Seven wonders of exploration technology

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[...]... course of forty-one thousand years, the tilt goes back and forth between about 21 and 24 degrees Could this cycle combine with the changing shape of Earth’s orbit and its varying distance from the Sun to produce the ice ages and warm periods? Climate models say yes Seven Wonders of Exploration Technology Human Activit y and Climate Change 22 Drift Earth’s climate depends on its terrain—the arrangement of. .. Moon Seven Wonders of Exploration Technology and Politics 30 NASA to land a human astronaut on the Moon by the end of that decade Eugene Shoemaker saw geology as NASA named the mission Apollo the reason to go to the Moon But after the Greek god of light politicians had a different idea The Shoemaker developed a medical United States and the Soviet Union condition that kept him from were in the middle of. .. change weather patterns One of the most important changes in modern times is the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth’s atmosphere Our atmosphere is a mix of different kinds of gases Some gases are more common than others Scientists often measure the less common gases in parts per million, or ppm In 2009 the atmosphere had 385 ppm of CO2 Compared to other gases, the amount of CO2 is tiny The air we... would be dangerously hot Temperature changes are not our only concerns Rainfall and snowfall patterns will also Earth’s Hot Twin Exploring Earth’s Climate 23 Seven Wonders of Exploration Technology Computers were used to make this climate model of Earth’s worldwide temperature in 2008 It is among the top ten warmest years since record keeping began in 1880 The model shows below-average temperatures... and special equipment These wonders of exploration technology are called deep submergence vehicles (DSVs, or submersibles) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) DSVs and ROVs have produced amazing discoveries, but their work is just beginning The oceans are so large and so deep that our greatest undersea exploring remains ahead of us This DSV, called Alvin, carries a crew of a pilot and two scientists... the model’s predictions for other places in the world This is sometimes called the butterfly effect That term comes from mathematician and meteorologist Edward Norton Lorenz (1917–2008) Seven Wonders of Exploration Technology Lorenz was not the first person to use 20 The simplified climate model’s predictions aren’t always perfectly accurate Still, the model can be tested with real data After enough... is made of this metal A submarine is sleek and fast But speed is not important to Alvin It rides to the surface of its exploration site aboard a support ship called Atlantis And once Alvin drops down to the ocean bottom, it doesn’t need to travel very far This drawing shows a cross section of Alvin as it was designed in 1962 The crew space is the small, spherical room at left, in the front of the vehicle... Alvin took part in the discovery and exploration of the Alvin still won’t have a bathroom wreckage of the famous RMS Titanic That passenger ship hit an iceberg and sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912 Alvin carried a small ROV called Jason Jr The ROV took photos and did detailed inspections of the Titanic wreckage in areas where Alvin could not go This painting of the sunken Titanic shows Alvin (below... it from above Most undersea explorations don’t attract the attention that those three events did But Alvin’s work continues to be of great scientific importance Rhian Waller’s work with undersea corals is one example Corals are sea creatures that live in underwater colonies Coral reefs are structures made of the skeletons of dead corals Reefs build up over long periods of time A close look at the reefs... Explorers Rhian Waller holds up a piece of the deep-sea coral that she studies with the aid of Alvin 15 Exploring Earth’s Climate Some parts of Earth (above) stay dry and hot year-round Others (facing page) remain cold and covered with ice H umans share bottom-dwelling sea life deep global ocean But We an experience with too live at the bottom of a it is an ocean of air, not water We call it the atmosphere, . TwenTy-FirsT CenTury Books Minneapolis Seven Wonders of e xploraTion T eChnology Fred Bortz 2 Seven Wonders of Exploration Technology Copyright © 2010 by Alfred. www.lernerbooks.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bortz, Alfred B. Seven wonders of exploration technology / by Fred Bortz. p. cm. — (Seven wonders)