fey curu •Khoa hoc Gido due TUT G I A O D U C P H A N L A N N G H I V E H U O N G D l C U A G I A O D U C P H O T H O N G V I E T N A M • PGS TS DO NGOC THONG Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam Trong kho[.]
fey •Khoa hoc Gido due curu TUT G I A O D U C P H A N L A N N G H I V E H U O N G D l CUA GIAO DUC PHO THONG VIET N A M • PGS.TS DO NGOC THONG Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam T rong khoang 10 nam tre) lai day, giao due (GD) Phan Lan trd mpt hien tupng ndi trpi Rat nhieu nude da phai giat minh, theo doi, quan sat va nghien cdu, nhat la td bat dau xuat hien Chuong trinh danh gia hpc sinh (HS) qudc te (PISA)' Ket qua xep hang cua PISA da lam nhieu qudc gia "bang hoang","giat minh" ve chinh sach va hieu qua dau tU GD cCia dat nUdc minh Tieu bieu nhat la Hoa Ki, bde xuc trudc nhdng han che cCia GD phd thdng (GDPT) viec thuc hien nang cao chat lupng, Tong thdng B.Obama da quyet dinh tang cudng ngan sach cho GDPT mpt each manh me: ti USD cho chuong trinh hpc sdm (early learning programs), 77 ti USD cho viec cai td manh me GD tieu hpc va trung hpc, dac biet danh ti USD cho "quy canh tranh nham khuyen khich ddi mdi va tham vong mudn lap day nhdng khoang trdng ket qua hpc tap cua HS Hoa Ki" Trong bdi canh dd, GD Phan Lan trd mpt "mo hinh" ma nhieu nUdc phai quan tarn hudng tdi, dd cd Viet Nam Duong nhien, quan tarn, hudng tdi khong cd nghTa la be nguyen xi md hinh GD ay vao Viet Nam ma can phan tich de tiep thu va van dung nhdng kinh nghiem cua nen GD ay mpt each sang tao, phu hdp vdi thdc tiln cua GD Viet Nam Phan mpt cua bai viet la ket qua nghien cUu ve GD Phan Lan tren cd sd du lieu da cdng bd tai cac trang web cua Bp GD Phan Lan cung vdi ket qua chuyen di khao sat va trao ddi cua doan can bp nghien cdu Viet Nam tdi Bp GD Phan Lan, Sd GD Thu dd Helsinki, trudng Dai hpc Tdng hpp Jyvaskila, Dai hpc Tong hpp Helsinki va mpt sd trudng phd thdng cac cap cua Phan Lan vao trung tuan thang nam 2010 Phan hai cua bai viet neu suy nghT ve mpt sd dinh hudng cho viec phat trien GDPT Viet Nam nhung nam sap tdi I Tong quan ve tuu va nguyen nhan cong cua GD Phan Lan Gidi thieu ve GD Phan Lan, dng Leo Pahkin, dai dien cho Bp GD Phan Lan ndi: "Trudc day, the gidi hau nhu biet rat it ve Phan Lan, nhung hdn 10 nam trd lai day, ca the gidi deu biet va ngddng mp Phan Lan bdi hai sU kien chinh: dien thoai Nokia va tich ndi bat ve GD qua cac lan xep hang cua PISA" Tiep dd, ong cudi va ndi kieu chdi chd, "Ve GD, hien chung toi dang ddng tren dinh the gidi" (top of the world), vi nhin vao ban the gidi, Phan Lan thupc vung dinh cue bac dia cau La vien cOa To chdc Kinh te hdp tac va phat then (OECD) , td cd Chddng trinh danh gia HS qudc te - PISA, 03 nam mpt lan, HS Phan Lan luon dan dau vdi so diem cao nhat the gidi vao cac nam 2000, 2003, 2006.Cu the la: - Mdn Dpc hieu: thd nhat hai lan khao sat (nam 2000, 2003) va thd hai (nam 2006) - Mon Toan: thd tu (nam 2000) thd hai (nam 2003) va thd nhat (nam 2006) - Mon Khoa hpc: thd ba (nam 2000), ddng giai nhat (nam 2003) va thd nhat (nam 2006) - KT nang giai quyet van de: ddng giai nhi (nam 2003), (nam 2000 khong td chdc danh gia) - Nam 2006, Phan Lan dat ket qua tot nhat tdng cd mpi mdn cua tat ca khao sat ma PISA tien hanh Trong GD d Phan Lan, khong cd sd khac biet nao dang ke ve ket qua gida nhdng vung mien khac Vi GD Phan Lan cd dupe tich ma cac nUdc cd thu nhap binh quan Idn hdn nhd MT, Thuy ST, Ao, Dan Mach, Ai-xo len, Y, Phap, Bi, Nhat phai kinh ne ? Vi Phan Lan trd nddc dau td cho GD cd hieu qua nhat? Vi vdi Programme for International Student Assessment http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/Education/ Doan can bp nghien cdu cua Bp GD&DT Viet Nam Thd trddng Nguyen Vinh Hien dan dau Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developement KHGD so 54, thdng 3-2010 Khoa hoc Gido due • mdc 65.000 USD cho dau moi HS, so vdi MT la 92.000 USD, Thuy ST khoang 95.000 USD nhdng diem binh quan cua Phan Lan tai cac ki thi PISA la 563 HS MT chi dat 489 va Thuy ST chi la 512 diem'' Tra Idi cau hdi nay, GS.Aino Salilinen, Hieu trddng trddng Dai hpc tdng hpp danh tieng va lau ddi nhat Phan Lan - Jyvaskyla, ndi: "Tai nguyen dat nddc chung toi rat ngheo, hau nhd chi cd rdng, nen chung toi phai dau td vao GD va khoa hpc" Chinh sach dau td ay dddc the hien cu the bang hang loat yeu to co ban sau day: Binh ddng ve cd hoi: GD Phan Lan tao cd hpi binh dang cho tat ca mpi HS, khdng phan biet noi d, gidi tinh, tinh trang kinh te hoac ngdn ngd - van hda Mang Iddi nha trddng dia phddng rpng Idn va cac dich vu khong cd bat ki mpt sd phan biet nao GD cd ban la hoan chinh va mien phi (bao gom viec day hoc td lieu, an tai trddng, cham sdc sdc khoe, rang mieng, di lai bang phddng tien cong cpng, sd can thiet GD dac biet va day each chda benh) Theo chinh sach GD Phan Lan, ngddi di hpc khdng phai tra tien thdi ki la HS Sudt thdi ki GD bat bupc nam, bat dau td tudi, HS tieu hpc va THCS tai cac nha trddng dia phddng dddc cac bda an mien phi Ngoai ra, HS cd quyen nhan sach va cac td lieu hpc tap mien phi Dich vu cham sdc sdc khoe cung mien phi; nhdng HS song each xa nha (hon km) hoac dddng di nguy hiem thi dddc mien phi tien phddng tien Neu mpt ngay, HS nao phai di chuyen vdpt qua gid thi co the dang ki an d ki tuc xa mien phi Chi len trddng trung hpc, HS mdi phai mua SGK va tai lieu hpc tap mpt chdng mdc nao dd GD hon hop: (Comprehensiveness of education): GD cd ban nam cho tat ca mpi HS td7 den 16 tudi Nha trddng khong Ida chpn HS nhdng HS cd the Ida chpn trddng cho phu hpp vdi dieu kien va hoan canh cua minh HS khdng phai thd thach cac trddng va cac luong khac Giao vien (GV) cd nang luc gidi: tat ca cac cap hpc, GV deu cd nang Idc, nhiet huye't va tan tarn Bang Thac sT va chdng chi thdc hanh sd pham la yeu cau bat bupc ddi vdi tat ca cac GV tdtieu hpc den THPT Nghe day hpc rat ddpc da chuong d Phan Lan vi the cac trddng dai hpc tdng hpp cd the Ida chpn ddpc nhieu ngddi tai nang va cd ddng co ro ret Mpt vi du ve tuyen sinh, dan so Phan Lan chi gan 5,2 trieu ngddi, nam 2009 cd 4000 hd sd nop xin vao khoa sd pham cua cac dai hpc tdng hdp, nhdng ch? 6,5 % Ng f s g f l so dd ddpc nhan vao de dao tao trd GV Tat ca mpi GV deu cd kha nang lam viec dpc lap va day hdng thu td Idp Tuvan hudng dan HS va su can thiet cua GD dac biet: Giup dd dac biet ve viec hpc tap va sdc khoe cho HS la muc tieu da ghi chddng trinh cdt loi Sd can thiet cua GD dac biet ddpc hoa nhap vdi GD phd thdng cang xa rpng cang hpp li Sd hddng dan cua cac nha td van se giup cho HS cap THPT viec hpc tap va Ida chpn bac hpc cao hon Khuyen khich, cdvu danh gia va nhan xet: Danh gia va nhan xet ket qua hpc tap cua HS la khuyen khich va giup dd mpt each td nhien Muc dich la cung cap nhdng thong tin cho ca nha trddng va HS cung phat trien Trong sudt nam dau bac tieu hpc, sd phan loai chu yeu bang viec danh gia hon la xep hang chinh thdc Khi nao bat dau xep hang theo sd la quyet dinh cua dia phddng nha trddng Phan Idn HS cac trddng hdn hpp cd the bao ket qua hpc tap lan mpt nam: cudi mua thu va mua xuan Trong nam dau d trddng hdn hpp (9 nam), cd the chi la nhan xet mieng hoac bang so hoac ket hpp ca hai each Danh gia bang so (thang td 4-10) chi nhan xet trinh dp HS mdi lien he vdi muc tieu cua chdong trinh Danh gia bang nhan xet mieng trd cO sd quan chd khdng phai chi cd cac ki thi Kiem tra qudc gia, danh sach xep loai nha trddng va he thdng tra, kiem dinh GD khong ton tai VI tat ca dda tren niem tin, sdtdn cua cd quan quan li, cpng ddng ddi vdi GV va long td cua mdi ngddi day Tarn quan cua GD xa hdi: Xa hpi Phan Lan vdi mpt nen GD tot dep, than thien va toan dan la mpt nen GD cao theo chua'n qudc te GD ddpc danh gia dung mpt bdi canh chinh tri rpng Idn va ddng thuan ve chinh sach GD Mot he thdng linh hoat: He thdng GD mem deo la cd sd cho nguyen tac "trung ddng cam lai - dia phddng thdc hien" Cam lai la hddng dan theo luat va cac tieu chi, chddng trinh cot loi, ke hoach cua chinh phu va hddng dan thdng tin Cac cd quan GD, tinh cd nghTa vu ddi vdi viec cung cap va thi hanh GD Nha trddng va cac GV ddpc hddng quyen td chu rat cao Cdng tac: Sd tddng tac va chung sdc la nguyen tac cho cac hoat dpng d tat ca cac cap hpc Hpp tac de phat then GD gida cac cap lanh dao khac nhau, gida nha trddng va nhdng ngddi lam cdng tac xa hpi Lanh dao nha trddng hdp tac vdi tap the GV; gida hiep hpi cac nha GD - sd KHGD sd 54, thdng - 2010 •Khoa hoc Gido due Nghien curu - Cau true nha trddng (cong va td, cap/ bac pham vdi ban lanh dao nha trudng 06 la sdgiiip hpc; GD bat bupc, thdi gian va bang cap); manh me cho sd phat then - Cac ITnh vdc hpc tap, he thdng mon hpc va Huang vao nguoi hoc - mot quan niem tich cue ciia hoat dpng day hpc: Sit to chdc thdi Idpng day hpc (bat budc va td chpn); - Chddng trinh va chuan chdong trinh qudc cua cac hoat dong GD la nen tang cho khai niem gia; hpc, d tarn la hddng vao hoat dpng cua - Phddng phap va phddng tien day hpc; ngddi hpc sd tddng tac vdi GV, vdi cac HS - Tai lieu GD (sach giao khoa (SGK), sach khac va vdi moi trddng hpc Cd the ndi, yeu to quyet djnh cho chat Iddng tham khao, thiet bi day hoc ); - Kiem tra, danh gia; GD d Phan Lan la tao dddc mpt dpi ngu GV cd - To chdc va quan li day hpc nang Idc gidi Chinh sach khoa hpc va GD cua Mdc thd hai la Doi mdi GD (Renovation): Phan Lan nhan manh tdi chat Iddng, hieu qua, cong bang va qudc te hda (internationalisation) Can cd vao mdi giai doan ljch sd, cd the dieu Dieu dd day manh tinh canh tranh manh me cua chinh, thay ddi mpt so yeu to cau nen GD dat nddc GD va khoa hpc phat then lam nen tren cho phu hdp va tao nen hieu qua GD cao tang cho kinh te phat trien Kinh te phat then tiep Va nhd vay, khdng nhat thiet la phai thay ddi tat tuc lam co sd vdng chac cho van hda, xa hpi ca toan bp he thdng Vi du: Doi mdi chddng trinh Phan Lan cang phdn thjnh Phan Lan, va SGK phd thong cua nam 2002 (Nghi quyet quyen Ipi cCia GD va van hda ddpc ghi 40/ QH khoa X) Ngay ca ddi vdi viec xay ddng lai chdong trinh GDPT cung khong nhat thiet la Hien phap Quyen Idi chung phai bao dam dieu kien cdng bang cho tat ca mpi ngddi dan ddpc phai thay ddi toan bp cac mon hpc, cac hoat hpc xong GD bat bupc va td phat then Mpt sd dpng GD ma chi dieu chinh mpt so mdn hpc dieu kien GD khac cung mien phi ca ddi vdi hoSc hoat dpng GD nao dd neu thay thdc sd can thiet phai thay ddi GD sau tot nghiep cac trddng dai hpc Qudc Ca hai hinh thdc neu tren deu phai dat hpi da thdng qua luat GD, xac djnh ro phdOng van de ke thda va ddi mdi Khi xay ddng, thiet hddng co ban cua chfnh sach GD va khoa hpc ke Chien Iddc phat then va Chddng trinh GD, bat Sd thjnh vdpng cua xa hpi Phan Lan dddc ke qudc gia nao cung vay, khong the khdng tinh xay nen td GD, van hda va tri thdc Tat ca mpi den cac yeu td on djnh can ndi tiep va phat huy tre em deu ddpc bao dam cac co hpi hpc tap va GD truyen thdng Chinh vi the, nhieu nddc td phat then phu hpp vdi nang Idc cCia ca nhan, dung khai niem Phat trien chddng trinh bat chap ve noi cd tru, ngon ngd hoac tinh trang (Developement Curriculum) theo nghTa: ChdOng tai chinh Mpi HS deu ddpc GD tot vdi chat Idpng trinh GD khdng nhat bat bien ma cd thay cao va ddpc hpc each gid gin mdi trddng, song ddi lien tuc de thich dng vdi thdc tien cupc song; khoe manh Sd mem deo cua he thdng GD va co xay ddng CTGD cung khong phai bat dau td sd an toan GD da tao nen sd cong bang va ket sd khong ma bao gid cung cd sd ke thda va tiep qua vdng chac cho GD Phan Lan ndi nhdng tinh hoa cua nen GD, chddng trinh II Suy nghT ve djnh hddng phat trien cua GD trddc dd GDPT Viet Nam Du thay ddi theo mdc dp nao cung can tuan Cau hdi dat can tra Idi la giai doan tdi thu mpt so nguyen tac Chung toi tan ba GDPT Viet Nam se thay ddi theo hddng nao? De nguyen tac sau day : dat ddpc muc tieu GD theo djnh hddng ay can - Khong gay xao trpn qua Idn thdc trang 'dot pha" vao khau then chdt nao? Cd the hpc nen GD dang ton tai hdi ddpc gi td GD Phan Lan va cac nen GD tien - Dap dng dddc nhdng dci hdi cua thdi cupc, tien khac? tddng thich ve co ban vdi cac nen GD tien tien Nguyen tac thay ddi khu vdc va tren the gidi Lau nay, dd luan xa hpi van lan Ion, khong - Phu hop vdi van hda, tin ngddng, dac diem phan biet ro hai mdc dd: cai each GD va ddi mdi kinh te - xa hpi Viet Nam GD Td nhan thdc tren, chung toi xin neu len mpt Mdc thd nhat la Cai each GD (Revolution): so suy nghT, kien nghj ve djnh hddng phat then thay ddi mpt each toan dien tat ca cac yeu td cau GDPT giai doan tdi nhd sau: nen GD cua mpt dat nddc, bao gdm: Ve he thdng va cau true GDPT - Muc tieu va triet li GD; - Thdi gian hpc phd thong cua HS la 12 nam, cd the tinh den GD tien hpc dddng nam Ho Bat Khuat - Tim mo hinh GD mdi d Viet Nam - Tienphongonline, 19/11/2006 KHGD sd 54, thdng 3-2010 Ng h i e n c uru zil Khoa hoc Gido due(5-6 tudi) nUa la 13 nam - Phan cap: Cd the cau true theo ba each sau: Cach 1: Vln giCr nguyen he thdng GDPT hien hanh gdm: Tieu hoc nam; THCS nam va THPT nam (cau true 5/4/3) Cach 2: Cau true 9/3 nhu" Phan Lan, nam GD cd ban - bat bupc va nam THPT, d bac hoc chia lam 2: THPT co ban (academic) va THPT nghe Cach 3: Cau true 6/3/3 nhu mot sd nude neu bang dudi day : Trong bang 1, cot doc dau la ten cac nude, cot thd hai la tudi tien hoc dudng, cot thd ba la - - GD cd ban, bat buoc (compulsory education): nam (neu tinh ca giai doan tien hpc dudng la 10 nam), gdm tieu hpc va THCS phai mien phi (it nhat la hpc phi va SGK) Nhin chung so nam cua giai doan bat bupc cua cac nddc cd khac nhau, nhdng deu gidng d chinh sach mien phi hoan toan cho GD bat bupc ma Phan Lan la nddc tieu bieu nhat Trong sd 21 nddc ma INCA khao sat thi giai doan GD bit bupc it nhat la nam (6 nUdc); tU 9-10 nam (2 nude); 10 nam (6 nude); 11 nam (3 nude); 12 nam (2 nude); nhieu nhat la 13 nam (1 nude - Netherlands) Cu the xem bang so sanh ve GD bit bupc cua cac nUdc INCA tdng ket Bang 1: Cac giai doan GD (khong tinh thdi gian chuyen doi tdtrUdng sang trudng khac) Educational phases (not necessarily involving transfer from one school to another) England Ireland Northern Ireland Scotland Wales France Germany Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Australia Canada Japan Korea New Zealand Singapore South Africa USA Pre-school 0-5 3-4/5/6 2-4 3-5 3-5 2-6 3-6 3-6 (compulsory at age 5) 3-6 0-5 0-6 0-6/7 4/5-6/7 3-5/6 4/5-6/7 3-6 3-6 3-5/6 3-6/7 to 4/5 3-5/6 Primary/basic 5-11 4/5/6-12 4-11 5-12 5-11 6-11 6-10/12 6-10/12/14 6-11 5-12 6-12 6/7-15/16 6/7-10,11,12+ 5/6-12/13 6/7-11/12/13 6-12 6-12 5/6-12/13 6/7-12 5/6-12 5/6-13/14 tudi vao va ket thuc tieu hpc, cot thU tu la tudi vao va ket thuc THCS va cot cudi la tudi vao va ket thuc THPT Cd the thay cac nUdc Chau A nhu Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Singapore deu cd chung mpt md hinh phan cap nhu nhau: giai doan tien hpc dudng nam, giai doan tieu hoc nam, THCS la nam va THPT cung nam Nhin rpng ra, cd the thay d nhieu nude HS deu ket thuc thdi ki hpc phd thong vao tudi 18 (xem cot dpc cudi cua bang 1) Lower secondary 11-16 12-15 11-16 12-16 11-16 11-15 10/12-15/16 6-10/12/14 11-14 12-15 12-16 6/7-15/16 10.11.12+-15/16 12/13-15/16 11/12/13-15/16 12-15 12-15 12/13-16 12-16/17 12-15 5/6-13/14 Upper secondary 16-18 15-16/17/18 16-18 16-18+ 16-18 15-16 15/16-18/19 10/12/14-18/19 14-18/19 15-18 16-18 15-18/16-19 15/16-18/19 15/16-18+ 15/16-17/18+ 15-18 15-18 16-18+ 16/17-18/19+ 15-16 13/14-17/18 sau day: - Loai hinh trudng: chi hai loai cdng lap va tu thuc Tat nhien, day chi la mpt each phan loai Tham khao bang 3, phan loai cac kieu nha trudng Ve nhiem vu Nha trudng phd thong phai gdp phin vao viec thdc hien ba nhiem vu chfnh, dd la: Nang cao dan tri; Dao tao nhan luc; Bdi dudng nhan tai Trong dd, nhiem vu dao tao nhan luc dupe hieu la cung cap true tiep nhan luc lao dpng cd Schooling: duration, phases | INCA Comparative Tables | September 2009 | http://www.inca.org.uk Compulsory education | INCA Comparative Tables | September 2009 | http://www.inca.org.uk KHGD sd 54, thdng - 2010 •Khoa hoc Gido due gh.ei curu Bang 2: Giao due bat buoc (Compulsory education) England Ireland Northern Ireland Scotland Wales France Germany Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Australia Canada Japan Korea New Zealand Singapore South Africa USA Starting age 64 4/5 6 6 4/5 6/7 6 6 6/7 Minimum school leaving age 16 16 16 16 16 16 15/16+ ' 18 15 18 16 16 15/16 15/16/17 15/16 15 15 16 16/17 15 16 Duration in years 11 10 12 11 11 10 9/10 Full time+ Part time 12 13 10 9 9-10 9-10 9 10 10 10 Bang 3: Kieu nha trudng (Types of schools ) Theo cac giai doan GD (By educational stage) Schools GD cap - Tieu hoc (Primary education); GD cap - THCS (Secondary education); GD cap -THPT (Tertiary education) Theo nguon kinh phi (By funding) GD til nguyen (Free education); trudng tu nguyen (Free school); trudng tu thuc (Private school); trudng cdng (Public school); trudng ddc lap (Independent school); trudng ddc lap kieu Anh (Independent school -UK), trudng dac quyen (Charter school) Theo kieu GD (By style of education) Trudng ban (Day school); trudng nhieu kha nang (Alternative school); trudng cdng giao (Parochial school); trudng ndi tru (Boarding school); trudng nang khieu (Magnet school); trudng hoc ao (Cyberschool or virtual school); trudng tir mau giao den Idp 12 (K-12) Theo pham viGD (By scope) GD bat buoc (Compulsory education); Trudng hon hop (Comprehensive school); trudng nghe (Vocational school); trudng du bi dai hoc (Universitypreparatory school) chat lupng van hoa, tay nghe chd khong chi la chuan bi nhan luc Co nghTa la, tot nghiep trung hpc nghe, HS co the lao dpng true tiep nhu la nguon nhan luc da qua dao tao Muc tieu GD va dao tao nghe d trudng trung hpc cua Phan Lan ghi ro; "Nham cai thien va cung cap nhdng kT nang can thiet cho luc lupng lao dpng, giup hp hoc tap sudt ddi" Chfnh vi the, can chu y phat trien trudng trung hpc nghe song song vdi he THPT vdi mpt ti le thich hpp Phan Lan, HS sau GD CO ban cd 54,5 % vao THPT va 38,5 % vao trung hpc nghe So HS hpc nghe chpn cac ITnh vue nhu: cong nghe va giao thdng (36%), thudng mai va quan tri (19%), sdc khoe va dich http://www wikipedia.org Vocational education and training in Finland • www.oph.fi KHGD so 54, thdng - 2010 ghien curu Khoa hoc Gido duevu xa hoi (17%), du lich, giai tri va kinh te gia dinh (13%), van hda (7%), tai nguyen thien nhien (6%), thdi gian rdi va the due (2%) Ve dinh hudng xay dung cac mdn hoc Tich help manh me d tieu hoc va giai doan dau THCS, phan hda manh d THPT bang td chon theo hddng: hoc chung mot mat bang tri thdc cd ban ket hdp td chon d cac mon cd ban theo cac ITnh vdc khoa hoc td nhien, khoa hoc xa hoi - nhan van va khoa hoc dng dung Can giam cac mon hoc bat buoc, tang td chpn: Cac nddc phat trien, so Iddng mon hpc bat bupc rat it (thddng chi khoang 6-8 mon) Xac dinh chua'n kien thdc va kT nang can dat sau dd Ida chpn cac mon hpc chfnh (core subjects) Cac mdn hpc nham tao nen tang cd ban ve tri thdc va kT nang kinh dien Cac mon hpc td chpn (elective subjects) se hddng tdi phat trien tri thdc va kT nang hien dai, ren luyen nang Idc sang tao, linh hoat tren nen tang cd ban (kinh dien) Can xac dinh lai sd phan bd cac mon hpc d mdi cap (trinh dp) de cd ddpc sd phan bd mpt each hpp If theo cac mdc dp khac nhau: - Mon hpc xuyen sudt ca ba cap - Mon hpc chi cd d mpt cap hoac hai cap Ngay mdi cap, so mdn hpc khdng nhat thiet phai xuat hien deu d tat ca cac Idp Chang han, mon Sd d Idp 11 nhdng Dia li Idp 12 hoac ngddc lai NghTa la, cung can xac dinh: - Mon hpc xuyen sudt toan cap - Mon hpc chi cd d hoac Idp cu the Can tang cddng nghien cdu tich hdp cac ITnh vdc tri thdc gan mdn hpc tfch hdp de vda tac dpng, cung cd cho vda han che so Idpng va tranh trung lap, venh lech thdng tin, sd kien Chuong trinh va tai lieu hoc tap Trddc sd tang nhanh cua kho tang tri thdc nhan loai, chddng trinh cac mdn hpc can tinh gian, tfch hpp, dng dung cao va du tien tuyen tinh; tranh sd trung lap khong can thiet; hoac chi trung lap d cap dp chu de Idn, ndi dung cu the phai nang cao, tao sd khac biet, phat trien ro so vdi Idp dddi Xu hddng chung cua cac nddc phat trien la chi coi xay ddng Chdong trinh khung va Chuan ket qua hpc tap cua HS; thdc hien phan cap quan li xay ddng chddng trinh De bao dam 10 tinh linh hoat, mem deo, sat hpp ddi vdi thdc tien GD cua dat nddc, chddng trinh thddng ddpc td chdc bien soan theo cap: - Nha nddc trung ddng chi xay ddng va quan li chdong trinh khung (National framework curriculum) - Cac dia phddng (tinh, phd): Tiep tuc cu the hoa chddng trinh khung cho vda phu hdp vdi dia phddng vda theo dung dinh hddng cua chddng trinh trung ddng Chddng trinh d cap chi tiet hdn (thddng gpi la Syllabuses) - Cac ddn vi GD cu the nhd huyen, thi va nha trddng lai tiep tuc cu the syllabuses cua cap trung gian cho vda phu hpp vdi ddn vi minh vda dung dinh hddng cua hai cap neu tren Chddng trinh thdc sd la chddng trinh hanh dpng cu the, chi tiet; thddng gpi la chddng trinh nha trddng (School curriculum), theo hddng dia phddng hda nhd Phan Lan, Han Qudc SGK va tai lieu hpc tap can theo dinh hddng md Tinh md the hien d may dac diem sau day: - Mpt chddng trinh nhdng nhieu bp SGK - Yeu cau, khuyen khich ngddi day va ngddi hpc khai thac thong tin td nhieu nguon td lieu khac: sach, bao, phim anh, dfa CD, dac biet la each khai thac Internet va cac phddng tien Media (ICT) - Tien tdi cd nhdng mdn hpc hoac chuyen de khdng cd SGK Oe day va hpc, GV cung nhd HS phai td xac dinh va tim td lieu, thdng tin bang mpi hinh thdc, sau dd trao ddi, tranh luan va rut nhdng kien thdc, kTnang can cd To chdc day hoc Nhin chung, nen td chdc day hpc theo chdng chi (credit), nhat la d THPT Quy dinh sd chdng chi cho mdi mon hpc va ca cap hpc; sd chdng chi cho cac mon hpc bat budc va chdng chi cho cac mon td chpn Ngddi hpc cd the toan cac chdng chi mpt each chu dpng, khdng can theo thd td Idp hpc Nhd the can td chdc hpc tap theo hinh thdc td chpn nhd cac nddc phat trien da va dang thdc hien Da dang hoa cac hinh thdc day hpc, hpc tren Idp, hpc trdc tuyen (e-learning), hpc td xa (distance learning) Tang cddng thdc hanh va van dung hieu biet vao cac tinh hudng thdc tien; td chdc de HS di thdc te nhieu hon, tham gia vao cac hoat dpng xa hpi, hieu biet va gan bd vdi ddi 10 An International Comparative Study of School Curriculum- NIER 1999 va INCA: http://www.inca.org.uk KHGD sd 54, thdng 3-2010 • Khoa hoc Gido due ghien curu song hon nua Phuong phap va phuong tien day hoc Cac phuong phap day hpc cu the thi rat nhieu, nhung du van dung phUdng phap nao thi cung can chu y theo dinh hudng: day each nghi, each hpc, each thu thap va xd If thdng tin, each van dung sang tao Trong bdi canh kho tang tri thdc cua nhan loai tang theo cap sd nhan, ngudi ta khong the chay theo cung cap nhung npi dung cu the ma quan la day each tiep nhan cac npi dung ay TUc la can day each hpc va cao hon tien den day each hpc phUdng phap hpc, dung nhu Friedman da neu: "KT nang dau tien va quan nhat ma ban can cd mpt the gidi phing la" kha nang "hpc phuong phap hoc"." Vdi sd phat then cCia cdng nghe thong tin va truyen thong (ICT) nhu hien thi viec van dung cac phuong tien hien dai vao day hpc cac bp mdn la yeu cau tat yeu ICT khdng chi giup ngudi day va ngudi hpc nang cao trinh dp dupe tiep xuc vdi nhieu nguon thong tin da dang va phong phu ma nd giup hp cd dupe phUdng phap lam viec, hpc tap khoa hpc, chinh xac va cd hieu qua cao Phat then ICT chinh la nang cao dan tri, md rpng dan chu va lam thay ddi rait nhieu ve tac phong lam viec, phUdng phap day hpc Danh gia va thi cu - To chdc danh gia qudc gia ve ket qua hpc tap cua HS theo chu ki (2-3 nam/lan) vao cac Idp cudi tieu hpc (Idp hoac 6), THCS (Idp 9) va THPT (Idp 11), hoSc tap trung vao GD co ban (Idp 5, Idp va Idp 9) - Bd thi tot nghiep THPT, chi thi dai hpc vdi ba mdn bat budc: Toan, Tieng Viet, Ngoai ngu (tieng Anh) va them 1-2 mdn chpn phu hdp vdi chuyen nganh dao tao cua dai hpc li thuyet hoac dng dung nghe De chuyen ddi td nen GD truyen thdng, tap quyen, sang nen GD phi tap trung hda (Decentralization) va cd dddc tdu rUc rd nhu nay, GD Phan Lan da mat 20 nam (td 1984 - 2004) Yeu to then chdt de giup GD Phan Lan cat canh la dao tao va bdi dudng GV Hiem cd mpt qudc gia nao cd dupe mpt dpi ngu GV chat Idpng cao, ddng deu, giau long tu va day y thdc trach nhiem nhu d Phan Lan Chung tdi cho rang, GDPT Viet Nam can phai tien hanh thay ddi ddng bp, nhung trudc het hay tap trung vao viec dao tao va bdi dudng, chinh ddn lai dpi ngu GV: td tri thdc, nang luc den pha'm chat va tu each ngudi thay Nhu the cung cd nghTa la can cd mpt tarn nhin chien lupc va mpt chinh sach tdi Uu ve dpi ngu GV Nhdng suy nghT ve djnh hudng phat then GDPT Viet Nam neu tren vUa xuat phat tU nhdng Uu diem cua mpt sd nen GD tien tien, dd cd Phan Lan, vda bam sat thUc te GD Viet Nam Van de dat bai la het sdc to Idn va quan trong, khd giai quyet trpn ven bdi mpt ca nhan; cung chua the phan tich va trinh bay day dCi, chi tiet khudn khd mpt bai bao Hi vong se dupe trao ddi them d nhung bai khac TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO http://www.oph.fi http://www.minedu.fi http://www.edu.hel.fi http://www.helsinki.fi/university The Finnish education system and PISA - 2009Ministry of education Publication, Finland htttp://www.jyu.fi http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/education/ Understanding Korea Education- Copyright 2007 Published by the Korean educational Development Institute An International Comparative Study of School Curriculum-NIER 1999 http://www.hurights.or.jp 10.htttp://inca.org.uk 11 KICE- 2006 National Curriculum, http://www.kice.re.kr 12 PGS.TS Dd Ngpc Thdng (chu nhiem de tai), Xay dung muc tieu GDPT Viet Nam cho nha truong Viet Nam g doan 2015-2020, De tai cap Bp, ma sd B2005- 80-25 SUMMARY The article presents: 11 research results about Finland's education based on the public available inform tion and the study visit of a MTteam to the Finnish Minis of Education; Helsinki Education Department, Jyvask University; Helsinki University; some Finnish school m January 2010; 2/the author's thinking about the develop ment of Vietnamese school education in the coming year 11 The gidi phang - Friedman, 2005 KHGD sd 54 thdng 3-2010 ... school to another) England Ireland Northern Ireland Scotland Wales France Germany Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Australia Canada Japan Korea New Zealand Singapore South Africa... (Compulsory education) England Ireland Northern Ireland Scotland Wales France Germany Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Australia Canada Japan Korea New Zealand Singapore South Africa... bupc ma Phan Lan la nddc tieu bieu nhat Trong sd 21 nddc ma INCA khao sat thi giai doan GD bit bupc it nhat la nam (6 nUdc); tU 9-10 nam (2 nude); 10 nam (6 nude); 11 nam (3 nude); 12 nam (2 nude);