Viit vd Phong tyc Viit Nam Khi ndi din phong tyc, ta phfii kl din phong tyc cudi xin, tang ma, le Tet, phong tyc hfing ngfiy nhufin,m$c, d, di Igi Vgy thl Ivra chpn cfii gi lfi cfin bfin nhit, d$c sic nhit nhung Igi mang tinh chia khofi ciia vin dl Trong trudng hpp nfiy, sinh vien dupe gidi thigu vl "Tin ngudng thd Cling td tien" vfi "Tin ngudng tii bit tir", hai tin ngudng quantiT?nghfing diu phfin finh dgm ngt nhit djc trung vfin hofi cua ngudi Vigt Nam Bdi 12, hai tin ngudng nfiy thl hign bfin chit vfin hofi Ilia nude cua cu dan Vigt Nhd dd, hilu bilt diy du vl hai phong tyc nfiy chinh lfi tgo nen tfing dl sinh vien cd thl ty minh tim hilu them rat nhilu phong tyc khfic ddi sdng mudn vg cua dan gian ngudi Vigt Hon thl nOa, vigc don gifin hofi cfic npi dung cpng vdi vigc sfip xIp cfic npi dung cho cd tinh hg thdng nhit giiip sinh vien de dfing nim bit lfi mpt ddi hdi quan trpng Chfing hgn, mudn sinh vien hilu dupe ring, ddi vdi ngudi Vigt Nam, mdi quan hg gia dinh - ddng hp - ldng xdm - ddt nuac lfi mdi quan hg vihig ben, lfi spi day cd kit cpng ddng ch$t chg cua ngudi Vigt, mfi nlu chi gifing d^iy mpt cfich chung chung thl sinh vien sg chl tilp thu mpt cfich mfiy mdc mfi khong thvrc sy hilu vl nd Igi mang tfnh cd kit cpng ddng cao khiln hp khong hilu hit vai trd gia dinh, ddng hp, Ifing, nude ddi vdi tam If vfi dgo dirc ngudi Vigt Mudn hp hilu dupe bfin chit cua vin dl thl tdt nhit lfi gifing dgy thong qua nhthig thf dy cy thl, chi tilt ve phong tvic gia dinh, cfich thuc ngfiy gio ong bfi, sinh hogt hp hfing,ti,icgui gid, gdp gio, triy hpi vl ngudn v.v Nhu vgy, dl trfi ldi cho cau hdi d^y cfii gi vfi d^iy nhu thl nfio, Ngdn ngilr sd 11 nam 2009 phfii dfim bfio duprc hai tieu chi: gifing d^y cfii djc thu nhat vfi xfiy dvmg bfii hpc vdi cfic chi tilt cy thl sinh dpng vfi cd tfnh hg thdng nhat 2.2.2 Dilm thu hai cin luu y tixmg gifing d^y vfin hofi Vigt Nam cho sinh vien lfi vfin hofi cd rat nhieu tu ngG d$c tnmg Vi thl nd ddi hdi ngudi dgy phfii hilu kl, hilu c$n kg thl mdi giai thfch Igi cho sinh vien hieu dirpc BA.1 than ngudi gifio vien phfii cd nhilu kiln thuc thyc te, bilt don gifin hofi vin de truyin dgt cho sinh vien Trong qufi trinh gifing d^y thvrc tl, chiing toi dfi nhilu lin g$p phfii nhthig tinh hudng rit khd gifii thich Chfing hgn nhu hpc ve ngfiy "Rfim thing Bfiy" hay cdn du(;rc gpi Ifi "Ngfiy xfi tpi vong nhan", cd nhthig sinh vien ham hilu biet d$t cau hdi Thgp logi chiing sinh Id gdm nhiing logi ndo? NIU nhu chi gifii thich don thuin Jhgp logi trudng hprp nfiy lfi Muoi logi thl van lfi chua gifii thfch chinh xfic v.v Hon thl ntia, nlu d^y vfin hofi mfi chl don tiiuan gifii thfch npi dung hay tQ mdi thl ngudi hpc sg nhanh chdng nhfim chfia Ngudi gifio vien phfii khfic phyc sy nhfim chfin iy bing cfic minh hog thdng qua cfic phuong tign nghe nhla Ching h ^ gifing dgy vl l i hdi Cd Loa, nlu chi dom thuin gifii thfch tiuyen tiiuylt Loa thfinh mfi khong cd hinhfinhminh hog thl sinh vien sS hilu rit mo hd nhthig tu nhu no, miii ten ddng hinh xoay trdn 6c, tupmg My Chdu cyt ddu v.v cung nhu khdng hilu dupe gifi tii vfin hofi quan sy, ljch sQ cua khu di tfch Loa thfinh 2.3 Sy chuan bj cua sinh vien vin dl tiiu ba nfim d phfa ngudi tilp nhgn, tue lfi lien quan din chit lupng sinh vien Da phin sinh vien Mdt \M sang Vigt Nam mdi chi qua hai nam hpc tiing, hp chua thl nghe gifing mpt cfich thofii mfii bing tiing Vigt cfic vin dl vfin hofi cd rit nhilu tQ ngG khd hilu Them vfio dd, ed nhieu kien thQc khd ddi hdi sinh vien phfii humg thu khfim phfi Hon thl nGa, ciing nhu nhilu ngudi trg vfi hign dgi khfic, sinh vien Trung Qudc ddi cting tiiilu rat nhilu hilu bilt vl truyin thdng cua chinh dan tpc hp khiln vigc so sfinh d$c dilm tuong ddng vfi khfic bigt ve van hoa hai dan tpc cd nhthig khd khan Vigc vupt qua khdi cQa fii ngon ngG da la mpt cfii khd, vupt qua cua fii van hofi Igi cang khd khfin hon Nd de lam cho sinh vien nan ldng va thieu himg thii qufi trinh hpc Trong nen tang chung la dgy va hpc tieng, khd khfin cd tfnh chu quan ciia ngudi hpc vQa phai dupe bu dap tQ ngudi dgy, vira phai cd sy cham chi va nd lye tQ chfnh phfa ngudi hpc Cd nhu thl mdi cd till mang Igi dupe kit qua nhu mong mudn III K ^ T LUAN Ddi vdi nhthig sinh vien nude ngofii ndi chung va sinh vien Trung Qudc ndi rieng, hpc tiing Vigt ben cgnh vigc luygn tgp ngG am, tu vvmg, ngG phfip , nhit tiiiet hp phfii dupe cung cip tri thuc vl van hoa Vigt Nam NhGng kiln tiiQc dd sg la nIn tang quan trpng dl phyc vy cho vigc hpc tiing, cho edng vigc lien quan den tieng tiong tuong lai NIU thilu di nhthig tri tiiuc dd, rit cd till ngudi hpc ngogi ngG sg g$p phai nhGng sy cd ma ngon ngG hpc gpi la thilu tri tiiuc "xuyen van hofi", gay nhGng cu sdc van hofi Dilu dd cung cd nghTa la vigc giang dgy van hofi la mpt yeu ciu tit ylu ti-ong giang dgy tiing 77 De cd dupe kit qua nhu mong muon, dieu thu hai cin dupe nhin mgnh la phai bilt lya chpn npi dung, cfich thuc gifing dgy cho phu hpp vdi tiing ddi tupng cy thl Nhtmg ddi tirpng cy thl iy phy thupc vao xuit xQ sinh vien, thdi lupng va chat lupng hpc tiing ma hp dfi cd Dong thdi ngudi truyen dgt kiln thirc cQng cin chu dpng khic phyc nhthig hgn chl tQ phia ban than minh Qua mpt sd nam gifing dgy, chimg tdi xin trinh bay nhthig suy nghT cua minh dl cimg trao ddi nhfim myc dich nang cao chit lupng giang dgy Vigt ngO cho ngirdi nude ngoai d Khoa Ngdn ngG hpc TAI LI$U THAM KHAO La Thudng Boi, Ngon ngG vfi van hoa, Dgi hpc Bdc Kinh, 1950 ( ^ 1950¥, mxmmt, \9S9¥nf& Phgm Diic Duang, Tu vfin hofi den vin hoa hpc, Viin Vdn hod & Nxb Vdn hod Thdng tin, H, 2002 Phgm Thf Hod, Dgytiifinhtd vSn hofi tiong dgy - hpc ngogi ngO, T/c Ngon ngu & Dai sdng So (149) 2008 Trinh Thf Kim Ngpc, Ngon ngG va vfin hod: Tri thirc nen va vigc giang dgy tieng nude ngoai, Nxb KHXH H 1999 Trdn Quoc Vupng (Chu bien), Ca sd van hod Vigt Nam, Nxb GD H, 1998 Cdc tgp bdi gidng dang sir dimg gidng dgy tgi Khoa Ngdn ngQ hpc: - Trdn Tri Doi, Hpc tieng Vigt qua Dat nude Vigt Nam - Trdn Tri Doi, Tieng Vigt va Phong tyc Vigt Nam - Trdn Tri Ddi & Trdn Thi Hong Hgnh, Tieng Vigt va Le hpi d Vigt Nam ... thyc, sinh vien Trung Qudc hpc Vigt ngQ nhit thilt phfii trang bj them rit nhieu hilu bilt vfin hofi Vigt Nam II M O T VAX KINH N G H I G M GIANG DAY V A N H O A V I ? T NAM CHO SINH VIEN TRUNG. .. hoa mang tinh d^c trung tiing Vigt Mpt sd tiiugn lpi va khd khan giang dgy van hofi cho sinh vien Trung Qudc hpc Vigt ngG nhthig nam vira qua 2.1 Thugn lpi v l CO ban, sinh vien Trung Quoc hpc van... su dyng tieng cho sinh vien Nd ddng thdi ciing cung cip nhQng kiln thirc mfi ta tiiudng gpi lfi "Vigt Nam hpc" VI thl, cfic mdn hpc nfiy thudng dupe su dvmg de gifing dgy cho cfic sinh vien da