MOT SO VAN DE GIflO DUC TRONG THE Gidl TOflN CfiO HOfi NGflY NfiY NGUYEN CHI TINH''''* /"^i^hflng nam gin day, da cd nhieu ur f ^dng trinh d cac mfle do khac nhau, bao quat hoac bd phan, ly thuyet hoac p[.]
MOT SO VAN DE GIflO DUC TRONG THE Gidl TOflN CfiO HOfi NGflY NfiY NGUYEN CHI TINH'* /"^i^hflng nam gin day, da cd nhieu ur f_^dng trinh d cac mfle khac nhau, bao quat hoac bd phan, ly thuyet hoac phan anh thflc te, lien tuc dfldc cdng bd' lien quan den nhflng van de giao due tren the gidi Can cfl tren nhflng tai lieu ed dfldc, chii ye'u la ciia nfldc ngoai, bai viet ghi lai nhflng van de sinh va tdn tai ly luan va thflc tien ciia giao due d nhieu nfldc khac Trong pham vi cd ban cua mdt bai viet, chung tdi xin de cap de'n van de: I Yeu cau cap giao due mgt the gidi cd hhoang each ngdy cang loin giua nudc giau vd nudc ngheo, ngudi giau vd nguai ngheo Trong mdt edng bd' nam 2006, UNESCO da nhan manh t l m quan trgng ciia sfl tiep can phd bien dd'i vdi giao due, yeu clu tao "cd sd cua mdt nen giao due md va khdng bien gidi, phd cap, nhan dao, khdng phan biet dd'i xii va cd dao dflc ( ), khdng nha't thiet xuat phat tfl mdt trung tam de phan phd'i kie'n thflc, nhflng tim each dap flng nhu clu ciia nhflng ngfldi ddi hdi kien thflc, khoa hgc va cdng nghe" (1) Tuy vay, yeu elu dd, tfl cud'i the ky trfldc va d i u the ky mdi da gap mdt rao can vd'n cd tfl lau nhflng khdng cd da'u hieu suy yeu, ngfldc lai cdn tang len, dd la: sfl ngheo khd ciia rat nhieu ngfldi tren the gidi, va d khia canh xa hgi - ngfldi, thi chinh la sfl each biet ldn gifla ngfldi giau va ngfldi ngheo Ddi ngheo dang trd van de toan cau: tren the gidi hien ed ty ngfldi sd'ng d mfle dfldi USD/ngay, dd 1,3 ty ngfldi dfldi USD/ngay Khoang tren 50 nfldc thudc the gidi thfl ba thfldng xuyen phai dd'i mat vdi nan ddi Gin 30 cudc chien tranh gifla eae dan tdc khien khoang 25 trieu ngfldi phai ti nan va trd nhflng ngfldi thieu an trfldc thieu hgc Trong dd, du vdi nhflng nd Iflc ke hoach hda dan so', thi theo cac chuyen gia, khoang 2010 den 2015, dan so tren the gidi tie'p tuc tang vdi mfle 1,2%/nam, rieng khu vflc ngheo khd nhat la chau Phi thi tren 2% Dieu dd cd nghia la tinh trang ngheo khd tren day van tiep tuc dien ra, vi tren thflc te nhan loai vin chfla cd mdt bien phap xda ddi giam ngheo nao Mdt dieu hien nhien la sfl phat trien eua giao due gin lien ve cd ban vdi sfl phat trien kinh te, va di nhien, tinh trang ngheo khd nhfl vay can trd rat nhieu de'n sfl nghiep giao due '•' Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hpi 39 HTdt sd van de giao due Trong tinh trang chung ve each biet giau ngheo, tdn tai sfl bat binh dang rat ldn phat trien giao due gifla cac nfldc va gifla cac t i n g ldp ngfldi mdt nfldc Hien 10 nfldc cdng nghiep hda phat trien nhat vdi dan sd' khoang 1/10 dan sd' the gidi, lai chiem de'n 4/5 cua cai, dd, hang nam, 80%o ldi nhuan ciia thfldng mai va diu tfl the gidi lai quay ve cac nfldc dd Chinh vi vay ma cae nfldc cdng nghiep hda cbi cd 25% bgc sinh tfl mau giao den trung hgc ciia toan the gidi, 16%) cfl dan the gidi dfldi 15 tudi, lai chiem den 88% chi tieu cdng cdng cho giao due O Hoa Ky, viec nudi mdt dfla tre cho de'n tudi vao tieu hgc tieu tdn so tien gap 200 - 300 lln mdt dfla tre d Indonesia chang ban Mdt cd gai My, khoang 20 nam trfldc trd sinh vien dai bgc tieu tdn khoang 300 ngan USD, so' tien cd the bao dam cho mdt gia dinh trung lflu d cac nfldc dang phat trien sinh sd'ng 100 nam Tinh trung binh, cbi tieu cho giao due d cac nfldc phat trien nhieu gap tfl 20 de'n 25 lln so vdi cac nfldc dang phat trien (dan theo: 4) Ngay mdt qud'c gia, ngfldi ngheo thfldng la nhflng ngfldi khdng the hgc dfldc d cac trfldng bgc td't, va nhat la khdng the bgc len cao Khdng it sd' hg, da phat trien cua khoa bgc cdng nghe hien dai, sinh nhflng nghe nghiep mdi, yeu clu mdi ve lao ddng, da trd nhdm ngfldi "mat chat Ifldng", "khdng dflng dfldc", va nhfl the se hi truat ehd, bi loai bd Va ne'u chfla bi gat khdi thi trfldng lao ddng thi sfl thu hfldng nhflng tflu vat chat cung khdng thudc ve nhflng ngfldi ngheo, ngbia la nhflng ngfldi khdng ed dieu kien hgc len cao O nhflng nfldc da bfldc vao thdi ky hau cdng nghiep, khoang 10 nam qua, ngfldi ta tinh rang Ifldng cua cac nha khoa hgc thflc thu tang lln, cua nhflng ngfldi cd bing thae si tang 25%, cua nhflng ngfldi cbi td't nghiep dai hgc thi dflng yen tai chd, cdn nhflng ngfldi cd trinh trung cap trd xud'ng lai giam 25% Rd rang la cd hdi khdng danh ngang cho nhflng ngfldi giau va nhflng ngfldi ngheo Van de kinh phi cho giao due, dfl dd la kinh phi nha nfldc bd hay ngfldi dan ddng gdp, dang la mdt thach thflc ldn dd'i vdi nen giao due the gidi, cu the dd'i vdi muc tieu giao due phd cap, giao due xa bdi hda ma cac chfldng trinh giao due de De giai quyet van de nay, da cd nhieu y kien ciia cac nha lanh dao giao due va cac chuyen gia nhfl: tang them sd' hgc sinh cho mdi ldp bgc, sii dung nhflng edng nghe giao due mdi, giam ty le hge sinh lflu ban, phi tap trung hda quan ly kem theo tfl nhan hda, dac biet, ngfldi ta neu van de sii dung cd bieu qua ngudn kinh phi cdng cdng, dd cd muc tieu cap bach la chd'ng tham nhung Ngfldi ta cung ndi nhieu de'n sfl vien trd ca ve vat chat, tinh thin, nhan Iflc ciia cae nfldc giau dd'i vdi cac nfldc ngheo dfldi nhflng binh thflc da dang nhat Nhflng, tat ca nhflng bien phap dd deu khdng de dang thflc hien mdt sdm mdt chieu, va nhfl kinh nghiem cho thay, deu khdng the giai quyet dflgc cd ban van de kinh phi cho giao due The gidi cd ke giau ngfldi ngheo cung khdng cho phep linh vflc giao due boat ddng theo nhflng quy luat rieng vdi nhflng flu dai rieng II Van de tu nhan hda giao due Co the ndi, hien nay, tfl nhan hda giao due da trd mdt trao lflu tren toan the gidi Tfl nhan hda d day cung dfldc hieu theo dinh nghia chung ma giao sfl Mark Bray d Dai bgc Tong hdp 40 Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 12.2009 Hong Kong da neu len: "Dd la mdt qua trinh chuyen tfl phfldng thflc sd hflu, cap kinh phi va/hoae kiem soat it hoac nhieu cd tinh cdng edng sang mdt phfldng thflc sd hflu, cap kinh phi va/hoae kiem soat cd tinh chat tfl nhan ndi bat hdn" (2) Cho den nay, ngfldi ta cd the nhin lai nhflng dgng cd dan den tfl nhan hda, d binh dien chii trfldng nha nfldc cung nhfl d binh dien sfl nang ddng ciia xa hdi: - Giai quyet van de kinh phi - N h i m muc tieu sinh ldi, dat nha trfldng vad vi tri mgt dia diem kinh doanh - Ddng vien nang Ifle eiia toan xa hgi vao sfl nghiep giao due, the che boa cdng tac xa hdi boa giao due - Da dang hda cac hinh thflc tap hdp, td chflc va quan ly giao due Dac biet, dd'i vdi nhieu nfldc dang phat trien, tfl nhan hda hien dfldc coi nhfl mdt qud'c saeh ve giao due vdi nhflng ky vgng rat ldn Tuy vay, ban than qua trinh tfl nhan hda cung khdng ddn gian va gid'ng mgi trfldng hdp Hien nay, ngfldi ta thay cd sach Ifldc tfl nhan hda: - Chuyen giao sd hflu cac trfldng cdng lap cho tfl nhan - Thanh lap cac trfldng tfl nhan mdi coi nhfl sfl chuyen dieh can dd'i khu vflc - Dau tfl cua tfl nhan vao cae trfldng nha nfldc - D i u tfl ciia nha nfldc vae cac trfldng tfl nhan Vdi hai hinh thflc sau, tbi ty le ve sd' vd'n diu tfl va quyen kiem soat gifla nha nfldc va tfl nhan phai den mdt mfle nhat dinh mdi dfldc ggi la trfldng hgc thudc khu vflc tfl nhan Hien nay, chfla cd mdt tdng ke't nao that diy du va hoan toan chinh xac ve ket qua giao due cua cac trfldng hgc tfl nhan so vdi cac trfldng bgc cdng lap Trong cac khao sat gin day, ngfldi ta thay ndi len mdt sd van de: a) Hieu sudt gido due Day la diem quy tu nhflng cudc tranh luan ve tfl nhan hda Rat nhieu y kien cho r i n g tfl nhan hda da lam tang bieu suat ciia giao due nhfl cac ket qua nghien cflu d Columbia, Dominica, Tanzani, Thailand, Philippines, v.v Nhflng cd mdt so' nghien cflu khac cho ke't qua ngfldc lai, nhfl d An Do, dac biet d bang Tamil Nadu Nhfl vay, khdng the ket luan ddn gian tfl nhan hda dan de'n hieu suat giao due td't, vi mdt vung, mdt qud'c gia, so sanh mgt sd' trfldng hdp ed dieu kien kinh phi, cd sd t i n g nhfl tbi hieu suat giao due lai khong gid'ng b) Vdn de trdch nhiem Lap luan cho ring tinh thin trach nhiem ciia eae trfldng hgc tfl nhan cao hdn dfla vao hai gia dinh: a) phu huynh tra tien hgc phi cho cai thi hg thfldng cd khuynh hfldng ddi hdi nhieu hdn d nha trfldng; b) nha trfldng va cac giao vien san sang bdn de lang nghe y kie'n ciia phu huynh, vi dd la nhflng "khach hang" cd quyen rut di bat cfl luc nao Cac gia dinh tren day ed ve nhfl dung din, dac biet ngfldi ta nhan thay, chang ban, cudc dieu tra tie'n banh d Ha Lan, cac trfldng hgc tfl nhan td ton trgng y kien cua cae bae phu huynh va quan ly td't hdn ngudn tai chinh cua hg Tuy vay, lai cd khdng it thi du d nhieu nfldc khac, dae biet d cac nfldc dang phat trien va cac nudc chau Phi, tie'ng ndi cua cac bae phu huynh cung khdng cd trgng Ifldng gi hdn d cae rndt sd van de giao due trfldng cdng lap, tham chi, nhieu phu huynh cung khdng quan tam den dieu dd, va khdng he nhie den phfldng cham "khach hang la thfldng de" c) Van de tinh da dgng Rd rang la cac trfldng hgc tfl nhan da mang lai mdt bg mat da dang hdn chd cac nen giao due: chang ban, trfldc day, d cac trfldng hgc edng chfldng trinh hgc khdng cd cac mdn ve nghe thuat, the thao, sau cac trfldng hgc tfl nhan ddi, ngfldi ta thay xuat hien nhflng chfldng trinh hgc tap xen ke danh eho the thao, am nhac, nghe thuat; vdi cac nhdm sac tdc, ngdn ngfl, tdn giao khac nhau, ngfldi ta cd ke hoach dfla vao chfldng trinh nhflng ndi dung giao due phu hdp, nhien khdng pha bd chfldng trinh chung Viec giang day ngoai ngfl cung dfldc cac trfldng tfl nhan xii ly dfla tren yeu clu cu the ciia dan cfl tflng dia phfldng Tuy vay, van de hien van la thai ciia nha nfldc va cua xa hdi dd'i vdi sfl da dang cang tang ciia cac trfldng hgc tfl nhan Cd nhflng chinh phii coi dd la mdt tin hieu td't lanh, la sfl giai quye't nhu clu da dang ve van hda va xa hdi nhan dan Chinh phii Ba Lan coi trfldng hgc tfl nhan cd the "ddng vai trd phdng thi nghiem xa hdi bang each tim nhflng giai phap mdi ve giang day, tai chinh va ket eau chfldng trinh" (3) Tuy nhien, sfl da dang lai la md'i de dga thee each nhin nhan ciia mdt sd' chinh phii Hg cho rang cang cd sfl da dang thi cac trfldng hgc va nen giao due ndi chung cang vfldt ngoai tlm kiem soat ciia nha nfldc nhiing thdi diem khae nhau, cac trfldng hge tfl nhan da bi cam d nhieu nfldc nhfl Pakistan, Sri Lanka, hay Zaire (thudc Angola) (din theo: 2) d) Vdn de sii binh ddng gido due 41 Luc diu, nhieu ngfldi nghi ring, cd sfl phat trien trfldng hgc tfl nhan, thi nen giao due ndi chung cd sfl md ciia rdng rai va nhan dan cd dieu kien de trd binh dang trfldc ciia nha trfldng, chi it cung cd dieu kien de lfla chgn cac trfldng hgc theo y mud'n Mgt p h i n nao hien thflc da chflng minh nhan dinh dd Nhflng, ddng thdi, cung chinh hien thflc cho thay sinh khdng it van de xung quanh yeu cau binh dang Khdng it trfldng tfl dat yeu cau giang day cao, nhim vao cac dd'i tfldng gia dinh giau cd, cho nen, hgc phi cflng rat cao va bau nhfl khdng mdt em nha ngheo nao vdi tdi dfldc Hdn the, mdt sd trfldng tfl cd the Iflc lai dflng ddng Ifldng va nhflng ehe flu dai khac ldi keo nhflng giao vien gidi nhat va mua sam nhflng thiet bi giang day td't nhat Nhfl the, nhanh chdng hinh ba loai trfldng tfl: trfldng cd chat Ifldng cao, chat Ifldng vfla, va ehat Ifldng tha'p e) Sii kiem sodt eua quyen liic cdng cdng Van de cung la van de khdng dfldc giai quyet thd'ng nhat Cd nhflng nfldc nhfl Hoa Ky, Canada, cac nfldc Tay Au thi cac trfldng tfl nhan cd quyen dde lap va tfl giai quye't nhflng van de ciia minh gin nhfl mdt each trgn ven Kiem soat nhat ciia nha nfldc dd'i vdi hg la he thdng phap luat chung ciia ca nfldc va nhflng ke't qua hgc tap dfldc danh gia qua cac ky thi hay qua nhflng cudc tra ed bai ban Khdng gid'ng nhfl the, d cac nfldc chau A, nhfl Trung Qud'c, Han Qud'c, va ke ca Nhat Ban, sfl kiem soat eua nha nfldc ndi ehung van rat chat ehe O day, ngfldi ta khdng vin vao sfl ddc lap ve kinh phi dd'i vdi nha nfldc de ddi hdi sfl ddc lap ve quan ly va giang day Nhflng tfl nhan dflng md trfldng hgc deu xuat phat tfl hai ly ma nha 42 nfldc khdng chiu trach nhiem: tham vgng ddng gdp cho sfl nghiep giao due chung (long yeu nfldc) va tham vgng thu ldi nhuan bing kinh doanh giao due III Moi quan he giua dan tgc, ban sac dan tgc va toan cau hda giao due Trong toan clu hda, day cd le la van de phflc tap nhat, dai dang nhat va cung khd giai quyet nhat dd'i vdi van hda ndi chung va nganh giao due ndi rieng Phfldng hfldng chung ve md'i quan be cd le da dfldc ndi den tfl lau va cung khdng gap nhieu tranh cai ve mat nguyen tac Trong tuyen bd' ciia td chflc UNESCO, lien quan den cac chfldng trinh cai each giao due, cd ndi: "Nhflng chfldng trinh dd danh nhieu vi tri bdn cho sfl truyen ba mdt nen van hda hda binh va khdng cdn chi lien quan den nhflng ban sac dan tdc, d mdt thdi dai dfldc danh dau bang sfl tham nhap van hda lan cang ldn: khdng phi dan tdc hda giao due, nhflng da den luc phd bien hda giao due, tat ca mgi nghia ciia tfl nay, de chuan bi eho nien sd'ng vdi sfl da nguyen va ddn nhan sfl lai tap van hda" (1) Dfldi gdc thdi dai va khoa hgc, V.I Tolstykh cung nhan manh: "Hien nay, nen van minh the gidi dang bfldc vao giai doan ciia chii nghia toan clu "trfldng thanh", dang diin bfldc qua tfl qudc te hda sang xuyen qud'c gia hda, xuat hien va hinh nhflng hinh thflc cd tinh chat chung toan the gidi viec td chflc sfl tdn tai cua ngfldi" (4) Thflc ra, van de khdng ddn gian nhfl phfldng cham ly thuyet Nhfl vay, d day, nen giao due mang tinh hai mat vi vfla phai thich flng vdi yeu clu dan tdc, ban sac dan tdc, nhflng ddng thdi lai phai thich flng vdi nen van minh toan Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hdi sd 12.2009 clu boa hay nen van minh xuyen qudc gia Nen giao due khdng khoi gay nen nhflng su cang t h i n g ve van hda xa hdi Nhfl Prasenjit Duara da ndi: "Do sfl thdi thuc ve mat tinh t h i n dd'i vdi mgt nen van minh cd xu hfldng phd cap nen cac bien gidi qudc gia rdt cudc lai trd khien cfldng va bi gidi ban Quan diem sieu viet ve van minh, vay, cd the eho phep mgt sfl chi trich dd'i vdi qud'c gia va cd the lam sinh mot van de la ldng trung bi phan vfla cho qud'c gia vfla cho van minh" (5) Theo nhin nhan chung cua nhieu chuyen gia giao due thi hai thach thflc ldn dd'i vdi nganh giao due ciia nhflng nfldc chap nhan toan clu hda la bdn sdc va quyen cdng ddn Ve mat van hda, bat cfl mgt nen giao due nao eung phai lam cho ngfldi tham nhuIn sau sac ban sac dan tdc, tdn thd nhflng tinh hoa ciia ban sac dd; ve mat quyen cdng dan, bat cfl mdt nen giao due nao cung nd Iflc dao tao ngfldi nhflng cdng dan td't, biet thflc hien nghia vu trfldc het ddi vdi qudc gia dan tgc Trong dd, tbi yeu clu ciia sfl hdi nhap va toan cau hda lai budc mgi qud'c gia, dan tdc md rdng ciia de ddn nhan nhflng trao lflu tfl tfldng va van hda ciia nfldc ngoai, tham chi, trdng cay mdt p h i n vao nfldc ngoai de phat trien nen giao due ciia minh Sfl md ciia dfldc the hien dfldi nhieu binh thflc khae nhau, chi rieng ndi ve nganh giao due: cho phep rat nhieu sinh vien tre tudi di hge d nfldc ngoai, tiep nhan nhieu chuyen gia giao due nfldc ngoai, phd bien tai lieu giao due nudc ngoai, khdng loai trfl cac tai heu KHXH&NV, dd cd rat nhieu van de ve tfl tfldng, quan niem sd'ng, va ca lap trfldng chinh tri Hien nay, cac nudc the gidi thfl ba lai b i t diu de cho nudc ngoai diu tu vao cac cd sd giao due dai hoc va Lijwr du van UK: y i a u uuc chuyen nghiep tai nfldc minh Tat ca nhflng dieu dd dang de dga nghiem trgng cai ggi la ban sic dan tdc va y thflc qud'c gia Giai quye't van de la mdt qua trinh khdng gid'ng d tflng qud'c gia, theo vi the, tinh hinh, tiem nang cu the ciia tflng qud'c gia, va nha't la theo quan niem, tfl tfldng eua nhflng ngfldi cd quyen quyet dinh phfldng hfldng phat trien ciia nen giao due qud'c gia 43 phan biet phat trien, dang phat trien u bay cham phat trien day, thdng qua nhflng tai lieu cd dfldc, chung ta cd the neu mdt so' quan diem nhin nhan nhfl sau: 1) Giao due la mdt bd phan ciia van hda Vi vay, cdng tac giao due la mdt ye'u to' de dfla nen van hda tie'n len hay lam tdn bai den nen van hda Mat khac, nguyen nhan sfl tdn tai ciia giao due chinh la phat trien van hda hay phat IV Can bang su giao due l(hoa hgc tu nhien - ky trien eon ngfldi cd van hda Cd the ndi thuat va khoa hgc xa hgi - nhan van ring, giao due ehinh la "sfl van hda cua Mdt nhan xet chung la niia ngfldi va sfl nhan hda ciia van" (6) the ky qua, tren toan the gidi, khoa hgc Ngfldc lai, dinh hfldng ciia xa hdi ne'u tfl nhien - ky thuat (KHTN&KT) da cbi nhin vao sfl tie'n bd khoa hgc tfl phat trien nhfl vu bao, vdi nhflng nhien - xa hgi ma khdng xet den van tflu to ldn khdng chdi cai dfldc, va anh hda se la sfl dinh hfldng phien dien, hfldng de'n toan bd ddi sd'ng san xuat, tri thflc dung, va xet eho eung, se kim bam thflc ciia nhan loai Trong dd, khoa sfl phat trien ciia xa hdi bgc xa bdi va nhan van (KHXH&NV) chiu sfl chi phd'i ciia cac he tfl tfldng, cac 2) Giao due trfldc bet la vun dap khuynh hfldng triet hgc, xa hdi bgc, van ngfldi Trong ngfldi, phai chu y trfldc hda hgc cung nhfl tinh phflc tap cd' hflu het den thien hfldng nhan dao va nang ciia tam ly va tam linh ngfldi, khdng Iflc cua ea nhan Kien thflc KHTN&KT phai luc nao cung chflng td dfldc vai trd khdng the nao la diy dii, ne'u ngfldi ta ciia nd Sfl ldi cud'n ciia KHTN&KT la xae dinh rang yeu cau ciia xay dflng dieu di nhien Tfl day, giao due, ngfldi theo dung nhfl tuyen bd' ciia Hdi ngfldi ta thay rd hgc sinh sinh vien nghi qud'c te ve giao due d Geneve nam thien ve KHTN&KT, hge gidi va hgc 1994: "Neu chung ta thflc sfl mud'n bao cham nhflng nganh thudc linh vflc nay, ve sfl da dang va khuye'n khich kha cdng tac giao due KHTN&KT cung tien nang cua chung ta trd nhflng chii bd rat nhanh, thu ket qua rd ret, nha't la nhan ciia cudc ddi minh de lam the nao tfl bat diu ky nguyen tin hge, vdi sfl tfl minh vach tfldng lai ciia minh, thi xuat hien ciia cdng nghiep dien tii va be thd'ng giao due khdng dfldc trd Internet Nha trfldng khdng phai khdng ddn dieu va cflng nhac, ma tat ca giao due KHXH&NV, nhflng bieu qua mfle cd the, phai dfla vao sfl tiep linh vflc cdn rat khiem tdn nhan ca nhan hda Chung ta phai cd Cho nen, viec ket hdp mdt each can nhflng ngfldi giang day, theo ddi sfl tien bing giao due KHTN&KT va giao due bd eiia mdi mdt em be va khai thae tiem KHXH&NV trd mdt nhiem vu nang ciia mdi mdt bgc sinh, bdi vi mdi vfla cap bach vfla lau dai ciia nen giao ngfldi sd' hg la ddc nhat vd nhi" due tat ca cac nfldc tren the gidi, khdng (Din theo: 1) Mdt yeu clu nhfl the 44 khdng the nao dat dfldc neu khdng cd tac ddng ciia cac KHXH&NV Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 12.20ua tin hgc hien dai, dd cd m a n g Internet, vao cdng tac giang day va hgc tap Khdng nghi ngd gi nfla day la mdt 3) Trong xay dflng ngfldi, ngfldi k h u y n h hfldng xuat hien cung vdi ta thfldng ndi den xay dflng tri thflc nhflng t h a n h tflu khoa hgc ky t h u a t ciia Nhflng rieng tri thflc khdng cd sfl hfldng loai ngfldi, va nhflng ldi ich ma nd dem dan cua nhflng luan diem KHXH&NV lai khdng the nao tinh bet dfldc Cd the dfldc linh hdi mdt each sau sac va sang ndi mdt each tdm tat: khoa hgc ky t h u a t tao thi khdng the nao trd t h a n h tri tue bien dai da giup cho nhflng bai hgc d va tri tue mdi la dieu can thiet cho n h a trfldng trd nen sinh ddng cu the, de ngfldi O day, chung ta khdng quen cdng thu n h a n ma van r a t nhe nhang, t h a n h thflc ciia giao due dfldc bieu mdt each thoat Cac phfldng tien nghe nhin thu n h a t quan: "Tich luy tri thflc t h a n h tri h u t sfl chu y ciia hgc sinh, ddng thdi, tue - chuyen tri tue t h a n h pham chat - lam nhe di r a t nhieu lao ddng ciia ngfldi chuyen p h i m chat t h a n h b a n h dgng" t h i y Thdng qua mang, sfl ket nd'i ciia Cdng thflc chinh la qua trinh cua mdt ldp hge vdi nhflng ldp hgc, trfldng ngfldi cd d i y dii nhflng p h a m chat hgc khac, vdi nhflng cd sd khoa hgc, tfl ciia t a m bdn va ly tri de ly giai dfldc lieu, san xuat cd lien q u a n da md rdng nhflng hien tfldng va van de cudc r a t nhieu t l m hieu biet ciia ca ngUdi sdng, ke ca nhflng hien tfldng va van de day l l n ngfldi hgc Dac biet, viec hgc tfl cua KHTN&KT Dd cung la ngfldi xa n i m chfldng trinh phd cap giao biet thd'ng n h a t gifla tfl chii va trach due se cd the dUdc thUc hien mgt each cd nhiem, gifla tiep n h a n va sang tao, biet hieu qua vdi nhflng phfldng tien hien tfl y thflc ve gia tri, gia tri ciia minh dai, k h l e phuc dfldc khoang each khdng cung nhfl ciia xa hdi, va den Ifldt minh gian va thdi gian O day, chung ta phan tao nhflng gia tri dd Dd la sflc manh dd'i luan diem ciia mdt so' n h a sfl pham eiia tinh cam va ly tri dfldc bdi dfldng dat dd'i lap chfl viet vdi cac phfldng tien b i n g cac KHXH&NV nghe nhin, cung nhfl d a t dd'i lap nhflng phfldng p h a p giao due truyen thd'ng vdi 4) Khoa bgc tfl nhien va ky t h u a t nhflng phfldng p h a p giao due b i n g cang phat trien thi ngfldi ta cang nhan phfldng tien hien dai Ngfldc lai phai thay mdi trfldng sinh thai bi tdn thfldng thay rang, c i n lay phfldng p h a p truyen va bi de dga nghiem trgng Mdi trfldng thd'ng lam cd sd de thflc bien nhflng sinh thai d day dfldc quan niem mgt each phfldng p h a p hien dai mgt sfl ket rdng rai la ca mdi trfldng tfl nhien va mdi hdp cd can nhac Khi ndi den nhflng ldi trfldng xa hdi Neu xa hgi va ngfldi to' cao cac phfldng tien truyen hinh va khdng xay dflng dfldc mdi quan he hai tin hgc hien dai dfldc sii dung giao hda vii td't dep cac mdi trfldng due, n h a sfl p h a m Francis Balle cho thi sfl tieu diet ciia chinh ngfldi va xa r i n g nhflng ldi td cao ay "xet cho cflng hdi la dieu khd tranh khdi Nen giao due chi lam chung ta q u a n t a m tim each chi phai tao nen nhflng ngfldi "biet, lam, dfldc nhflng dfldng chan chinh tdn tai, quan he vdi ngfldi khac" (1) cua tfl cho ngfldi h a n h dgng cung nhfl ngfldi tfl duy" (7) Tuy vay, d 5) Cud'i cung, chung ta phai ndi day, cung c i n phai xac dinh mdt sd dieu them den viec sii dung khoa hgc cdng ve n h a n thflc va thflc t i i n : nghe hien dai, dac biet nhflng t h a n h tflu 45 niot so van de giao due - Nha trfldng, giao vien cung nhfl hgc sinh phai nhan thflc ring: thdi dai la thdi dai cua tin hgc, nha trfldng la mdt td' cua thdi dai cung khdng the tfl minh dflng biet lap, ma phai mang minh tat ea nhflng dac diem cua thdi dai, ddng thdi, vi nd la cd sd dao tao ngfldi nen nd phai chuan bi mdt each td't nhat cho nhflng ngfldi sd'ng va lao ddng thdi dai tin hgc - Mac diu cac phfldng tien tin hgc hien dai mang tdi rat nhieu thuan ldi, lam nhe di, lam ddn gian di rat nhieu edng doan giang day va hgc tap, nhflng lai khdng dfldc lam dung cac phfldng tien hien dai mdt each thai qua Chii the cua giang day va bgc tap van la nhflng ngfldi O ndi nad cd the va cin den tfl ciia ngfldi, thi eon ngfldi phai phat huy vai trd ciia minh ma khdng the phd mac tat ca cho may mdc Can nhd rang, du cac phfldng tien cd tinh xao va tai tinh den may thi ngfldi van phai lam chii phfldng tien chfl khdng the la nd le ciia phfldng tien Ldp bgc khdng the la ndi de cho eon ngfldi bi sai khien bdi may mdc, hay hdn the, nd le cua may mdc, ma phai la ndi eon ngfldi dieu hanh may mdc de phue vu cho sfl phat trien tri tue cua chinh minh O day, cin phai nhic den sfl phan bd thdi gian eiia viec hgc tap: dau la nhflng gid hgc cd sfl tham gia ciia may mdc, dau la nhflng gid bgc chi cd sfl giao tiep gifla ngfldi, va dau la nhflng gid hgc ngfldi tie'p xuc vdi tfl nhien khdng thdng qua bat cfl mgt trung gian may mdc nao T A I LIEU THAM KHAO Din theo tai lieu "Giao due d chan trdi, nam 2020: Cd khdang each hay khdng cd khoang each" ciia UNESCO edng bd' nam 2005 tai Paris Ban dieh cua Vien Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hdi, 2006 Mark Bray Tfl nhan boa giao due trung hgc: phan tich va hau qua ddi vdi nhflng chinh sach theo dudi Tai lieu eua Trung tam nghien cflu giao due so sanh thudc Dai bgc Tdng hdp Hong Kong UNESCO cdng bd tai Paris nam 2005 Ban dich ciia Vien Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hdi, 2006 Kozakiewicz TrUdng bgc tfl nhan Kinh nghiem va suy nghi Tai lieu eua UNESCO cdng bd tai Paris nam 2005 Ban dich cua Vien Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hdi, 2006 E C Demidenko Trien vgng ciia giao due the gidi dang thay ddi Tap ehi Soeiologicheskie issledovanija No2, 2005 Mark Lineicome Toan clu boa, giao due va quan diem chinh tri ve ban sac Tap chi Critical Asian Studies, Vol 37, No2, 2005 Lun Jiaoxue Wenhua Ban ve van hoa day hgc (tap hdp phat bieu ciia nhieu tac gia) Tap chi Jiao yu yan jiu, 2008n., d.4g., d.46-55 y Francis Balle Nha trUdng va vd tuye'n truyen hinh Tap chi Communication et Langages, Noi 00/101, 2" et 3" trimestre 1999 ... khu vflc tfl nhan Hien nay, chfla cd mdt tdng ke''t nao that diy du va hoan toan chinh xac ve ket qua giao due cua cac trfldng hgc tfl nhan so vdi cac trfldng bgc cdng lap Trong cac khao sat gin... mgi nghia ciia tfl nay, de chuan bi eho nien sd''ng vdi sfl da nguyen va ddn nhan sfl lai tap van hda" (1) Dfldi gdc thdi dai va khoa hgc, V.I Tolstykh cung nhan manh: "Hien nay, nen van minh the... nhflng quy luat rieng vdi nhflng flu dai rieng II Van de tu nhan hda giao due Co the ndi, hien nay, tfl nhan hda giao due da trd mdt trao lflu tren toan the gidi Tfl nhan hda d day cung dfldc